Course Title

Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

PATRI UPENDER
Assistant Professor
Department of SENSE
Course Objectives
1. Familiarize with various laws and theorems to solve
electric and electronic circuits.
2. Provide an overview on working principle of
machines.
3. Excel the concepts of semiconductor devices, op-
amps and digital circuits.
Modules
• Module 1: DC Circuits
• Module 2: AC Circuits
• Module 3: Magnetic Circuits
• Module 4: Electrical Machines
• Module 5: Digital Systems
• Module 6: Semiconductor Devices and Applications
Text Books
1. Allan R. Hambley, “Electrical Engineering -Principles &
Applications”, 2019, 6th Edition, Pearson Education.
2. V. D. Toro, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd edition. PHI,
2014.
3. R. L. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, 11th edition.
4. Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering by Ravish R Singh.
DC Circuits
Module 1
Contents
• Basic circuit elements and sources.
• Ohms law, Kirchhoff’s laws, Series and Parallel Connection of
circuit elements.
• Star-delta transformation, Mesh current analysis, Node voltage
analysis.
• Theorems: Thevenin's, Maximum power transfer and
Superposition theorem.
Basic circuit elements and sources
• Electric Charge: Electric charge is a physical property of matter that
gives rise to electromagnetic interactions.
• It is a property of elementary particles, such as electrons and protons,
which are the building blocks of atoms.
• Electric charge comes in two main types: positive and negative
charges. Positive charges are associated with protons, which are
subatomic particles residing in the nucleus of an atom. They are
+
represented by the symbol “ ”.
• On the other hand, negative charges are
linked to electrons, and are denoted by the
symbol “-”.
What is the difference between static electricity
and current?
• Static electricity involves charged objects that are static, which means not
moving.
• Static charged objects create an electric field that interacts with other
charged objects around it.
• A current is a flow of electrons.
• While a static charge creates a electric field and a moving charge or
current creates a magnetic field around it.
• Static (Non-Moving) Charges Creates an
Electric Field.
• Current (Moving) Charges Create a
Magnetic Field.
Voltage
• We know that like charges repel each other whereas unlike charges
attract each other.
• To overcome this force of attraction or repulsion, a certain amount of
work or energy is required.
• When the charges are moved, it is said that a potential difference exists
and the work or energy per unit charge utilized in this process is
known as voltage or potential difference.

Volts (V)
Current
• There are free electrons available in all conductors.
• These free electrons move at random in all directions within the
structure in the absence of external voltage.
• If voltage is applied across the conductor, all the free electrons move
in one direction depending on the polarity of the applied voltage.
• This movement of electrons constitutes an electric current.
• The conventional direction of current flow is opposite to that of
electrons
• It is the rate of flow of electrons in a conductor.
• It is measured by the number of electrons that flow in unit time.

Ampere’s (A)
Resistance
• Resistance is the property of a material due to which it opposes the
flow of electric current through it.
• Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter
omega (Ω).
• Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons
can move easily. Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
• Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow
of electrons. Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.
Example
Sources
• A source is a basic network element which supplies energy to the
networks. There are two classes of sources, namely,
(i) Independent source (ii) Dependent source

Independent Sources:
There are two types of independent sources:
(i) Independent voltage source (ii) Independent current source
Independent voltage source
• An independent voltage source is a two terminal network element that
establishes a specified voltage across its terminals.
• The value of this voltage at any instant is independent of the value or
direction of the current that flows through it.
• The symbols for such voltage sources are shown in Fig.
Independent Current Source
• An independent current source is a two terminal network
element which produces a specified current.
• The value and direction of this current at any instant of time
is independent of the value or direction of the voltage that
appears across the terminals of the source.
• The symbols for such current sources are shown in Fig.
Dependent Sources
• If the voltage or current of a source depends in turn upon
some other voltage or current, it is called as dependent or
controlled source.
• The dependent sources are of four kinds depending on
whether the control variable is a voltage or current and the
source controlled is a voltage source or current source.
1. Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
2. Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)
3. Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)
4. Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)
 Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
• Voltage controlled voltage source is a four terminal network component that
establishes a voltage vcd between two points c and d in the circuit that is
proportional to a voltage vab between two points a and b.

• The (+) and (–) sign inside the diamond of the component symbol identify the
component as a voltage source.
• vcd = µvab
• The voltage vcd depends upon the control voltage vab and the constant µ, a
dimensionless constant called voltage gain.
Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)
• A voltage controlled current source is a four terminal network
component that establishes a current icd in a branch of the circuit that is
proportional to the voltage vab between two points a and b.
• The symbol for such a source is shown in Fig.
• The arrow inside the
diamond of the
component symbol
identifies the component
as a current source.
Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)
• A current controlled voltage source is a four terminal network
component that establishes a voltage vcd between two points c and d in
the circuit that is proportional to current iab in some branch of the
circuit.
Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)
• A current controlled current source is a four terminal network
component that establishes a current icd in one branch of a
circuit that is proportional to current iab in some branch of the
network.
• The symbol for such a source is shown in Fig.
Ohm’S Law
• According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference across any
two points on a conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it.

I= ? I=V/R
Series Circuit
When resistors R1, R2 & R3 are connected as shown, they are said to be
connected in series
R1 R2 R3 Req
=

One end of R1 is connected to one end of R2 & the other end of is R2 is

connected to one end of R3

This is equivalent to a single resistor Req

• Find the equivalent resistance for the following:
120 Ώ
20 Ώ 40 Ώ 60 Ώ = =
20 + 40 + 60

1.8 KΏ

10 K Ώ
2.2 KΏ = 1.8 + 2.2 + 6 =

6KΏ
Series Circuit- Voltage

• Hence, when a number of resistors are connected in series, the

equivalent resistance is the sum of all the individual resistance.
Parallel Circuit
When resistors R1 & R2 are connected as shown, they are said to be connected
in parallel
R1
1 = 1 + 1
Req R1 R2

= R1xR2
R2 Req
R1+R2
One end of R1 is connected to one end of R2 and the other two ends are
joined together

This is equivalent to a single resistor Req

Parallel Circuit
80 Ώ

= R1 x R2
Req
R1+ R2
20 Ώ
= 80x 20
80+20
Find the equivalent resistance
= 80 x 20
for the given circuit 100

= 16 Ώ
 50 K Ώ 50 K Ώ 20 K 30 K 12 K

R1 x R2 x R3 1 1 1 1
50 x 50 Req = = + +
Req = Req R1 R2 R3
R1 + R2 + R3
50 + 50
20 x 30
50 x 50 Req = 12 K
= 20 + 30
100
20 x 30
= 12 K
= 25 K Ώ 50

= 12 K 12 K
Req of 2 equal resistance in parallel = ½ its value
= 6KΏ
Parallel Circuit
• Current divides in parallel circuit while voltage remains same across
the resistors
Current Division in a Parallel Circuit

• When two resistances are connected in parallel,

Short and Open Circuits
• When two terminals of a circuit are connected by a wire, they are said
to be short circuited.
• A short circuit has following features:

• When two terminals of a circuit have no direct connection between

them, they are said to be open circuited. An open circuit has the
following features
Open Circuits and Short Circuits in a Series Circuit

• When an open circuit appears in a parallel circuit, no current flows

through that branch. The other branch currents are not affected by the
open circuit.
• When a short circuit appears in a parallel circuit, the
equivalent resistance becomes zero.
Example

• Marking all the junctions and redrawing the network,