SUMMER INTERNSHIP – REPORT 1

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
Department of Civil Engineering
BY
STUDENT NAME–Chandan m (1NH21CV016)

Under the mentorship of

Prof. SNEHAL R L
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU & Approved by AICTE)
Accredited by NAAC ‘A’, Accredited by NBA
Outer Ring Road, Panathur Post, Kadubeesanahalli, Bangalore – 560103

Academic Year: 2023-24

 Department of Civil Engineering

Report Submission Certificate

It is hereby certified that the activities done for the course “INTERNSHIP

is a bonafide work carried out chandan m (1NH21CV016)partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of New Horizon College of Engineering during
the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions and proofs of execution
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of course prescribedfor the said
degree.

Signature of Faculty Mentor Signature of HOD

(prof. Snehal R L)

External Viva

Name of examiner

1.

2.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTEN PAGE
NO TS NO.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 ABOUT MODERN CONSTRUCTIONS & 2
INTERIORS
1.3 ON GOING PROJECTS 2
2. PROJECT DETAILS
2.1 GENERAL 3
2.2 PROJECT LOCATION 3
2.3 PLAN VIEW 3
2.4 ESTIMATION 4
2.5 APPROVALS 4
3. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
3.1 TYPES OF SAFETY HELMETS 5
3.2. POSSIBLE TYPES OF ACCIDENTS & ILL 6
HEALTH
3.3 SAFETY BELTS & LIFELINES 7
4. DETAIL REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION OF
G+3 BULDING
4.1 SITE CLEANRANCE 8
4.2 DEMARCATION OF SITE 9
4.3 POSITIONING OF CENTRAL COORDINATE 9
& LAYOUT
4.4 SURVEY 9
4.5 EARTH WORK EXCAVATION 11
4.6 PCC - PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE 11
4.7. LAYING OF FOUNDATION 12
5 DETAILING OF CEMENT
5.1 ADVANTAGES OF USING PORTLAND 13
POZZOLANA CEMENT OVER OPC
5.2 SETTING OF CEMENT 14
5.3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF 14
CEMENT
6 DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
 6.1 TERMS USED IN REINFORCEMENT 15

A. BAR-BENDING-SCHEDULE 15

B. LAP LENGTH 16

C. ANCHORAGE LENGTH 16

6.2 DETAILING OF THE COVER BLOCK 16

7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE 17

CONCRETE
8 SHUTTERING 17
9 PLINTH BEAM 17
10 COMPACTION OF SOIL 18
11 CONCRETE COMPACTION USING NEEDLE 18

VIBRATOR
12 CURING 19

12.1. MAINTAINING MIXING WATER IN 19

CONCRETE DURING THE EARLY
HARDENING PROCESS
13 CONCLUSION 21
 LIST OF FIGURES

SL.NO. CONTENT PAGE.NO

1 2.2. PLAN VIEW 03

2 3.1. SAFTEY HELMETS 06

3 3.3. SAFETY BELY 07

4 4.1. SITE CLEARANCE 08

5 4.6. PCC 11

6 4.7. LAYING OF FOUNDATION 12

7 6.1. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE 15

8 8.0. SHUTTERING 17

9 10.0. SOIL COMPACTION 18

10 11.0. NEEDLE VIBRATOR 19

11 12.2. WET COVERING CURING 20

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE CONTENT OF TABLES PAGE .NO.

NO

1.3 ON GOINING PROJECTS 02

2.1 GENERAL 03

2.4 ESTIMATION 04

2.5 APPROVALS 04
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Construction companies are firms that specialize in building, designing, and managing
construction projects. These projects can include commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential
buildings, infrastructure projects like roads and bridges, and other types of construction. Construction
companies also have expertise in different areas, including civil engineering, architecture, project
management, and construction technology. They use the latest technology and materials to ensure that their
projects are environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and cost-effective. The construction industry is a
significant contributor to the economy, providing jobs and opportunities for growth and development.
Construction companies play an essential role in shaping our built environment and improving our
infrastructure, and they are committed to delivering high-quality projects that meet the needs of their clients
and communities.

Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside working environment
before the student post graduate. Students like civil and environmental engineering and other fields also take
this practice. The main aim of this practice (internship) is that to teach students communication with different
workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they learned at class, upgrading the theoretical
knowledge in addition to the class, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student So, I found a practical knowledge
at the site as much as possible within the one month. The knowledge we have learn in the classis helpful to
get practical or real work in the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class.
Thus, I found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.

I did my internship in Modern Construction & Interiors in a project Commercial Building located in
undelayable, Bengaluru for a duration of 1 month (01/03/2023 - 31/03/2023).
1.2 ABOUT MODERN CONSTRUCTIONS & INTERIORS

OFFICE ADDRESS
Halasahalli road, Varthur, Bangalore -560087
E-mail: [email protected]

Vikas buildcast is a firm that provides a wide range of services, including design, construction, and
project management for commercial, industrial, and residential projects. With over a decade of experience,
we have established a reputation for delivering exceptional quality and innovative solutions to our clients. At
Modern Constructions & Interiors we believe in building with integrity, honesty, and transparency. Our team
of skilled professionals is committed to exceeding our clients' expectations by delivering high-quality projects
on time and within budget. Our commitment to safety, sustainability, and innovation is evident in every project
we undertake.
We use the latest technology and materials to ensure that our projects are not only of the highest quality but
also environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. Our goal is to provide exceptional service and build long-
term relationships with our clients. We work closely with our clients to understand their needs and deliver
tailored solutions that meet their specific requirements. At Vikas buildcast, we take pride in our work and
believe that our success is measured by the success of our clients. We are passionate about what we do and
strive to be a trusted partner for all our clients' construction needs.

1.3 ON GOING PROJECTS :- Table No.1.3

PROJECT NAME LOCATION

Residential Building (35’ x 43’) Valepura

Residential Building (27’ x 62’ Madapanahalli
 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DETAILS

2.1 GENERAL:- Table No. 2.1

Project name Residential Building (27’ x 62’)
Project location Madapanahalli
Client Lali Raghavendra
Landscape consultant Vikas buildcast
Architectural consultant Chandan Reddy
Civil and finishes works contractor Vikas buildcast

2.2 PROJECT LOCATION :

Fig. 2.2. Project Location

2.3 PLAN VIEW

Fig.2.3. Plan View

2.4 ESTIMATION:- Table No. 2.4

ORIGINAL CONTRACT VALUE Confidential

TOTAL DURATION 1 year 3 months
PROJECT START DATE 18-Feb-2024
ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE 17-May-2025

2.5 APPROVALS Table No. 2.5

In order to initiate the project, it is mandatory to get approvals (or) NOC certificates from the
respective bodies. The different types of approvals for this project are,

SL.NO APPROVING BODY ASPECT

1.0 BWSSB (Bangalore Water NOC for providing Water supply and
Supply And Sewerage Board) Underground drainage facilities for the
project.
2.0 BESCOM (Bangalore Electricity NOC for providing electrical supply for the
supply company limited) proposed project.
3.0 BBMP ( Bruhat Bengaluru Floor Plans Sanction of the project.
Mahanagara Palike )

4.0 Commencement certificate NOC for the start of project.

 CHAPTER 3 :- SAFETY INDUCTIONS

Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which highlighted the need
and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures or
adopting proper working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health that should be
paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully and take
appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe
and secure place to work in.
It is important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following purposes.
▪ Workers safety
▪ Construction progress
▪ Standard procedure
▪ Legal cases
▪ Working efficiency
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
➢ ISO 14001-2004
➢ OHSAS 18001-2007

Precaution for site for safety:-

✓ Wear protective equipment.

✓ Do not drink or take drugs while working.
✓ Pay attention to personal hygiene.
✓ Do not play in the workplace
✓ Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition
3.1 TYPES OF SAFETY HELMETS
i. WHITE: - for Engineers, Managers
ii. BLUE: - for Electricians, Carpenters and Technical operators
iii. RED: - for Fire Fighters
iv. GREEN:- for Safety Officers
v. GRAY: - for Site Visitors
vi. PURPLE: - for Supervisors
vii YELLOW: - for Labourer s and Earth Moving Operators
viii. BROWN: - for Welders and Workers with High Heat Application

WHITE BLUE RED GREEN

GRAY PURPLE YELLOW BROWN

FIG:- 3.1 SAFETY HELMETS

3.2. Possible types of accidents and ill health; -
• Construction Site Fall
• Crane Accidents
• Scaffolding Accidents
• Trench Collapses
• Electrical Accidents
• Fires and Explosions• Welding Accidents
• Structure Failure
• Cutting Accidents
• Building Collapse
• Supervisor Negligence
• Gas Explosions During Welding
• Exploding Compressor
• Run-Over by Operating Equipment
• Unsafe Dangerous Equipment Accidents

3.3 Safety belts and lifelines: If safety belts, lifelines and lanyards have been used for in service loading,
they must immediately be removed for service in employee safeguarding. Ensure that these personnel always
are secured to the building.

FIG: 3.3 SAFETY BELT

 CHAPTER 4 :- DETAIL REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION OF G+3 BULDING

SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

1) Site Clearance
2) Demarcation of Site
3) Positioning of Central coordinate
4) Surveying and layout
5) Excavation
6) Laying of PCC
7) Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
9) Concreting
10) Electrical and Plumbing
11) Deshuttering
12) Brickwork
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels 14) Wiring for electrical purposes
15) Plastering
16) Flooring and tiling work
17) Painting

4.1 Site Clearance: The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and
vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location.

FIG. 4.1 SITE CLEARANCE

4.2 Demarcation of Site: The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the
construction zone. In our project, a plot of 27ft x 67ft was chosen and the respective marking was done.

4.3 Positioning of Central coordinate and layout- The centre point was marked with the help of a thread
and plumb bob as per the grid drawing With respect to this center point, all the other points of commas were
to be decided so its exact position is very critical .

4.4 SURVEY: Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the earth specifically the
surface of the earth. This is being carried out by finding the spatial location (relative / absolute) of points on
or near the surface of the earth.

Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work of surveying.
The primary aims of field surveying are:
• To measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
• To measure the Vertical elevation between points.
• To find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal angles with reference to any arbitrary
direction

SURVEYS TO BE CONDUCTED AT SITE.

1. Topography survey
2. Fly leveling
3. Setting out and Marking
4. Block leveling
5. Site layout and staking

Topography survey :- A topographic survey gathers data about the natural and man-made features of the
land, as well as its terrain. Permanent features such as buildings, fences, trees and streams accurately define
the ground and its boundaries. Land contours and spot levels show the elevation of the terrain. Topographic
maps are used by architects, engineers, building contractors and others to accurately visualize their sites and
help bring forward development.

Fly leveling:- If the work site is away from the benchmark, surveyor starts the work with a back sight on the
benchmark by setting instrument at a convenient point. Then he proceeds towards the site by taking fore sights
and back sights on a number of change points till he establishes a temporary benchmark in the site. Rest of
the leveling work is carried out in the site. At the end of the work again leveling is carried out by
taking a set of convenient change points till the bench work is reached. This type of leveling in which only
back sight
and fore sights are taken, is called fly leveling.

Setting out and Marking :-

• The setting out process must provide an accurate base for the subsequent
construction process. You must be aware of the potential errors attributable to the instruments you are using
and the techniques required minimizing these effects.
• Work from the whole to the part and constantly check the correctness of your own work and that of others
that is based on your information. Pegs can be moved, sight rails altered or used with the wrong size of traveler,
etc., with dire results if this is not done.
• Use detailed dimensions, or calculated ones, wherever possible and avoid scaling from the plan unless all
else fails, but be sure to check overall dimensions against the site.
• Always establish permanent control marks outside the area of operations at the very earliest stage, or much
detailed work may have to be repeated and overall control of the project may be lost as works proceed.
• The most important check is “proving” the site drawings, in principle this involves checking that the
structures will fit into the site in the positions shown on the drawings, Make checks to existing and proposed
roads, other buildings, and existing permanent features.
• Make sure that site personnel understand the significance and importance of all marks and pegs.
• Closing a traverse in one direction say anti-clockwise and coming back to the point of origin (clockwise)
is the correct way to check the work. Closing error should be within permissible limits.

Block leveling :-
Block leveling survey is done in order to understand the profile of a piece of land. This is needed so that a
formation level can be fixed by architect, also it will help to understand the depth of cutting and filling, with
respect to this formation level. The average depth of excavation/ embankment, based on whichsubcontractor
billing is done.

Site layout and staking :-

• This activity involves the setting of reference points in a form of construction grid lines and marking off
gate level.
• This is performed to ensure that the grids have been set-up on site according to
approved plans.
4.5 EARTH WORK EXCAVATION
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2 earth excavators
(JCB's) were used for excavating the soil. Adequate precautions are taken to see that the excavationoperations
do not damage the adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing
of excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used
for back filling. The filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and then it’s compacted. Depth of
excavation was 5'4" from Ground Level

4.6 PCC - PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 4
inches was made in such a manner that i was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft
foundation and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, I part of cement to 5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of course
aggregates by volume were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed
below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground
containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining
there
from during placing and for a period of seven days. When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and
end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete.

FIG. 4.6. PCC

4.7. LAYING OF FOUNDATION
At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally
the entire area of the structure. Normally raft foundation is used when large load is to be distributed and it
is not possible to provide individual footings due to space constraints that is they would overlap on each other.

FIG. 4.7. LAYING OF FOUNDATION

Raff foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab
resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with
low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area. In laying of raft foundation, special care
is taken in the reinforcement and construction of plinth beam sand columns. It is the main portion on which
ultimately whole of the structure load is to come. So a slightest error can cause huge problems and therefore
all this is checked and passed by the engineer incharge of the site.
 CHAPTER 5 :- DETAILING OF CEMENT

Portland cement is composed of calcium silicate and aluminate and alumino-ferrite It is obtained by
lending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small quantities which is pulverized
and heated at high temperature around 1500 deg centigrade to produce "clinker. The clinker is then ground
with small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When
mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete.
Cement is a hygroscopic material meaning that it absorbs moisture in presence of moisture it undergoes
chemical reaction termed as hydration. Therefore, cement remains in good condition as king as it does not
come in contact with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should be tested for its strength
before being taken into use.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The classification is mainly
based on the compressive strength of cement-sand mortar cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of1 part of
cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a water- cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure.
The grades are,
33 grade
43 grade
53 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in N/mm2 at 28
days, as tested by above mentioned procedure. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either inter
grading a pozzolanic material with clinker and gypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland
cement. Nowadays good quality fly ash is available from Thermal Power Plants, which are processed and used
in manufacturing of PPC.

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF USING PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT OVER OPC

Pozzolana combines with lime and alkali in cement when water is added and forms compounds which
contribute to strength, impermeability, and sulphate resistance. It also contributes to work-ability, reduced
bleeding and controls destructive expansion from alkali-aggregate reaction It reduces heat ofhydration thereby
controlling temperature differential, which causes thermal strain and restart cracking a mass concrete
structures like dam. The colour of PPC comes from the colour of the pozzolanic material used PPC containing
fly ash as a pozzolana will invariably be slightly different colour than the OPC.One thing should be kept in
mind that is the quality of cement depends upon the raw materials
used and the quality control measures adopted during its manufacture, and not on the shade of the cement.
The cement gets its colour from the nature and colour of raw materials used, which will be different from
factory to factory, and may even differ in the different batches of cement produced in a factory. Further, the
colour of the finished concrete is affected also by the colour of the aggregates, and to a lesser extent by the
colour of the cement. Preference for any cement on the basis of colour alone is technically misplaced.

5.2 SETTING OF CEMENT

When water is mixed with cement, the paste so formed remains pliable and plastic for a short time. During
this period, it is possible to disturb the paste and remit it without any deleterious effects. As the reaction
between water and cement continues, the paste loses its plasticity. This early period in the hardening of cement
is referred to as "setting" of cement.

5.3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffens considerably. Final set is the point
when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load. Both are arbitrary points and these are determined
by Vicat needle penetration resistance Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could
also be due to extraneous factors not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an important role. In
hot weather, the setting is faster, in cold weather, setting is delayed Some types of salts, chemicals, clay, etc
if inadvertently get mixed with the sand, aggregate and water could accelerate or delay the settingof concrete.
 CHAPTER 6:- DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in concrete
structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other reinforcement
is strong in compression but weak in tension Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care
of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432
(Part 1) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade
Fe 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses 415 Niman2 and 500 N/mm2 respectively) are commonly
used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most nowadays.
This has limited the use of plain mid steel bars because of higher yield stress and bond strength resulting in
saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought theme mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion
resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.
Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars start from 8 mm
diameter. For general house constructions, bars of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used Transverse reinforcements
are very important. They not only take care of structural requirements but Abo help main reinforcements to
remand in desired position. They play a very significant role while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like
earthquake etc. They should be closely spaced as per the drawing and properly tied to the main longitudinal
reinforcement.
6.1 TERMS USED IN REINFORCEMENT
A. BAR-BENDING-SCHEDULE:- Is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance before
cutting and bending of re-bar's. This schedule contains all details of sine, shape, and dimension of re bar's
to be cut.

Fig. 6.1. Bar Bending Schedule

B. LAP LENGTH:- Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. Lap
length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring bar lengths should be
staggered and should not be provided at one level line. At one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should
be lapped. In case, required lap length is not available at junction because of space and other constraints, bars
can be joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding).

C. ANCHORAGE LENGTH :- This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted
in other at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction,column bars in
footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned in previous question or as per the
design instructions.

6.2 DETAILING OF THE COVER BLOCK :-Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from
touching the shuttering plates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the
design drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the concreting activity.
To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding wires (projected from cover
surface and placed during making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be made of
cement sand mortar (13). Ideally, cover should have strength similar to the surrounding concrete, with the least
perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through periphery will be minimized, Provision of minimum
covers as per the Indian standards for durability of the whole structure should be ensured.
Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover indicates thickness of the cover
block. Normally, cubical cover blocks are used. As a thanks rule, minimum cover of 2 in footings 1.5" in
columns and 1" for other structures may be ensured.
Structural element Cover to reinforcement (mm)
Footings - 40mm
Columns - 40mm
Slabs -15mm
Beams - 25mm
Retaining wall - 25mm
 CHAPTER 7:-
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE CONCRETE

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface without any
crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates.
The compressive strength of the concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete.
By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive
strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and higher in
commercial and industrial structures.
 CHAPTER 8:- SHUTTERING:-

When fresh concrete is poured in a structural element, form work (shuttering) is used to give temporary
support until the concrete has set. A thin film of oil or grease should be applied to inner surfaceof the
shuttering to enable easy removal of the column after the concrete hardens.

FIG.8.0. SHUTTERING
 CHAPTER 9:- PLINTH BEAM

A reinforced concrete plinth beam is built between the wall and its foundation during construction.
A plinth beam is a rectangular stone block that supports the pillars and sub-columns of a building. It serves as
a wall dividing the ground floor from the ground level. The primary purpose of a plinth is to distributethe
weight of the columns across the foundation uniformly.
A plinth beam is installed to stop cracks from the foundation from spreading through the wall above to keep
it intact and erect. The plinth beam binds each column of the structure together to minimize the slenderness
ratio of the columns in a frame structure.

CHAPTER 10 :- COMPACTION OF SOIL

Compaction is a process of increasing soil density and removing air, usually by mechanical means.
The size of the individual soil particles does not change, neither is water removed. Purposeful compaction
is intended to improve the strength and stiffness of soil.

FIG.10.0. SOIL COMPACTION

 CHAPTER 11:- CONCRETE COMPACTION USING NEEDLE
VIBRATOR
The process of vibrating concrete is a vital part of any concrete pour which cannot be overlooked. Cement
Concrete and Aggregates Australia, also known as CCAA, describes concrete vibration and compaction as the
process which expels entrapped air from freshly placed concrete and packs the aggregate particles together to
increase the density of concrete.
As a vital part of a successful concrete pour, concrete vibrating techniques have been widely used to ensure
the correct compaction of concrete structures all over the globe.

Fig. 11.0. Needle vibrator

Due to concrete being used in so many varying structures and applications, concrete vibrating tools come
in different forms and variations. Below is the three key categories of vibrators used across the globe by
concrete contractors and builders.
 CHAPTER 12 :- CURING

Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Curing takes place
immediately after concrete placing and finishing, and involves maintenance of desired moisture and
temperature conditions, both at depth and near the surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured
concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for continued hydration and development of strength, volume
stability, resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance.
There are three main functions of curing:
1. Maintaining mixing water in concrete during the early hardening process:-

Ponding and immersion

Ponding is typically used to cure flat surfaces on smaller jobs. Care should be taken to maintain curing water
temperature at not more than 20 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the concrete to prevent cracking dueto
thermal stresses. Immersion is mainly used in the laboratory for curing concrete test specimens.

Spraying and fogging

Spraying and fogging are used when the ambient temperatures are well above freezing and the humidity is
low. Fogging can minimize plastic shrinkage cracking until the concrete attains final set.

Saturated wet coverings

Wet coverings saturated with water should be used after concrete has hardened enough to prevent surface
damage. They should be kept constantly wet.
Left in Place Forms
Left in place forms usually provide satisfactory protection against moisture loss for formed concrete surfaces.
The forms are usually left in place as long as the construction schedule allows. If the forms are made of wood,
they should be kept moist, especially during hot, dry weather.

2. Reducing the loss of mixing water from the surface of the concrete

Covering concrete with impervious paper or plastic sheets

Impervious paper and plastic sheets can be applied on thoroughly wetted concrete. The concrete surface should
be hard enough to prevent surface damage from placement activities.
 Fig. 12.2. wet covering curing

3. Accelerating strength gain using heat and additional moisture

Live steam
Live steam at atmospheric pressure and high-pressure steam in autoclaves are the two methods of steam
curing. Steam temperature for live steam at atmospheric pressure should be kept at about 140 degrees
Fahrenheit or less until the desired concrete strength is achieved.
Heating coils
Heating coils are usually used as embedded elements near the surface of concrete elements. Their purpose is
to protect concrete from freezing during cold weather concreting.

Electrical heated forms or pads

Electrical heated forms or pads are primarily used by precast concrete producers.
 CHAPTER 13 :- CONCLUSION

1. This internship program has helped us learn reading and understanding of proposed plans
and schedules.
2. The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to
undergraduates to identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable in the real
industry.
3. It is not only to get experience on technical practices but also to observe management
practices and to interact with on field workers.
4. In my opinion, I have gained lots of knowledge and experience needed to be successful
in a treat engineering challenge.
5. Quality implementation on site.
6. In working environment, the systematic approach with every team's responsibility is vital
in contributing to a strong organization.
7. We learnt that, efficient and effective operations of every department is an important
strategic tool in decision making of any organization.