Methods of Communication

• Three important parts of communication–

• Transmitting: The sender transmits/sends the message using a
medium.
Listening: The receiver listens or understands the message that the
sender sent.
Feedback: The receiver conveys/replies to their understanding of
the message to the sender in the form of feedback, this completes
the communication cycle.
• The various elements of a communication cycle are:
• Sender: the person beginning the communication.
• Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
• Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
• Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
• Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the
message.
various methods of communication–
Face to Face communication, E-mails, Posters, Business meetings,
and other methods.
Verbal Communication
Non-verbal Communication
• The Various type of Non-Verbal Communication- Gestures,
Expressions, and Body language.
Communication Cycle and Importance of
Feedback
Barriers to Effective Communication
Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural
condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending message from sender to receiver. Not being
able to see gestures, posture and general body
language can make communication less effective.
For example, text messages are often less effective
than face-to-face communication.
Linguistic Barriers
The inability to communicate using a language is
known as language barrier to communication.
Language barriers are the most common
communication barriers, which cause
misunderstandings and misinterpretations between
people. For example, slang, professional jargon and
regional colloquialisms can make communication
difficult.
Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the sender’s message is received differently from how it
was intended. It is also very difficult to communicate with someone who is not willing to talk or express their
feelings and views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate, personal differences can create interpersonal
barriers to communication.
Organisational Barriers
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical structures that follow performance standards,
rules and regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free flow of
communication in organisations and therefore, need to be suitably managed. Superior-subordinate
relationships in a formal organisational structure can be a barrier to free flow of communication. Also,
sometimes due to the stringent rules, the employees find it difficult to communicate with their peers too.
Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs, resulting
in inconveniences and difficulties. People sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about others based on
their cultural background, this leads to difference in opinions and can be a major barrier to effective
communication. Although there are certain barriers to effective communication, you can always overcome
these barriers by following some best practices of effective communication that are listed here.
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective
Communication
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
• Try to communicate in person as much as possible
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions
Writing Skills — Parts of Speech
• Capitalisation
We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. However, there
are certain other points in a sentence where we should use capital
letters. ‘TINS’is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words
correctly.
• Punctuation– It includes Comma, Fullstop, Question Mark,
Exclamation mark, etc.

How? How often? When? and Where?

Supporting Parts of Speech Types
Writing Skills—Sentences
• Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’ is the ability to
control one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour effectively in
different situations. This also includes motivating oneself, and setting
goals. People with strong self-management skills are better in doing
certain things better than others. Therefore, employers too strongly
prefer people with good self-management skills
Session 1: Stress Management
• What is Stress?
• Stress is nothing but our emotional, mental, physical, and social
response to any perceived demands or threats. We call these
demands or threats as stressors. Stressors are the reason for our
stress. Eg – You are worried about what others will think of you.
• What is Stress Management?
• Stress Management is about making a plan to be able to handle
daily stresses successfully. This is the very first step of managing
your stress. Finding a balance between life, work, relationships,
relaxation, and enjoyment is the ultimate objective.
 Emotional Intelligence
• Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s
own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.
• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and name one’s
own emotions.
• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness and apply
emotions to tasks like thinking and problem solving.
• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s own
emotions when necessary and help others to do the same.
• Ravi and his best friend, Shiv, have been practising for the annual school
dance competition. They are both performing solo. On the day of the
competition, Shiv won. Ravi felt extremely sad and dejected. He shouted at
Shiv unnecessarily, cried and also did not talk to his parents for 3–4 hours.
On the contrary, if Ravi would have been emotionally intelligent, he would
have accepted defeat gracefully, and done better in the next competition.
Being emotionally intelligent enhances your chances of success and a
balanced life. Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given
below. • Understand your emotions: Observe your behaviour and note the
things you need to work on. You can then work on the things you need to
improve. • Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your
thinking. • Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm
Session 2: Self-awareness— Strength and
Weakness Analysis
• Finding Strengths/Abilities
• Think of any work/task that you are always successful at.
• Think about what other people like in you.
• Think about what you do well.
• Finding Weaknesses
• Think about the areas where you struggle and the things you find
difficult to do.
• Analyse the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling
low about it. Take it as an area of improvement.
Session 3: Self-motivation
• Self-motivation is the ability to do things that need to be done
without someone influencing us.
Session 4: Self-regulation— Goal Setting
Session 5: Self-regulation— Time Management
 Basic Computer Operations
• ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICT refers
to all the methods, tools, concepts related to storing, recording and
sending digital information. Information can be recorded or stored in
many ways, handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter and so
on. When information is stored and recorded on electronic devices, it
takes on a ‘digital’ form. ICT devices are tablets, smartphones and
laptops. ICT skills help us to communicate, run our business and stay
connected with our family and friends. Hence, every person needs to
acquire ICT skills and build them to stay updated with the latest
software and applications (apps).
• Starting a Computer
• To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This
will start the operating system and display the desktop on the
monitor.
• Basic Functions performed when a computer starts
• A computer automatically runs a basic program called BIOS
(Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on or the
power button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the
self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load
the Operating System.
d
Computer Care and Maintenance
Prepare a Maintenance Schedule
 Entrepreneurship and Society
• wage employment and self-employment.
• Wage employed people are people who work for a person or an
organization and get paid for that work. Self-employed people are those
who start businesses to satisfy the needs of people. \
• A self-employed person who is always trying to make his/her business
better by taking risks and trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
• Example: Ramya and Ramu both own plant shops. Ramu sits at his shop
every day. When customers come, he sells to them. Ramya walks around
and gets customers to her shop. She also sells seeds and flowers with her
plants. Ramya is working to do more and grow her business. She has also
added a different idea to her business. So, Ramya is an entrepreneur and
Ramu is a businessman.
 Role of entrepreneurs
• An entrepreneurs perform these roles:
1.Innovator’s Role
1. Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products and services
into the market.
2. In many cases, these are improved versions of existing products or services
available.
3. Innovation fuels economic growth and helps to boost global presence of
products and services.
2.Agent’s role
1. Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they identify opportunities, solve
problems, offer effective solutions, establish enterprises, set up industries
and bring positive change for the economy.
 Role of entrepreneurs
3. Coordinating role
1. An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as factors of production,
delegated tasks, smooth functioning across different business departments,
timely delivery of inputs and outputs etc.
2. However, by combining resources in an optimal and best possible manner, an
entrepreneur even makes use of under-utilized resources in an economy.
4. Risk assumption role
1. Entrepreneurs are not risk-aversive and they realize that taking risks is a part
of business.
2. The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to wealth generation for
overall economy.
 Role of entrepreneurs
5.Capital formation role
1. Mobilization of idle savings takes place when money is invested in a business.
2. This mobilisation of capital leads to development of assets, trade activities,
increase in capital availability and economic development.
6. Imitating role
1. In many developing countries, entrepreneurs either imitate or adapt the
innovations of developed nations.
2. These innovations are adapted according to the local needs and conditions
and work towards overcoming the entrepreneurial challenges.
7.Employment Generation role
1. Businesses cannot function without employing people.
2. Skilled professionals, unskilled labour and managerial staff are all required by
businesses.
3. Hence, entrepreneurship solves the problem of unemployment, which is a
major problem in economic development.
 Role of entrepreneurs
8.Status transformation role
1. Since more and more people are employed by entrepreneurs, overall income
and standard of living of the society increases.
2. This encourages equitable distribution of wealth and reduces income
disparity in the economy.
9.Balancing role:
1. Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro enterprises and small-
scale industries as well.
2. This encourages regional development and removes development
imbalances in the economy.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs have
been made with the aim to take care of important issues facing businesses, governments and
society. Some of these issues are poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate
change, and biodiversity.

The Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) were launched at
the United Nations Sustainable
Development Summit in New
York in September 2015,
forming the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. It
has set targets that the
countries have to should work
towards and achieve by 2030.
Sustainable Development Initiatives
• When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation of
Mangalore, an innovator and entrepreneur Mr Avasth Hedge found
an eco-friendly alternative. He made a 100 per cent bio-degradable
bag which can dissolve in hot water and decompose in natural
environment. This is now being used in many countries and is going to
help the environment.
• Another innovative idea was to stop the use of plastics spoons, forks,
etc. Narayana Peesapaty made edible cutlery made out of a grain —
these spoons can be eaten and even if they are not eaten they will
easily decompose in the soil enriching it
Sustainable Processes Some practices, such as organic farming,
vermicomposting and rainwater harvesting is being used to help preserve
the environment. Natural resources are limited and with time they will get
over and if we do not do anything about it, our future generations will not be
able to survive.
Here are some basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable
Development Goals.