Midterm Study Sheet

Elementary Integrals

1. ∫ 1dx = x + C
1
2. ∫ xdx =
2
x
2
+ C
1
3. ∫ 2
x dx =
3
x
3
+ C
1 1
4. ∫ x
2
dx = −
x
+ C
3
2
5. ∫ √ xdx =
3
x 2 + C
1
6. ∫ dx = 2√ x + C
√x

1
7. ∫ r
x dx =
r+1
x
r+1
+ C[r ≠ −1]
1
8. ∫ x
dx = ln|x| + C
1
9. ∫ sinaxdx = −
a
cosax + C
1
0. ∫ cosaxdx =
a
sinax + C

1. ∫ secxdx = ln|secx + tanx| + C

2 1
2. ∫ sec axdx =
a
tanax + C
1
3. ∫ 2
csc axdx = −
a
cotax + C
1
4. ∫ secaxtanaxdx =
a
secax + C
1
5. ∫ cscaxcotaxdx = −
a
cscax + C
 1 −1 x
6. ∫ dx = sin
a
+ C a > 0
√ a 2 −x 2

1 1 −1 x
7. ∫ a +x
2 2
dx =
a
tan
a
+ C

ax 1 ax
8. ∫ e dx =
a
e + C
1
9. ∫ b
ax
dx =
alnb
b
ax
+ C
x 1
0. ∫ 2 2
dx =
2
ln(x
2
+ a )
2

x +a
dx 1 −1 x
1. ∫ x +a
2 2
=
a
tan
a
+ C
x 1
2. ∫ 2
=
2
ln|x
2 2
− a | + C
x −a
dx 1 x−a
3. ∫ x −a
2 2
=
2a
ln|
x+a
+ C

4. ∫ lnx = xlnx − x

Unit 6

Integration By Parts

∫ u ⋅ dv = u ⋅ v − ∫ v ⋅ du

Use this formula when you see a complex integral

that is a product of two integrals.

Normally if we see these values we turn them into

dv:
 ex
 sinx
 cosx

Normally if we see these values we turn them into

u:

 lnx

Reduction Formula
n n
I n = ∫ (u) dx = x(u) − n ⋅ I n−1

Common Rational Integrals

Case 1
a a
∫ = ∫ ln(bx + c) + C
bx+c b

Case 2
bx+c xdx dx
∫ 2 2
= b∫ 2 2
+ c∫ 2 2
x +a x +a x +a
1 2 2 1 −1 x
= ln|x + a | + tan + C
2 a a

Partial Fractions
If Q(x) = (x − a 1 ). . . (x − a n )

Then
P (x) A1 An
= +. . . +
Q(x) x−a 1 x−a n

If deg(P) < deg(Q)

Completing The Square

Where x 2 + bx + c does not have any real

roots, is equal to
b 2 b 2
(x + ) + c − ( )
2 2

Completing the square is used when you get a

non-factorable polynomial in the denominator of an
b
integral, and you would substitute x + 2
= u

allowing you to solve the integral

Repeated Factors

Linear Repeated Factors

P (x) A1 A2 An
n m
= + 2
+. . . + n
(x−a) (x−b) x−a (x−a) (x−a)
Quadratic Repeated Factors
1 B 1 x+C 1 B k x+C k
2 2 2 k
= 2 2 2
+. . . + 2 2 2 k
(a x +b ) a x +b (a x +b )

Inverse Substitutions

Inverse Sin-Substitution
We are trying to make x = asinθ

useful when we have a 2 − x

2
or √a 2 − x
2
or
2 2 n
(a − x )

we need to understand ranges of integer variables

x ∈ [−a, a] −1 ≤ sinθ ≤ 1
−1 x
θ = sin
a

Lets say we have

√ a 2 − x 2 = √ a 2 (1 − sin 2 θ)

2 2
= √ a √ cos θ = a|cosθ|

Inverse Tan-Substitution
x = atanθ ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
π π
θ ∈ (− , )
2 2

Is useful for integrals such as

 n
2 2
a + x or √a 2
+ x
2

Weierstrass Substitution

Useful in cases such as:

dx dx
∫
a+sinx
or ∫ a+cosx

t = tan x2

Create a right triangle

The angle will have an angle x/2 and have the

sides be 1, t, and the hypotenuse being √1 + t 2

To find sinx, we can use the formula

x x
sinx = 2sin cos
2 2

Which will lead to, using the triangle

t
sinx = 2
2
1 + t

For cosx, we use the formula

 x x
2 2
cosx = cos − sin
2 2

Which will lead to, using the triangle

2
1 − t

2
1 + t

Finally, lets find dx for this sub

x
tan = t
2
x −1
= tan t
2
−1
x = 2tan t
2
dx = 2
dt
1+t

Improper Integrals

Type 1
When the boundaries of a limit are infinite
∞

∫ f (x)dx
a
 a

∫ f (x)dx
−∞

Type 2
a

∫ f (x)dx
b

This is a type 2 improper integral when the integral

as x → a or x → b or x → a and x → b

P-Integrals

Can be Type I or type I I improper integrals

1−p
∞ −P a
∫
a
x dx converges to p−1
,p > 1 and
diverges to ∞, p ≤ 1

Where −∞ ≤ a < b ≤ ∞

and
0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g(x)
b b
∫ f (x)dx ≤ ∫ g(x)dx
a a
If the integral of f(x) there diverges, then so does
the integral of g(x)

Unit 7

Volume By Slicing

V = ∫ A(x)dx
a

In cases where a function is rotated around the x-

axis, we can write this as

b
2
V = π∫ [f (x)] dx
a

Washers
In cases like the image depicted above, we find
the volume through the formula

2 2
V = π[r − r ]
out in

Volume by Cylindrical Shells

V = 2π ∫ xf (x)dx
a
 Arc Length

If the curve is given as y=f(x) ⇒

L = ∫ √ 1 + (f ′ (x)) 2 dx

If the curve is given as x=g(y) ⇒

L = ∫ √ 1 + (g ′ (y)) 2 dy
c

Surface Areas of Revolution

Case 1
When rotating around the x-axis

′ 2
A = 2π ∫ |f (x)|√ 1 + (f (x)) dx
a

Case 2
When rotating around the y-axis
 b

′ 2
A = 2π ∫ |x|√ 1 + (f (x)) dx
a

Case 3
When we have a curve x=g(y) rotated about the y-
axis

′ 2
A = 2π ∫ |g(y)|√ 1 + (g (y)) dy
c

Case 4
When we have a curve x = g(y) rotated about the
x-axis

′ 2
A = 2π ∫ |y|√ 1 + (g (y)) dy
c

Mass

m = ∫ ρ(P )dV
R
 Density

For linear density

dm
λ(x) =
dx

For surface density

dm
σ(P ) =
dA

Moment

M x=x ≡ ∑ m k (x k − x 0 )
0

k=1

Center of Mass

The center of mass is where M x=x̄ = 0

From the definition of Moment

n
0 = M x=x̄ = ∑ m k (x k − x̄)
k=1
n n
= ∑ m k ⋅ x k − x̄ ⋅ ∑ mk ⇒
k=1 k=1
 n
∑ mk ⋅ xk
k=1
x̄ =
n
∑ mk
k=1

OR

M x=0
x̄ =
M

Where x̄ represents the center of mass

Centroids

M x=0
x̄ =
A

Where we consider the density of the object to be

1

Centroid of a Triangle
P̄ = (x̄, ȳ),

x1 + x2 + x3
x̄ =
3
 y1 + y2 + y3
ȳ =
3

The centroid of a rectangle. a circular disk, and a

sphere is at the center

Pappus's Theorem

If we rotate a region R around the x axis. Let P̄ be

the centroid of R, and r be the distance from the
centroid to the axis of rotation

The volume V of the revolution solid is

V = 2πr ⋅ A

The surface area of the revolution solid is

A = 2πr ⋅ s

Hydrostatic Pressure

Steps to solve these kinds of problems

What it will look like
1. Remember the formula, P = ρgh
2. Divide the surface you are finding pressure on
into strips which are all at the exact same height
h

3. Remember the formula F = P ⋅ A

4. Set an infinitesimally small force equal to the

total pressure on the surface multiplied by the
infinitesimally small area of each strip you
previously made dF = P ⋅ dA
5. Try and put dA in terms of another factor
multiplied by dh or try and relate dh to another
factor which relates more to dA
6. Combine the equations, putting your modified
P = ρgh into the dF = P ⋅ dA, integrate
within bounds that make sense and find the
answer

Work

W = F dcosθ

Where W is work, F is the force applied, d is the

displacement, and θ is the angle between the
force vector and the displacement vector

If the force is not constant, we can calculate the

amount of work dW due to a small displacement d

dW = F (x)dx

The total work is the sum as an integral of the

work on each displacment
 d

W = ∫ dW = ∫ F (x)dx
0

First Order Differential Equations

An equation for an unknown function y(x) that

involves its derivatives with only first derivatives
are is called a first order differential equation

For example:
′
y (x) = f (x) ⋅ g(y)
dy
⇒ = f (x) ⋅ g(y)
dx
dy
⇒ = f (x)dx
g(y)

dy
Lets say you were given dx
+ p(x)y = q(x)

you would need to introduce an integration factor

of e μ(x)

where
′
μ(x) = ∫ p(x)dx ⇒ u (x) = p(x)
NOTE, WHAT IS TO COME IS THE
DERIVATION OF A FORMULA
If you don't care about how to derive it, skip to the
actual formula and memorize that

Multiply the original equation with the integration

factor
μ(x) dy μ(x)
e ⋅ (
dx
+ p(x)y) = e ⋅ q(x) Note
that the left hand side is
μ(x) dy μ(x) dμ
e ⋅ + e ⋅ ⋅ y
dx dx
μ(x) dy d μ(x)
= e ⋅ + (e ) ⋅ y
dx dx
d μ(x)
= (e ⋅ y)
dx

d μ(x) μ(x)
⇒ (e ⋅ y) = e ⋅ q(x)
dx
μ(x) μ(x)
∫ d(e ⋅ y) = ∫ e ⋅ q(x)dx
μ(x) μ(x)
e ⋅ y − C = ∫ e ⋅ q(x)dx

Then solve for y and you get the main formula

−μ(x) μ(x) −μ(x)
y = e ⋅ ∫ e ⋅ q(x)dx + C ⋅ e

Unit 8
 Parametric Curves

A parametric curve is expressed as a function of

an independent parameter.

The general form of a parametric curve is:

x = f (t)

y = g(t)

To graph a parametric curve given f(t) and g(t),

you would want to combine a functions in such a
way that t is cancelled out, then use different
values of t after seeing what the general shape of
the curve is to see the orientation of the curve.

The orientation is defined by "which point comes

first".

For example, lets say you had a parametric curve

in the shape of the function y=x.

In this hypothetical curve, at t=1, y=1, x=1, and at

t=2, y=2, and x=2.
On this hypothetical curve, it shows that as t
increases, the function goes further and further to
the right showing that the orientation of the curve
is from left to right.

Smooth Parametric Curves and Their Slopes

A parametric curve l is smooth if

′ 2 ′ 2
[f (t)] + [g (t)] ≠ 0

Consider a parametric curve of the form

x=f(t)
y=g(t)

You can find the slope of the tangent and normal

lines to a parametric curve through the two
following formulas

Tangent
′
dy g (t)
= ′
dx f (t)

Normal
′
dx f (t)
− = − ′
dy g (t)
If f ′ (t) ≠ 0, the curve is smooth, and has a
tangent line at t with the slope

If g ′ (t) ≠ 0, the curve is smooth, and has a

normal line at t with the slope

In a special case, where g ′ (t) ≠ 0 at a point

where f ′ (t) = 0, then the curve has a vertical
tangent.

Since we defined that a parametric curve where

(lets assign some variable t = t 0 ) is smooth if:
′ 2 ′ 2
[f (t 0 )] + [g (t 0 )] ≠ 0

The parametric representation of the tangent line

and the normal line are:

Tangent
′
x = f (t 0 ) + f (t 0 ) ⋅ (t − t 0 )
′
y = g(t 0 ) + g (t 0 ) ⋅ (t − t 0 )

Normal
′
x = f (t 0 ) + g (t 0 ) ⋅ (t − t 0 )
′
y = g(t 0 ) − f (t 0 ) ⋅ (t − t 0 )
 Concavity of a Parametric Curve

The concavity of a parametric curve is determined

2
d y
by the sign of dx
2

2
d y

dx
2
> 0 is concave up
2
d y

dx
2
< 0 is concave down
2
d y

dx
2
= 0 is where the curve has an inflection point

A curve in a parametric curve has a second

derivative in the form
2 ′′ ′ ′ ′′
d y g f −g f
2
= ′ 3
dx (f )

When sketching parametric curves, do the

following steps

1. Set x = 0 and solve for t

2. Set y = 0 and solve for t
3. Solve for a horizontal tangent
4. Solve for a vertical tangent
5. Check for cusps
6. Find the intervals of concavity using the second
derivative
7. Check for inflection points using the second
derivative
8. Check for t as it approaches infinity and negative
infinity
9. Check if there is any symmetry in the curve by
seeing if the x and y functions are odd functions
or even functions, if they are either or both then
the function is symmetrical

Arc Length of Parametric Curves

The arc length s of a parametric curve in the form

x = f(t)
y = g(t)

is
b
s = ∫a √ (f ′ ) 2 + (g ′ ) 2 dt
 Surface Areas of Parametric Curves

When rotating a parametric curve about the x axis:

a
′2 ′2
SA = 2π ∫ |g(t)| ⋅ √ f + g dt
b

When rotating a parametric curve about the y axis:

a
′2 ′2
SA = 2π ∫ |f (t)| ⋅ √ f + g
b

Areas Bounded by Parametric Curves

Given some parametric curve

x = f(t)
y = g(t) > 0

A = ∫ dA = ∫ ydx
b ′
= ∫ g(t) ⋅ f (t)dt
a

IF

f'(t)>0 for t∈[a,b]

If we are given a curve where the end point is the

same as the beginning, we must ensure the
orientation of the curve is clockwise.

For this orientation the area is considered by the

function
b
′
∫ g(t) ⋅ f (t)dt
a

However, if it is counter clockwise, it will be

b ′
−∫ g(t) ⋅ f (t)dt
a

Areas Bounded by Parametric Curves

Given some parametric curve

x = f(t)
y = g(t) > 0

A = ∫ dA = ∫ ydx
b
′
= ∫ g(t) ⋅ f (t)dt
a

IF

f'(t)>0 for t∈[a,b]

If we are given a curve where the end point is the
same as the beginning, we must ensure the
orientation of the curve is clockwise.

For this orientation the area is considered by the

function
b
′
∫ g(t) ⋅ f (t)dt
a

However, if it is counter clockwise, it will be

b ′
−∫ g(t) ⋅ f (t)dt
a

Polar Coordinates and Curves

You can represent a point on the cartesian plane,

instead of as (x,y) as:

x = rcosθ

y = rsinθ

Where the first term is x and the second is y.

θ > 0 if it is counter-clockwise from the polar axis

(x axis)
It is written in the convention:

P = (r, θ)

(r 1 , θ) = (r 1 , θ + 2π)

and
(r 1 , θ) = (r 1 , θ − 2π)

and
(r 1 , θ) = (−r 1 , θ + pi)

A curve in cartesian coordinates is written as

y=f(x)
in polar coordinates it is written as
r=f(θ)

When sketching a polar curve, you check the

points where θ increases and that is the direction
the polar curve goes in