A

TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENTS WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME (SWEP)

UNDERTAKEN AT

LAGOS STATE MINISTRY OF WORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE,

THE SECRETARIAT, ALAUSA, IKEJA,

LAGOS STATE

BY

ADEFIRANYE TEMITAYO ADEKUNLE

(EEE/12/9497)

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMEN T OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG)

DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

JANUARY, 2017.
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this industrial training work was carried out by ADEFIRANYE

TEMITAYO ADEKUNLE with matriculation number EEE/12/9497 of the department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State; in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng) Degree in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering.

.................................... ……………………......

Engr M.R Adu Adefiranye Temitayo Adekunle.

Supervisor Student

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 DEDICATION

This SWEP report is dedicated to Almighty God, the marker and giver of everything.

Also, this report I dedicated to my ever loving parents, Mr and Mrs S.O Adefiranye for

their parental care, advice, moral and financial assistance throughout the training.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My gratitude goes to God Almighty for helping me in the acquisition of the necessary

rudiments and practical skills as regards the Electrical/Electronic Engineering Profession,

during the course of the industrial training.

My special appreciation goes to the Director Mechanical and Electrical services

department, Engr Cole Akeresola who gave me the opportunity to work and learn in this

reputable ministry and to Engr Adebayo, the engineer in charge of power plant one where I

did my siwes, for his teachings, counsel, words of encouragement and giving me the work

and responsibility that has helped me to get the necessary experience needed in the Electrical

and Electronics Engineering profession and to Engr Bola Ogundimu who was my industrial

based supervisor, and to other members of staff Engr Bunmi Fisher, Engr Tomori, Mrs

Dauda.

My profound gratitude goes to Engr Oluwatosin Ajala, who taught me most of the

things I learnt during my industrial training, may God bless you sir.

A million seasoned words of gratitude is not sufficient to express my hearty thanks to

my parents; Mr &Mrs S.O. Adefiranye whose love, support and encouragement in all

ramifications, especially to my academic pursuit, is worthy of appreciation.

My sincere appreciation to my sisters Mrs Adebola Ayodeji-Latona, Omolola

Adenike, Damilola and my cousin Opeyemi for their moral support. Also to my colleagues,

copper Osas, copper Sadiq, copper Afam, Abiodun, Andrew, Oshodi Sunday, Tosin and John

for their words of advice, passionate concern and most importantly, for being a true friends in

and out of season.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The students industrial working experience scheme is a programme designed to

complement the theoretical knowledge to be acquired by the students in the academic

environment for this past four (4) years, for a period of six (6) months, in the respective

establishments of their discipline.

This Technical Report is an account of six (6) months, Industrial attachment

experience, with Lagos State Ministry Of works and infrastructure (Electrical Department)

and it briefly discusses the ministry, the nature of work carried out by the ministry during my

period of training, and the working experience I gathered during the period of attachment.

Chapter one briefly talks about introduction, history of (ITF) Industrial Training Fund

and SIWES. Chapter two briefly discusses the aim and objectives of SIWES. Chapter three

discusses the minisrty – Lagos State Ministry Work and Infrastructure, background

information and brief history of Lagos State Ministry Work and Infrastructure, the Firm‟s

Structure, Organizational chart, Area of firm‟s practice, Firm‟s offices, Associated

Companies, IIP projects, relevant terms in the firm and shows the major projects of the firm.

Chapter four briefly discusses my working experience during my Industrial Training. Chapter

five highlight the Problems encountered during my six months SIWES. Chapter six

concluded my report with my personal recommendations. Then follows my references.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Pages
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v

TABLE OF CONTENT vi

TABLE OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDENT WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME 1
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES 3
1.3 PARTICIPANTS IN SIWES 4

CHAPTER TWO 5
LAGOS STATE MINISTRY OF WORKS 5
2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF MINISTRY OF WORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE 5
2.2 OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT BY MINISTRY OF WORKS 5
2.3VISION 6

2.4 STAFF PROFILE AND STRENGTH 6

2.5 SECTIONS AT MINISTRY OF WORKS 7

2.6 OBJECTIVES OF ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT 7

2.7 ORGANIZATION CHART 8

CHAPTHER THREE 9

WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED 9

3.1 ALAUSA POWER GENERATION 9

3.2 RING MAIN UNIT (RMU) 10

3.2.1 SF6 GAS RMU 11

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3.3 THE FEEDER PILLAR 13
3.4 POWER HOUSE 13

3.5 THE INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT (IPP) 16

3.6 THE INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT (IPP) IN LAGOS STATE 17

3.7 ALAUSA POWER PLANT 18

3.8 OPERATIONS OF THE INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT (IPP) IKEJA 19

3.9 THE ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.9.1 DESIGN 21
3.9.2 IMPLEMENTATION 21
3.10 WHY DO WE DESIGN? 21
3.10.1 FOR ANALYSIS AND CONSIDERATION 21
3.10.2 FOR PRESENTATION 21
3.10.3 FOR EFFECTIVE COST EVALUATION 21
3.11 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ELECTRICAL DESIGN 21
3.11.1 REGULATION 21
3.11.2 SAFETY AND PROTECTION 22
3.11.3 ECONOMIC IMPLICATION 22
3.12 HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 22
3.13 KNOT & TUBE WIRING 23
3.14 METAL-SHEATHED WIRES 24
3.15 ELECTRICAL DESIGN 25
3.16 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING 26
3.16.1 SURFACE WIRING 26
3.16.2 CONDUIT WIRING 26
3.16.3 RIGID METAL CONDUIT 26
3.16.4 ALUMINUM CONDUIT 26
3.16.5 NON-METAL 27
3.16.6 FLEXIBLE CONDUITS 28
3.16.7 TRUNKING INSTALLATION 28
3.17 DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL INSTALLATION 28

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3.18 LIGHT FITTINGS AND SWITCHES 28
3.19 SOCKET OUTLETS PROVISION IN THE HOME 29
3.19.1 Cooker control unit 29
3.19.2 20A Double Pole Switch 29
3.20 CIRCUITING 30
3.20.1 LIGHTING POINT CIRCUIT 30
3.20.2 SOCKET OUTLET CIRCUIT 30
3.20.2.1 13A Socket 30
3.20.2.2 15A Socket 30
3.21 COMMERCIAL/ INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS 31
3.22 INSTALLED POWER (KW) 32
3.22.1 INSTALLED APPARENT POWER (KVA) 32
3.23 UTILISATION FACTOR 32
3.23.1 DIVERSITY FACTOR 32
3.23.2 UTILIZATION FACTOR (KU) 32
3.23.3 DIVERSITY FACTOR 32
3.24 DISTRIBUTION BOARD 33
3.25 DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN SWITCH RATING 34
3.26 SOCKET OUTLETS 35
3.27 GENERATOR SIZE DETERMINATION 35
3.28 DETERMINATION OF CABLE SIZE AND TYPE IN INSTALLATION 36
3.28.1 COPPER CONDUCTORS 36
3.28.2 ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS 37
3.29 CABLE TRAY 37
3.30 COLOR CODING 38
3.31 IMPLEMENTATION 39
3.31.1 INITIAL TESTING OF AN INSTALLATION 39
3.31.2 POLARITY 39
3.31.3 EARTH LOOP IMPEDANCE TEST 39
3.32 CONTINUITY 40
3.33 EARTHING 40

3.34 INSULATION RESISTANCE 41

3.35 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD 41

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 3.35.1 STARTING AUTOCAD 41
3.35.2 THE INITIAL SCREEN 42
3.35.3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD USED FOR
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN 43
3.35.4 AUTOCAD COMMADS 45
3.36 ELECTRICAL LEGENDS OR SYMBOLS 46
3.37 GUIDELINES ON THE DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL SERVICE
USING AUTOCAD 47
3.38 SELECTION OF LIGHTING FITTINGS 48
3.39 TYPICAL ELECTRICAL SERVICE DRAWING OF A 4 BEDROOM FLAT
BELONGING TO MR MICHEAL OSARUYI 49
3.40 LIGHTING POINTS 62
3.41 POWER POINTS 63
3.42 SPECIAL SERVICES 63

CHAPTER FOUR 64
4.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, SUMMARY 64
4.1 CONCLUSION 64
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 64
4.3 SUMMARY 65
FOR STUDENTS 65

REFERENCES 66

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 TABLE OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 1 Organisation chart 8
Figure 2 33kv to 11kv step down transformer 9
Figure 3 Ring main units 10
Figure 4 Front View of the Sf6 Gas Rmu 12
Figure 5 Feeder Pillar 13
Figure 6 Generating Set for Alternative Power supply 14
Figure 7 Electrical Switch Boards 15
Figure 8 Alausa power control room 16
Figure 9 Independent Power Plant (10.6Mw) 18

Figure 10 Independent Power Plant (10.6Mw) 18

Figure 11 Knob & tube wiring 23
Figure 12 Metal sheathed wire 24
Figure 13 PVC Conduit 27
Figure14 Flexible 27
Figure 15 Control room 31
Figure 16 32A Distribution board 33
Figure 17 Diagram of a simple electrical cable with three insulated conductors 36
Figure 18 Cable Tray 37
Figure 19 Lightning arrestor AutoCAD diagram 40
Figure 20 Lightning arrestor picture 40
Figure 21 AutoCAD Workspace 42
Figure 22 Mouse 44
Figure 23 Some basic electrical legends use in electrical designs 46
Figure 24 Lighting points for ground floor 49
Figure 25 Power points for ground floor 50
Figure26 Special service for ground floor 51
Figure 27 Lighting points for pent floor 52
Figure 28 Power points for pent floor 53
Figure 29 Special service for pent floor 54
Figure 30 Lighting points for guest floor 55
Figure 31 Power points for guest floor 56
Figure 32 Special service for guest floor 57

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Figure 33 Load distribution 58
Figure 34 Load distribution 59
Figure 35 Earth bonding 60
Figure 36 Lightning arrestor diagram and details 61
Figure 37: External lightings and cable route 56
Figure 38: Overall panel 56

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDENT WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
In the earlier stage of science and technology education in Nigeria, students were
graduating from their respective institutions without any technical knowledge or working
experience. It was in view of this that students undergoing science and technology related
courses were mandated, for students in different institution in view of widening their horizons so
as to enable them have the technical knowledge and working experience before graduating from
their various institutions. It is in this vein that the Students‟ Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) was initiated.
The student industrial work experience scheme (S.I.W.E.S) is a program designed and
coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), a Federal government establishment in
conjunction with institution of higher learning in Nigeria.
SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of inadequate
practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of
tertiary institutions.
The aim of the program is to expose student to practical aspects of their
various fields of discipline and the industrial work situation they are likely to encounter in
pursuit of their careers during this period.
Students come across new equipment different from the ones they are familiar with, they
also get accustom with new techniques of handling the equipment which enable them to apply
the various theoretical class works to the practical aspect of the job in order to enhance the
understand of their discipline.
The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth
transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary
institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed
experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available
in the educational institutions.
Participation in Industrial Training is a well-known educational strategy.
Classroom studies are integrated with learning through hands-on work experiences

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in a field related to the student‟s academic major and career goals. Successful
internships foster an experiential learning process that not only promotes career
preparation but provides opportunities for learners to develop skills necessary to
become leaders in their chosen professions.
One of the primary goals of the SIWES is to help students integrate leadership
development into the experiential learning process. Students are expected to learn
and develop basic non-profit leadership skills through a mentoring relationship
with innovative non-profit leaders.
By integrating leadership development activities into the Industrial Training
experience, they hope to encourage students to actively engage in non-profit
management as a professional career objective. However, the effectiveness of the
SIWES experience will have varying outcomes based upon the individual student,
the work assignment, and the supervisor/mentor requirements. It is vital that each
internship position description includes specific, written learning objectives to
ensure leadership skill development is incorporated.
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of
Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of
higher learning in the country, in accordance with the education policy of
government. There operations include the ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, and
NBTE), employers of labour and the institutions. They are funded by the Federal Government of
Nigeria
Beneficiaries - Undergraduate students of the following: Agriculture, Engineering,
Technology, Environmental, Science, Education, Medical Science and Pure and
Applied Sciences.
Duration - Four months for Polytechnics and Colleges of Education, and Six
months for the Universities.
The second semester, fourth year of the undergraduate degree in the Nigeria University of
Technology is used for this industrial training program which is a period of six months. During
this period, I was attached to the Lagos state ministry of works.

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1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
The key objectives of the scheme include:
 To make the labour force more vibrant and simultaneously making the economic sector
more buoyant.
 To prepare students to be accustomed to work and other administrative assignments, and
also, to cultivate the spirit of punctuality when employed in the future.
 To assess the interest of the student and the suitability for the occupation he/she has
chosen.
 To provide students with an opportunity to apply his/her knowledge in real work situation
thereby bridging the gap between academic work and actual set up.
 To expose the student to work methods not taught in the institution and to provide access
to production equipment.
 To ease transition from school to the work environment and make work easier and also to
enhance students contact for later job placement.
 To enlist and strengthen employer involvement in institutional activities and in the entire
educational process of preparing the student for employment in the industry.
 To provide the students with an opportunity to apply his/her theoretical knowledge in
normal work situation thereby bridging the gap between class-work and actual practice.
 To make the transition from school to the labour market easier for the student.
 To enhance the assessment to students‟ interest and suitability in their various courses of
study.
 To strengthen employers‟ involvement in institutional activities and in the entire
education process of preparing the students for industrial employment.
 To enlighten students on the pit falls to avoid in the business world as well as to
maximize profit in their various industrial and commercial settings.

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1.3 PARTICIPANTS IN SIWES
The major participants in the SIWES are below listed.
 The Federal Government
 The Industrial Training Fund
 The Coordinating Agency (NUC)
 The Institutions (Universities)
 The Students
 The Employers

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 CHAPTER TWO
LAGOS STATE MINISTRY OF WORKS

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF MINISTRY OF WORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The Lagos State Ministry of Works and Infrastructure (Block 3 Secretariat Alausa Ikeja)
is the state government ministry charged with the responsibility to plan, devise and implement
the state policies on works and infrastructural development.
The ministry evolved from public works department in charge of the execution of
government projects to become a full-fledged ministry, to also incorporate operation, planning
and management of government infrastructure. The operational departments under the ministry
include Public Building department, electrical and mechanical department and the state fires
services.
The Lagos State Government (LASG), in pursuance of its infrastructure
maintenance and management plan has discharge certain duties and responsibility to be carried
by the ministry of work.

2.2 OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT BY MINISTRY OF WORKS

 Construction and Rehabilitation of Roads State-wide.
 Preparation of Tender Documents on electrical and mechanical Engineering Projects
including architectural designs.
 Provision of electrical and mechanical Engineering Consultancy to other Agencies of
Government.
 Acquisition and Maintenance of independent power plants
 Mechanical Engineering Consultancy.
 Fire & Safety Services.
 Cooperation with the Federal Road Safety Commission, on matters affecting safety on
roads.
 Registration of all Contractors working with Lagos State Government.
 Design, construction, maintenance and furnishing of government buildings.
 Mechanical/Electrical Workshops
 Installation and Maintenance of Street Lights.
 Installation of electrical Infrastructure in Government buildings.

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  Valuation of Government Buildings.
 State Roads and Bridges (construction, rehabilitation/reconstruction)
 Storage of explosives.
 Regulation of Explosive Laws.
 Regulations of the use of Gas
 Storage and bulk supply of petroleum products.
 Management of mechanical workshops (for heavy duty equipment).
.

2.3 VISION
 The ministry is poised to remain a critical implementation organ for delivering essential
public works, transportation infrastructure, provision and maintenance of mechanical and
electrical installations throughout the state
 To provide adequate, safe and well maintained public works and transportation
infrastructure and services such as public building state road network, Electro-mechanical
installations that support socio-economic transformation and development of the state
while ensuring the safety and protection of lives and property of the citizens of Lagos
state.
 Compliance with due process in project planning implementation and Management with
preference for direct labour approach in project execution in order to reduce construction
costs with effective use of manpower.

2.4 STAFF PROFILE AND STRENGTH

The ministry comprises a minimum of 200 staffs rendering different level of services.
There are at least 150 professionals that assist the Lagos State Government on policy matters,
designing and consultancy, and also special services. The professional staffs include Electrical
Engineers, Civil Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Architects, Accountants and many more.
The presence of these experts has increased the workforce and increased the efficiency of major
projects carried out by Lagos state government.
Other category of staffs include: craftsman, Technicians, workshop supervisor.

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2.5 SECTIONS AT MINISTRY OF WORKS
 Finance and administrative Department
 Human resources Department
 Technical services Department
 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Department
 ICT Department
 Procurement Department
 Audit Department

2.6 OBJECTIVES OF ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

 Troubleshooting of electrical faults within and outside the secretariat
 Installation of electrical fittings
 Repair of electronics appliances owned by staffs
 Maintenance of electrical equipment‟s
 Maintenance of Substations and generators
 Design of electrical drawings

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 2.7 ORGANIZATION CHART

Figure 1 Organisation chart

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 CHAPTHER THREE
WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

3.1 ALAUSA POWER GENERATION

This is a description of the attributes of a microcontroller‟s system as seen by a machine
language, programmer, or compiler. There are two basic types of architecture which are Von
Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture.
Alausa (i.e. government agencies in alausa) was formally powered by 33kva which comes
directly from the transmitting station at Oshogbo, which is being step down by a transformer
within the premises of power house 1 in alausa where I carried out my training. The transformer
is shown below

Figure 2: 33kv to 11kv step down transformer

This transformer steps down the 33kva current to 11kva and the stepped down voltage is
then being sent to a panel to distribute the current to all Lagos state government agencies in
alausa ikeja. The control panel has 3 incoming which includes 11kva from phcn, 11kva from ipp
(alausa independent power plant), and a 11kva output generator (also known as emergency
power supply).

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 Alasusa power is connected in a ring form using the R.M.U (Ring Main Unit). The ring
main unit (RMU) at different substations are connected together to form the „ring‟ and contains a
switchgear that connects a transformer or other equipment in the substation to ring. The benefit
of a ring system is that each substation is supplied from two different locations, so that if one
cable fails, the substation is still supplied from the other direction.

Figure 3: Ring main unit

3.2 RING MAIN UNIT (RMU)

This is a switch gear used in distribution systems comprising of switches for switching
power cables rings in series with fuses for the protection of distribution transformers .The Ring
Main Unit (RMU) interconnects the primary winding of a transformer to the ring main. Those
types of RMU that provides a full ring contains both an incomer terminal, and two outgoing
terminal(one to the primary side of the transformer and one to another substation in order to
continue the ring connection .there are different types of RMU commonly used at MMIA power
house for distribution network, these are : the sf6 GAS ,GF3,J4 etc .At the airport ,the J4 and
GF3 RMU are now been faced out with the SF6 GAS due to its efficiency and durability .the
paragraph below gives a quick overview of the sf6 Gas RMU.

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3.2.1 SF6 GAS RMU
This type of RMU uses sulphur hexafluoride as a means of arc-quenching and insulating
medium for the current carrying contacts. This is the one of the most recent form of RMU used
in many distribution networks. It contains a mechanism that allows it to trip on fault thereby
showing an orange colour on an indicator on the RMU.

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 Figure 4: FRONT VIEW OF THE SF6 GAS RMU

A standard sf6 RMU provides a full ring connection with an incomer, one outgoing to
the primary side of a transformer and one outgoing to the primary side of a transformer and
one outgoing to the primary side of a transformer and one outgoing to other power system
equipment in order to continue the ring the ring connection .From the figure above ,we can
see from the facia of the equipment, a gas pressure indicator that shows the pressure level of
the sf6 gas .the equipment also contains some protective devices such as fuses that serves as
a source of protection on fault detection .Switching on the sf6 gas RMU

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3.3 THE FEEDER PILLAR
A feeder pillar is a pillar containing switches, links and fuses, for connecting the feeders of a
power distribution system with the distributors

Figure 5: Feeder Pillar

3.4 POWER HOUSE

There are six power houses each located close to a substation. The building Consist of diesel
generators and 800amps change over panel. Each power house is designed to control designated
block and maintained by a workshop supervisor. The generators serve as alternative to power
supply whenever the main source (IPP) is out due to faults or maintenance.

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800Amps Change Over Panel

Figure 6: Generating Set for Alternative Power supply

This generating set is a diesel powered generating set, it serves as the alternative power supply
for all government agencies in alausa, ikeja. It has voltage output of 11kva.

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Figure 7: Electrical Switch Boards

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 Figure 8: Alausa power control room

3.5 THE INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT (IPP)

Independent power producers (IPPs) are companies which produce electricity for sale to
public utilities. An IPP is not a public utility, instead focusing on the generation of electricity and
not the transmission of it. Some sell to end users depending on the energy policies and industry
in the areas where they operate. It is not uncommon for independent power producers to pool
their resources in a collective organization which is designed to help them negotiate the best
prices with the utilities they sell to.
The sale of electric power by independent power producers (IPP) may be overseen by the
government, which can regulate the rates at which power is sold in addition to regulating safety
to confirm that these facilities do not operate in a dangerous way. In areas where electricity is not
subject to government regulation, independent power producers point out that the competition
generated by multiple producers helps to keep prices affordable for end users.

xvii
 The Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) permits the state government
to build the plants and further supply power to its establishments across the state. The state is not
permitted to supply power to commercial and residential areas.
The plants play vital roles apart from helping to improve governments operations; they also help
in reducing emission of carbon dioxide in areas where they are located. This has resulted in a
safer and cleaner environment. The plants are operated under the Public Private Partnership
(PPP) arrangement between government and private investors collaborate on the projects. The
state government is building the plants in line with the approval of the Federal Government.

3.6 THE INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT (IPP) IN LAGOS STATE

There are six Independents Power Plants (IPPs) in Lagos State and delivers a combined
capacity of 47megawatts (Mw) of electricity off grid.
The six power plants are Akute Independent Power Plant (12.55Mw), Lagos Island 1&2
Independent Power Plant (10Mw), Alausa Independent Power Plant (10.6Mw), Mainland
Independent Power Plant (8.8Mw) and Lekki Peninsula Integrated Power Project (6Mw).
The agreement was for power distribution to Ikeja, Oshodi, Victoria Island, Marina, Lekki and
Apapa, the areas where the IPPs are located.

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3.7 ALAUSA POWER PLANT

Figure 9: Independent Power Plant (10.6Mw)

Figure 10: Independent Power Plant (10.6Mw)

The alausa power plant was commission in October 2013, is sited very close to the sit of
power in alausa, ikeja Lagos. It generates 10.4MW; the project was built with the 20km
distributing network, and provides power for 62 public buildings, 156 departments and over

xix
4000 offices within alausa. The ipp is being powered with gas. Ikeja Alausa Independent Power
Project provides power for Lagos State Government (LASG) facilities within the Old and new
Secretariat, Ikeja Alausa. The project is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos State
Government (LASG) and Oando Gas and Power (OGP). This project powered Lagos State
television (LTV), Old Secretariat complex Lagos State House of Assembly, all lagos state health
care centers in alausa, all police stations in alausa, and at night all street lights in alausa ikeja.
After the construction of the alausa ipp, lagos state government agencies where cut off the phcn
supply in other to make the light generated to lagos enough for it citizens and to stop Lagos state
government form paying #16million monthly to phcn. There is also an 11kva output generator
which is being power with diesel; this serves as emergency power supply in case the ipp is out.
The plant also runs on environmentally friendly natural gas which is delivered via a pipeline
from Oando Gas and Power (OGP) existing gas distribution grid. The project was proudly
supervised by Lagos State Ministry Of works.
Many have applauded the initiative, as the Alausa IPP provides a viable, cost-friendly
alternative to the current power supply to the secretariat through a combination of the Power
Holding Company Nigeria, and to a larger extent self-generation via diesel engines. The natural
gas fired plant will help to significantly reduce the pollution that emanates from the 70 plus
diesel generators that are currently in use, and will lead to a drastic reduction in the LASG
Secretariat‟s fuel costs by over 70%. The Lagos State Government has indicated that consistent
and reliable power supply to the secretariat will increase the functionality and efficacy of its
employees within the secretariat, which is key to the progression of the state.

3.8 OPERATIONS OF THE INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT (IPP) IKEJA

The Alausa IPP is the second successful IPP for OGP following the Akute Power project
of 12.15 Megawatts power plant which was commissioned to improve power supply to the Lagos
Water Corporation. Oando Gas and Power (OGP) has identified the need for IPPs as a welcome
resolution to Nigeria‟s crippling power problem, and is implementing a strategic framework
which earmarks the development of critical infrastructure to harness the vast natural gas
resources in Nigeria to accelerate industrialization, economic well-being, and value creation for
relevant stakeholders.

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It is estimated that the entire secretariat requires an average of 4.0 megawatts; 5.5MW during
peak periods and about 0.5MW during off peak periods. The disconnection of the Alausa
secretariat complex from the PHCN grid will make additional electricity available to many
residents in Lagos State, and the streetlights on the main Awolowo Road will be powered by the
plant, thus enhancing security for road users at night.
The independent power plant is a sound proof building which include various sections
such as the control room, the electrical distribution panel room, a spacious hall housing power
generators which consist of 2 Gas engine with each generating 3.3Mw power supply and output
voltage of 11Kv. The engine is supplied with natural gas through an underground gas pipes for
its daily use. A total of 6.6Mw of power supply is generated from the gas power engine. The
power plant also includes 2 diesel generators each generating 2Mw of power supply. The diesel
generators are to pick up the electrical loads during start up and then transfer the load to the gas
engine after been warmed up. Peak period when the demand for electricity is between the hours
of 7am-6pm while off peak hours (6Pm-5Pm) daily.

According to IEEE standard and regulation, only 75% of the generated power supply can be
utilized why the 25% of generated power supply serves as loss. The power plant consist large
industrial air coolant to lower the temperature of the room to suitable conditions for the engines.
The output of the power supply is connected to the electrical distribution panel with the use of
XLPE (cross-link polyethylene) cable passed underground

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 3.9 THE ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.9.1 DESIGN
Design is the art or process of deciding how something will look, work etc. by
drawing plans or making models. It is also a drawing or plan from which something can be
made. A plan (with more or less details) for the structure and functions of an artifact
building or system.

3.9.2 IMPLEMENTATION

This is the process of moving an idea from concept to reality. It is also to make
something that has been officially decided to start to happen or to be carried out. In
engineering, this refers to building process of the design.

3.10 WHY DO WE DESIGN?

3.10.1 FOR ANALYSIS AND CONSIDERATION
There is need for design, in order to have a proper analysis and consideration of the
project or product before commencement of work.

3.10.2 FOR PRESENTATION

This also gives the designer the opportunity to express his /her ideas for other to see.

3.10.3 FOR EFFECTIVE COST EVALUATION

Having put the ideas on paper, the cost estimate for such an idea can be prepared.

3.11 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ELECTRICAL DESIGN

3.11.1 REGULATION
In most countries, electrical installations have to comply with more than one set of
regulations, issued by National Authorities or by recognized private bodies. It is essential to
take into account these local constraints before starting the design. The regulations

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commonly observed in Nigeria includes: IEE, NERC, etc.

3.11.2 SAFETY AND PROTECTION

Electrical safety is a concern shared by human beings, avoidable deaths have
occurred by accidental electrocutions, by fires caused by electrical faults or people
sustaining shock injury.
Electrical safety is an essential element to any successful building project from
conception to day-to-day operation. Understanding the importance of electrical safety bring
about the need for an electrical design of a building. In Electrical design, safety is considered
in correct cable sizes, power supply equipment etc. in the building to achieve a hazard free
installation.

3.11.3 ECONOMIC IMPLICATION

The price of electricity is increasing and people have become aware of the need to
conserve energy, hence the need for electrical design that are cost effective. The approach to
energy conservation is to recommend means by which energy may be used more efficiently.
The recommendations should enable substantial savings to be made in the cost of electricity
needed for lighting and other tasks of a building without lowering the standards of visibility
and environmental comfort.
Electrical design takes account of undue waste of materials. It will also eliminate
wrong use of cable, fuses, sockets and other accessories so that the safety of the installation
ensured. Thus the correct size of electrical accessories, fittings, equipment and cables are
basic tasks of electrical design.
3.12 HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

In the study of Electrical Installation, there is need to know how, when and where
Electrical Installation started. The earliest standardized method of wiring in buildings, in
common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s, was knob and tube (K&T)
wiring. Home wiring started when electric lights and telephone were first installed in homes
towards the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 20th century an increased variety of

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systems were available for installation in homes and electrical service is considered essential
in modern homes.

3.13 KNOT & TUBE WIRING

In many older Knob & Tube installations, the supply and return wires were routed
separately from each other, rather than being located parallel to and near each other. By the
1940s, the labour cost of installing two conductors rather than one cable resulted in a decline
in new knob-and-tube installations.

Figure 11: Knob & tube wiring

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3.14 METAL-SHEATHED WIRES
These were two conductors which were sheathed in red and black rubber, the central
earth wire is bare. These wires are dangerous because the sheath is prone to split if
repeatedly flexed.

Figure 12: Metal sheathed wire

All these methods of Wiring discussed earlier are different types of surface
Installation. In modern days, these are better done than in the earlier times, with the cables
being laid on the wall or ceiling and neatly clipped on the surface. This is called Surface
Installation.

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3.15 ELECTRICAL DESIGN

Electrical Design is the drawing or plan with details of the electrical wirings and
associated devices such as switches, sockets and light fittings etc. used in buildings or other
structures.
In Nigeria, electricity is transmitted at 132KV, which is then reduced to 33KV and
11Kv, used by large consumers and it is further reduced to 415/240V, however in America,
it is 400v /110v. The reason for this very high transmission voltage is simply that the higher
the voltage, the less the current that flows for the given amount of power. The reduced
current also reduces conductor losses and cable size. The single phase supply of 240v and 3-
phase of 415V supply is most commonly used for domestic and commercial premises.
The price of electricity is increasing and people have become aware of the need to
conserve energy, hence the need for electrical design that are cost effective. The approach to
energy conservation is to recommend means by which energy may be used more efficiently.
The recommendations should enable substantial savings to be made in the cost of electricity
needed for lighting and other tasks of a building without lowering the standards of visibility
and environmental comfort.
Electrical design takes care of undue waste of materials. It will also eliminate wrong
use of cable, fuses, sockets and other accessories so that the safety of the installation is
ensured. Thus the correct size of electrical accessories, fittings, distribution equipment and
cables are basic tasks of electrical design.

The major installed loads are:

Residential Installation

Commercial/ Industrial Installations

In both installations, the required loads are majorly Lighting and Power Systems. In
the design of any installations, there are 3 major types of wiring systems that can be used.

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3.16 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING
There are also various types of Electrical Wiring system which includes:
 Surface Wiring
 Conduit Wiring
 Trucking

3.16.1 SURFACE WIRING

In modern days, cables are laid on the wall or ceiling and neatly clipped on the surface
with clips. This wiring system is always installed after the wall has been plastered.
Extension of this installation can be easily carried out.

3.16.2 CONDUIT WIRING

An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building
or non-building structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fibre, or fired
clay. Most conduits are rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some purposes. In new home
construction, wiring for all electrical services can be easily installed before the walls are
finished. In existing buildings, installation of a new system may require additional effort to
install concealed wiring. Electrical conduit provides very good protection to enclosed
conductors from impact, moisture, and chemical vapours. Conduits can either be metal i.e.
Galvanized rigid conduit or non-metal i.e. PVC.

3.16.3 RIGID METAL CONDUIT

Rigid metal conduit (RMC) is thick-walled threaded tubing, usually made of coated
steel, stainless steel or aluminum. Galvanized rigid conduit (GRC) is galvanized steel tubing,
with a tubing wall that is thick enough to allow it to be threaded. Its common applications
are in commercial and industrial construction.

3.16.4 ALUMINUM CONDUIT

Aluminum conduit is a rigid tube, generally used in commercial and industrial
applications where a higher resistance to corrosion is needed. Aluminum cannot be directly

xxvii
embedded in concrete due to it reaction with alkali in cement. Aluminum conduit is
generally cheaper than steel and also lower in labour cost to install.

3.16.5 NON-METAL
PVC conduit is the lightest in weight compared to other conduit materials, and
usually lower in cost than other forms of conduit. Most of the various fittings made for metal
conduit are also available in PVC form. The plastic material resists moisture and many
corrosive substances, but since the tubing is non-conductive an extra bonding (earthing)
conductor must be pulled into each conduit. PVC conduit may be heated and bent in the
field, by using special heating tools designed for the purpose.

Figure 13: PVC Conduit Figure14: Flexible

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3.16.6 FLEXIBLE CONDUITS
These are used to connect to motors or other devices where isolation from vibration is
useful, or where an excess number of fittings would be needed to use rigid connections.

3.16.7 TRUNKING INSTALLATION

The term trucking is used for electrical wire-ways, generally rectangular in cross
section with removable lids. These are used where alterations or extension of Electrical
installation is required and when properly done, it is aesthetically acceptable. They are in
various sizes.

3.17 DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL INSTALLATION

There are some important factors that must be considered for a proper electrical design
to be done. The most important of these is the characteristics of the room interior and this
must be studied to know the actual requirement of lighting and power outlets. This largely
depends on the activities to be carried out in the room i.e. the requirement for laboratory
differs from that of residential building.
The electrical design starts from the architectural design which will indicate the floor plan
that shows the different rooms and space available. Different room has its peculiar
requirements of illumination and power.

3.18 LIGHT FITTINGS AND SWITCHES

The number of light fitting depends on the type of light fitting and the lighting
requirements in each room. The incandescent bulb made household lighting practical, but
modern homes use a wide variety of light sources to provide desired light levels with higher
energy efficiency than incandescent lamps. Layout of lighting in the home must consider
control of lighting since this affects the wiring.Number of fittings in each room is calculated
using the formula below.

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N = Number of lamps (To be determine)
E = illumination level in flux (From the manufacturer’s table)
A = Area of space in square meters (L X B)
M = Maintenance factor (Assumed)
C = Co-efficient of utilization (From the manufacturer’s table)
Q = luminous flux for fittings in lumens (From the manufacturer’s table)

3.19 SOCKET OUTLETS PROVISION IN THE HOME

Power points (wall sockets, a/c point) need to be installed throughout the house in
locations where power will be required. In many areas the installation must be done in
compliance with standards. Power points are typically located where there will be an
appliance installed such as Television set, Refrigerator, etc. Appliances in the home are
classified as fixed or portable appliance. Typical fixed appliances are Air Conditioner,
Refrigerators, Water Heater, Washer etc., while portable appliances are fans, radio receiver,
television set, computer etc.

The most popular sockets are:

13A Switch Socket Outlet (Single or Double)
15A Switch Socket Outlet
3.19.1 Cooker control unit
This is a double pole switch and a switched 13amp socket outlet mounted on one
panel. It is made with or without neon indicators and is available in either surface or flush-
mounted versions. For a 30amp cooker circuit, you should use 6sq mm cable and 10sq mm
cable for a 45amp circuit.

3.19.2 20A Double Pole Switch

This are use majorly for Air conditioner Switch in the modern day . This is fast
replacing the 15A sockets for air conditioners. The circuit is protected by 20A breaker and
supply by 4mmsq cable. This is also used for water heater switch.

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3.20 CIRCUITING
An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the
current. An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as lighting
fixtures, sockets and switches. Circuit diagrams are used for the design; construction and
maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment used for this thesis also follow the same
procedure.

3.20.1 LIGHTING POINT CIRCUIT

Several lighting points can be connected to a circuit depending on the wattage of the
bulb.
Cable size: 1.5mm2
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) Rating: 10A

3.20.2 SOCKET OUTLET CIRCUIT

3.20.2.1 13A Socket
13A socket outlets can be connected in a ring. Not more than six sockets in a ring is
recommended according to IEE regulation.
Cable size: 2.5mm2
MCB Rating: 30A

3.20.2.2 15A Socket

Any appliance rated at 15A or above must not serve more than one point. Each is
connected directly to the distribution board.
Cable size: 4.0mm2
MCB Rating: 20A

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3.21 COMMERCIAL/ INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
In Commercial or Industrial design, both lightings and power are also the major load
requirement but with greater reactive elements in the installation as motors, and other heavy
loads are in use. Mostly, an electrical room is required due to the volume of electrical supply
required with high voltages in use.

Figure 15: Control room

Practical design of an electrical room will consider layout of the initial equipment
and allow for additions over the economic life of the facility.

Power loading of an installation

In order to design an installation, the actual maximum load demand likely to be
imposed on the power-supply system must be assessed. To base the design simply on the
arithmetic sum of all the loads existing in the installation would be extravagantly
uneconomical, and bad engineering practice. In electrical design, some factors taken into
account are the diversity and utilization factor of all existing and projected loads.

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3.22 INSTALLED POWER (KW)
The installed power is the sum of the nominal powers of all power consuming devices
in the installation.
NOTE: This is not the power to be actually supplied in practice.
The power demand (kW) is necessary to choose the rated power of a generating set.
3.22.1 INSTALLED APPARENT POWER (KVA)
The installed apparent power is commonly assumed to be the arithmetical sum of the
kVA of individual loads. The maximum estimated kVA to be supplied however is not equal
to the total installed kVA.
Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand
The actual Load can be calculated based on the 2 major factors earlier mentioned.

3.23 UTILISATION FACTOR

3.23.1 DIVERSITY FACTOR

All individual loads are not necessarily operating at full rated nominal power
(Utilization factor) nor necessarily on at the same time (Diversity factor). These factors
allow the determination of the maximum power and apparent-power demands actually
required in the installation.

3.23.2 UTILIZATION FACTOR (KU)

In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less
than that indicated as its nominal power rating. This factor must be applied to each
individual load, with particular attention to electric motors, which are very rarely operated at
full load (0.75 for motors). For incandescent-lighting it equals 1. For socket-outlet circuits, it
depends entirely on the type of appliances connected.

3.23.3 DIVERSITY FACTOR

It is a common experience that the operation of all installed loads of a given
installation never occurs all at once, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this
fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of this factor (ks). It is also

xxxiii
called "simultaneity factor”. The Diversity factor is applied to each group of loads being
supplied from a distribution or sub-distribution board. Diversity factor for different loads are
in the IEE regulation.
The Diversity factor and other factors play a major role in the design of Load Analysis
of an installation.

3.24 DISTRIBUTION BOARD

The number of circuits determines the size of the Distribution Board (Control Panel).
The Distribution board controls the distribution of electricity to all circuits in a building. It
incorporates a main switch to isolate it from the supply. Adequacy of the main switch for the
maximum demand of the installation should be considered i.e. its capacity (rating).
There are different distribution boards ratings and sizes, we have the 32A, 63A, 100A,
120A.

Figure 16: 32A Distribution board

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3.25 DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN SWITCH RATING
In determining the rating of the supply equipment which includes the Distribution
Board, Change-over switch, Isolator etc the following parameters are required.
I = Current (Ampere)
V = Rated Voltage (Volts)
P = Power (Watts)
P.F= Power Factor

Using the above parameters, the rating can be calculated as shown below, using an
installation as an example.
Assuming all lighting point including ceiling fan = 100W
Total Number of Lighting Point = 52
Total Power = 52 x 100=5200W

Diversity factor (D/F) for lighting individual domestic installation = 66%

27.80 x 0.66= 17.87A

Current per phase=

3.26 SOCKET OUTLETS

There are 14 points of 13A socket outlets.
No of ring = 14÷6 2.3 2 rings
Maximum fuse for ring circuit is 30A, I = 2 x 30 = 60A
While fuse rating for 15A SSO = 20A
There are 5 points of 15A socket outlets.

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Total Current for 15A SSO = 20 x 5= 100A
Fuse rating for Cooker Control Unit = 30A
Applying diversity factor according to table 4b of IEE regulation:
100% of current demand of the largest circuit + 40% of current demand of every other
circuit.
For 13A and 15A Socket Outlet,

Applying diversity factor for the Cooker Control Unit,

10A + 30% of connected cooking appliance in excess of 10A according to the IEE
regulation.

There is no diversity factor for water heater that is thermostatically operated in accordance
with IEE regulation.
For Water heater, I = 20A

Total current for socket = 42+ 52 + 20 + 16 = 130A

Current per phase=

Total current =43 + 5.9 = 48.3A
Maximum distribution board rating is 63A, TP&N 6 ways MCCB type distribution board.
Cable size = 10mm2 (IEE Regulation).

3.27 GENERATOR SIZE DETERMINATION

The size of the generator can be calculated by calculating the total load in ampere
and converting it to KVA
For example, a system consisting of 3 Distribution Boards,
DBA + DBB + DBQ

Determine the Power P √3 x VL x IL x pf (0.8 Lagging)

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=
= 74.66KW

GENERATOR= 100KVA
For current calculation of a generating set, the ratio 1.39 can be used. For a 40kva
generating set, the load capacity is 1.39 x 40 = 55.6A. This can be use to arrive at your
generator capacity, when current capacity is known.

3.28 DETERMINATION OF CABLE SIZE AND TYPE IN INSTALLATION

There are mainly two types of cable used in most installation, Copper and Aluminum
conductors. These sizes required for particular current rating can be seen in IEE regulation
table.

Figure 17: Diagram of a simple electrical cable with three insulated conductors

3.28.1 COPPER CONDUCTORS

Electrical devices often contain copper conductors because of their multiple beneficial
properties, including their high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, corrosion
resistance, thermal conductivity, resistance to electrical overloads, compatibility with
electrical insulators and ease of installation. Copper remains the preferred electrical
conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring. For example, copper is used to
conduct electricity in high, medium and low voltage power networks

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3.28.2 ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS
Aluminium conductors are used for bulk power distribution and large feeder circuits,
because they cost less than copper wiring and weigh less. Aluminium conductors must be
installed with compatible connectors.

3.29 CABLE TRAY

Cable trays or duct are used in industrial areas where many insulated cables are run
together. Individual cables can exit the tray at any point, simplifying the wiring installation
and reducing the labour cost for installing new cables.

Figure 18: Cable Tray

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3.30 COLOR CODING
Cable are coded with colours for easy identification of live, neutral and earth. These
colour codes vary in different region as shown below.

TABLE 1. Cable color coding chart

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3.31 IMPLEMENTATION
During the process of installation, there are some procedures and standards according
to regulations (IEE) that must be observed and strictly adhere. These are listed below.
 Switches must be made easily accessible, that is not behind the door.
 Switches are recommended to be installed at 1.2m from the finish floor.
 Socket outlet is mounted on the wall; it is recommended that it should be 150mm
above finish floor or above working plane.
 Multi -way switching is useful for corridors and stairwells so that a light can be
turned on and off from two locations.
 Outdoor lighting, and lighting for outbuildings such as fence light may use switches
inside the home.
 The cable color codes must be strictly adhered to.

3.31.1 INITIAL TESTING OF AN INSTALLATION

The pre-commissioning electrical tests and visual-inspection checks for installations
in buildings include all of the following: Polarity, Earth loop impedance, Insulation
resistance, Continuity & Physical observations

3.31.2 POLARITY
The purpose for the test is to check that all fuses, single pole switches, thermostats
and similar devices are connected to the positive terminal. Under no circumstance must they
be connected to the neutral conductor.

3.31.3 EARTH LOOP IMPEDANCE TEST

One earth conductor test is made with a hand tester, which gives a reading directly in
Ohms.

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3.32 CONTINUITY
Continuity testing is necessary in order to check that there is no break in any of the
ring conductors including the earth continuity conductor. One method is to disconnect at the
supply end and then having separated all cable ends, test for continuous circuits by a bell and
battery or similar means.

3.33 EARTHING
The purpose of the earth test is to ensure that if a live wire accidentally comes in
contact with the earthen metal, instead of the metalwork becoming positive, the fuse or other
protective device will operate and so render the circuit dead. Probably this is the most
difficult test to carry out and consists of a series of checks and tests.

Figure 19: Lightning arrestor AutoCAD diagram Figure 20: Lightning arrestor picture

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3.34 INSULATION RESISTANCE
A poor insulator has a comparatively low insulation resistance whereas sound
insulation resistance is measured in millions of Ohms (Mega Ohms), thus the main purpose
of the insulation resistance test is to ascertain whether the cables or appliances are in good
condition. Contact between live and neutral conductors owing to faulty insulation inevitably
result in short circuit. This test is normally carried out with a mega meter

3.35 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD

AutoCAD (Computer Aided Design) is the engineers and architects best friend.
AutoCAD created by Autodesk, and first released way back in 1982, and is currently in its
18th generation, applies to a wide range of programs that allow the user to created drawings,
plans, and designs electronically. AutoCAD is one such program and it main claim to fame
is that it is relatively easy to use, it is very comprehensive in its ability to create 2D and
some 3D drawings, and it is very popular. Seventy percent of the CAD users in the world
use AutoCAD. The most basic building blocks of AutoCAD are called “entities”, and they
are created within the program with the purpose of being manipulated and changed to meet
the needs of the users and to help them create the designs they see in their head. These
entities are manipulated through the use of commands,

3.35.1 STARTING AUTOCAD

You can start AutoCAD by either double clicking on the program Icon on the desktop
or by clicking on the program name in the Start menu. The program will start and after a
minute, it would then display a screen similar to the one shown below. The dialog box in the
middle will aid you in getting started at either creating a new drawing or continuing your
work on a drawing that is not finished.

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Figure 21: AutoCAD Workspace

If you are continuing work on a drawing, click on the “A” icon in the extreme upper
left corner of the window and Open->Drawing. A “Select File” dialog box will open
allowing you to select the drawing file you want to open.
When you open a new AutoCAD page, you enter the following command
Z ENTER
X ENTER
1/100XP ENTER
When you enter this command, it automatically scale your drawing to 1:100, that is for
1 unit stand for 100.

3.35.2 THE INITIAL SCREEN

AutoCAD has a very versatile user interface that allows you to control the program in
several different ways. At the top of the window is a row of menus. Clicking on the Home,
Insert, or Annotate causes another selection of menus to appear. This new selection of
commands is frequently called a Ribbon or a Dashboard. You can operate the program by

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clicking on the icons in these menus. Another method of using the program is typing in the
command names. This is frequently faster than using drop down menus for frequently used
commands because you do not have to search for the correct menu or icon. You just type in
the command name. For the most part, we will use this approach in this series of “A” Icon .
The commands that you type will appear at the bottom of the AutoCAD window.

3.35.3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD USED FOR

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN
1. Enquiry Command: These final groups of AutoCAD commands are used to obtain
information a drawing‟s objects position and nature. are List, Dist , Area,
2. Commands That Change Existing Entities .These commands allow different editing
changes to be made to existing entities. They are change ,Pedit ,Break ,Trim, Extend
,Fillet ,Chamfer , Divide , Measure
3. Error Recovery Command: These commands brings back errors made during the
editing process .They are U ,redo, undo
4. Transformation Commands: following group of commands allows the user to select a
group of o0bjects that need to be transformed in one way or another. They are move
copy , rotate scale ,stretch , array , offset
5. Deletion Commands: Only two commands are in this group, used to delete objects
and entities. They are Erase, Oop.
6. Drawing manipulation commands: These commands alter your drawings, allowing
you to enlarge and reduce views, maintain graphic accuracy, and manipulate space
and viewports, among other things. Moving Around The Drawing Area. With the
following commands you can move around the drawing area. They are Zoom Scale,
Zoom Extents , Zoom All, Zoom Window , Zoom Center, Zoom Left Corner, Zoom
Previous , Zoom Dynamic, Pan ,Vpoint , Dview , Plan
7. Utility Commands: These are some basic and useful commands that may be used
more than other more specific commands. They are Redraw, Save , End ,Quit.
8. Commands For Drawing Entities: Once the drawing environment has been set , these
commands are used to actually draw the entities. They are Line, Point , Circle , Arc ,
Ellipse , Pline , Polygon ,Hatch , Bhatch , Dtext.

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 9. Commands for Setting the Drawing Environment: These commands may be used at
any time, but are mainly called upon more during the beginning of the drawing
process. They are units, limits, qtext,viewers, blip mode ,fill , status

Figure 22: Mouse

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3.35.4 AUTOCAD COMMADS

COMMAND KEYSTROKE ICON MENU RESULT

Line Line/L Draw>Line Draw a straight line
segment from one point
to the next
Circle Circle/C Draw>Circle>Centre, Draw a circle based on a
Radius centre point and radius

Erase Erase/E Modify>Erase Erase an object

Print Print/plot File>print Enable the print /plot

Ctrl+p configuration dialog box
Undo U / You can Edit>Undo Undo the last command
press esc key
Rectangle RECTANGLE/ Draw>Rectangle Draws a rectangle after
REC you enter one corner and
then the second
Multi Lines MLINE/ML No Draw>Multiline Draw straight lines base
Icon on the parameter you
define
Trim TRIM/TR Modify>Trim Trims object to a selected
cutting edge
Extend EXTEND/EX Modify>Extend Extends objects to a
selected boundary edge

Object snaps OSNAP/OS/F3 Tools>Object Snap Brings up OSNAP dialog

settings box
Offset OFFSET/O Modify>offset Offsets an
object(parallel) by a set
distance
TABLE 2

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3.36 ELECTRICAL LEGENDS OR SYMBOLS
Electrical symbols and electronic circuit symbols are used for drawing schematic
diagram.
The symbols represent electrical and electronic components. Electrical legend can be
drawn anyhow, as long as it is shown on your legend table and the description it given.
Below are list of some electrical legends I use for electrical designs;

Figure 23: Some basic electrical legends use in electrical designs

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 3.37 GUIDELINES ON THE DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL SERVICE USING
AUTOCAD
When designing a residential building or another type of build, the following guidelines are
to be adhered to;
1. Objective: Determine the objective of the design in terms of the safety requirements,
the task requirements and appearance required, priorities should be given to design
objectives and constraints identified so as to maximize the efficiency of the service.
2. Specification: Express the design objectives as a set of compatible design criterion
and acknowledge those objectives which cannot be quantified.
3. General planning: Consider the relationship between the natural and electrical
lighting, resolve the type of lighting system which will achieve the design objectives.
4. Detailed planning: Plan the final design scheme or alternative schemes using
accurate data to ensure the most economical and efficient final design.
5. Appraisal: After completion, examine the installation in other to access its success its
success in terms of the designed objectives and its acceptability to the client or users.

In positioning lighting points, switches and socket outlets, certain factors are to be
considered. Here the design engineer has to check where bed will be kept during furnishing. Also
the position for electronics appliances should be put into consideration. For a bedroom, the
standard number of 13A socket is 2 (i.e one single 13A socket and one double 13A socket).
The double 13A socket outlet will be place where electronics such as television, sound
system etc will be placed while the 13A single socket is place very close to the bed.
The air condition switch should be placed where the heat dissipated and water outflow
from the system will not disturb the occupants of the building.

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3.38 SELECTION OF LIGHTING FITTINGS
The type fitting to be used should be based on the answer to the following questions;
 What lighting distribution is required
 Is it reasonably efficient
 Will it be easy to clean and maintain
 Is it appearance satisfactory
 Dose it harmonize with the decoration
 Is it robust
 Is it suitable to atmospheric condition?

When the above questions are fully answered, you will be in position of selecting the type
of fitting for different area e.g. the lighting for sales office should be fluorescent or modular
fittings with prismatic diffuser which will be maintained on a 6 months basis, while lighting for a
workshop should be high bay discharge fittings supported from the roof‟s steel work. The fittings
should be maintained on a 3 monthly bases.

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3.39 TYPICAL ELECTRICAL SERVICE DRAWING OF A 4 BEDROOM FLAT
BELONGING TO MR MICHEAL OSARUYI

Figure 24: Lighting points for ground floor

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Figure 25: Power points for ground floor

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Figure26: Special service for ground floor

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Figure 27: Lighting points for pent floor

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Figure 28 Power points for pent floor

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Figure 29: Special service for pent floor

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Figure 30: Lighting points for guest floor

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Figure 31: Power points for guest floor

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Figure 32: Special service for guest floor

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Figure 33: Load distribution

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Figure 34: Load distribution

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Figure 35: Earth bonding

Figure 36: Lightning arrestor diagram and details

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Figure 37: External lightings and cable route

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 Figure 38: Overall panel

3.40 LIGHTING POINT

Your lighting points must contain the following
 Celling fittings
 Modular fittings
 Chandelier
 Wall fittings
 Switches
 Bulk head fittings
 Dinning lighting

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3.41 POWER POINTS
Your power points must contain the following
 13A Socket
 15A Socket
 20A Socket for Air Condition, Hand dryer, Water heater and Extractor Fan
 Distribution board

3.42 SPECIAL SERVICES

Your special service must contain the following
 Smoke Detector
 Heat extractor
 Fire alarm panel
 Fire alarm sounder
 Camera
 CCTV monitor screen
 Projector
 Projector screen
 Telephone
 PABX
 Dstv/Tv outlet

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, SUMMARY

4.1 CONCLUSION
Sincerely, my six month Industrial Training at Lagos state ministry of works was of great
benefit to me as a student because it has helped me understand the principle electrical designs
and implementation, power generation and distribution, rural electrification and street lighting. It
has broadened my knowledge, exposed me to the outside world and helped boost my confidence
in relating with clients. It also helps to foster students' moral and social relationship with people
outside their immediate environment. Conclusively, I will like to appreciate the Industrial
Training Unit (ITU) of the school as well as the IT coordinator of this noble Institution (FUTA)
for giving us the orientation program which formed the basis for preparing us for the challenges
we might have met during the Industrial Training.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the experience I acquired and the training I received during the SIWES program,
I thereby make the following recommendations:
FOR ITF

 ITF should ensure the regular visitation of the ITF officers to Supervising Agencies
Institutions, Employers and students on attachment.
 The log-book issued to students at attachment by institutions must be checked and signed
by the institutions‟ and ITF Supervisors responsible during supervision not in their
offices at the end of attachment.
 ITF should be providing insurance cover to students on attachment and improve on
paying Students and supervisor‟s allowances for motivation.
 The SIWES coordinators, ITF agencies, and Area office should institute their machinery
to quicken the vetting of students log-books.

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FOR STUDENTS
Students on attachment must carefully record all training activities and other assignments
in the log-book daily, complete ITF Form 8 and submit them to ensure proper assessment which
is used in payment of their allowances.

4.3 SUMMARY
At the end of the program, I was able to put into practical all I was taught in school in the
aspect of electrical and electronics

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 REFERENCES
 B. o. P. Enterprises, "Power Generation: "Status and Outlook" Electric Power
Sector," Reform Workshop, Abuja, 2011.
 Gupta J.B.,(2013), A COURSE IN ELECTRICAL POWER: TRASIMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL POWER.
 Nigerian Bulk Electrcity Trading Plc per com (2011). “Personal communication wrt
Nigerian Power
 A. a. G. K. Eberhard, An Analysis of power IPPs in Africa, Africa: Gratwick, K.N. ,
2011.
 Oyeleye S.A; (2015): Electrical service design lecture note, Department of
Electrical/Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo
State.
 Whitfield J., (1993): The Electrician‟s Guide to the 16th edition of the IEE wiring
regulations BS 7671,(2nd ed.),Essex: E.P. A Press
 Wikipedia.com
 Lagos state electricity board

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