JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (CENG 3103)

CHAPTER-3
BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
By: Alhamdu U.
2014

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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Reinforced concrete structures
 Steel framed structures
 Timber structures
 Prefabricated building systems
 Shell and dome structures
 Structural systems of a building support all loads and resist all
constraining forces that may be reasonably expected to be imposed
on them during their expected service life, with out:
 hazard to users,
 dangerous deformations,
 excessive side sway (drift) or
 annoying vibrations.

 Loads and environmental forces acting on structural systems are:

 gravity loads
 wind/seismic loads
 expansion/contraction of material
 heat and cold
 moisture and precipitation

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Gravity Load

Lateral Loading
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 The structural systems could be either concrete, steel, timber,
prefabricated element or a combination.

 The selection of the appropriate structural system or combination of

systems depends on:
Soil conditions
The program and concept (function of a building)
Applicable codes
Type of building
Material delivery and construction timing
Local construction capabilities and preferences
Ease of construction and schedule
Cost of the selected system
Cost impact on other systems
Appearance and aesthetic potential

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 Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening of the
mixture of
i. binding material (cement),
ii. fine aggregate (sand),
iii. coarse aggregate (gravel), and
iv. water, in predetermined proportions.

 The property of concrete depend on the characteristic of the

ingredients and the proportion of the mix.
 In mix proportioning workability, strength, durability and
economy should be taken into consideration.
 Concrete works are classified as:
 Class I - works under the direction of qualified supervisor
 Class II – works with lower level of quality

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Classification based on density
Classification of concrete based on density
Classification Density (Kg/m3)
Normal-weight concrete 2400
Light weight concrete 1800
Heavy weight concrete 3200

Classification based on strength

Classification based on strength

Classification Maximum strength Type
Ordinary concrete < 20 Low-strength
Standard concrete 20-40 Medium-strength
High-strength concrete 40-80 High-strength

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Advantages and disadvantages of concrete structures

Advantages Disadvantages

• High compressive strength • Low tensile strength

• High stiffness (rigidity) • Limited ductility
• Ability to be cast • Little resistance to cracking
• Low thermal and electrical • Volume instability
conductivity
• Low strength to weight
• Economical ratio
• Durable • Forms and shoring
• Fire resistant
• Energy-efficient
• Onsite fabrication
• Aesthetic properties

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 Reinforced concrete (RCC) is a concrete in which steel
reinforcement bars have been incorporated to eliminate the major
weakness of concrete (tensile strength).
 The number, diameter, spacing, shape and type of bars to be used
have to be designed.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 A reinforced concrete structure is made up of many types of
reinforced structural members, including:
 footings,
 columns,
 beams,
 slabs,
 walls, and so forth

FOOTINGS
 Footings support the entire structure and distribute the load to the
ground.
 The size and shape of a footing depend upon the design of the
structure.

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FOOTINGS (CONT…)

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COLUMNS
 These are the vertical load bearing members of the structural frame
which transmits the beam loads down to the foundations.

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BEAMS
 These are horizontal load bearing members which are classified as
either
 Main beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to
the columns or
Secondary beams which transmit floor loads to the main beams.

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SLABS
 Carry the live loads of the building and transfer them to the beams.

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JOINTS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Contraction joints: the purpose of contraction joints is to control
cracking caused by temperature changes.
Expansion joints: Wherever expansion might cause a concrete slab to
buckle because of temperature change, expansion joints are
required.

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INTRODUCTION
 Steel has the maximum number of properties which are not found in
any other materials.
 High tensile and compressive strength
 Ability to deform plastically with out damage
 Can be easily welded, forged and riveted
 Large displacement before collapse

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INTRODUCTION (cont...)
 Steel is the only material which is equally strong both in tension and
compression.
 Steel is suitable for all construction purposes in the present day
practice.
 Steel bars are used as reinforcement
 Construction of steel bridges
 Construction of buildings
◦ Skeleton construction
◦ Long span construction
 Erection of towers, etc
 The construction of a framework of structural steel involves two
principal operation: fabrication and erection.

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INTRODUCTION (cont...)

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STEEL SECTIONS
Cold rolled sections: Cold-formed shapes are relatively thin sections
made by bending sheet or strip steel in roll-forming machines, press
brakes, or bending brakes.
 Door and window frames, partitions, wall studs, floor joists,
sheathing, and moldings are made by cold forming.

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STEEL SECTIONS (cont...)
Hot rolled sections: these are structural steel available in wide range
of size, shape and weight.

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STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTORS
 There are four basic connectors used in making structural steel
connections. They are bolts, welds, pins, and rivets.

Rivets
Welding

Pins
Bolts

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Advantages and disadvantages of steel structures

Advantages Disadvantages

• High strength to weight ratio • Energy intensive material

• Non-combustible • Susceptible to rust and
• Recyclable corrosion
• Consistent material quality • Requires fire proofing
• Safety: offers greater • Highly conductive
protection • Emission of gases during
• Flexibility production
• Inorganic: will not warp, split, • Extra cost for protective
creep, crack coating
• Dimensional stability
• Straight walls, corners
• Speedy construction

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INTRODUCTION
 Wood has always been a very good construction material since
olden times. And it is stil used extensively for construction purpose,
railways, furniture, formwork, miscellaneous articles,
transportation.
 Wood that is suitable for structural work is called timber. It can be
used as:
◦ Beams, joists and rafters ◦ Studs and posts ◦ Girders
◦ Trusses ◦ Decking ◦ Piles
◦ Structural laminated members

 The qualities of timber depend upon:

◦ Type of tree ◦ Maturity of tree ◦ Time of felling
◦ Method of seasoning ◦ Type and process of preservation

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Structural uses of timber

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Timber frame construction

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Timber frame construction

Column to base connection

Beam to beam connection

Composite timber beams

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Advantages and disadvantages of timber structures

Advantages Disadvantages

• Quick erection time • Additional design and

• Reduced site labour engineering time
• Reduced construction waste • Susceptible to decay
• Easily converted to any shape • Very likely to warp and crack
• Economical and cheap • Not fire resistant
• High strength to weight ratio • Requires regular
• Light weight structural maintenance
members • Lack of experience of
• Easy alteration and repairs following trades
• Energy efficient in its
production
• Non conductor of heat and
sound

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INTRODUCTION
 Prefabrication may be in general terms defined as a continuity of
production implying:
 A steady flow of demands
 Standardization
 Integration of different stages of production
 High degree of organization of work
 Mechanization to replace manual labour

 The prefabrication practice have advantages with respect to cost,

time, quality, safety and environment.
 Types of prefabrication approach:
 Fully Pre-fabricated Construction Method
 Partially pre-fabricated Construction Method
 Prefabrication of elements of the construction
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Precast structural elements

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Precast structural elements

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Precast concrete buildings in Addis Ababa

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Connections in precast concrete structures

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Connections in precast concrete structures (cont…)

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Advantages and disadvantages of precast concrete

Advantages Disadvantages

• More time efficient • Very heavy members

• Ensures high quality • Problems at connections
• Better cost savings • Requirements for lifting
• safety device
• Lower maintenance cost • Limited building design
• Erection at every weather flexibility
condition • Accommodation for last
• Less formwork minute change
• Early return of the investment • Additional reinforcements
• Less wet work at the site for handling
• Better fire protection • Transportation cost

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Shells
 A shell is structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and
area where the forces in the shell or membrane are compressive and
in the restraining edge beams are tensile.
 The main factors of shell roofs are:
 The entire roof is a structural element
 Basic strength is inherent in its geometrical shape and form
 Comparatively less material is required than other forms of roof
structure
 Advantages:
o The curved shapes are naturally strong structures
o Allow wide areas to be spanned
o No use of internal supports
o Gives an open and unobstructed space
o Ideally suited for architectural applications
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Types of shell structures

folded plates Z shell The lazy S

Barrel shells Short shells Hyperbolic parabolic

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Shell structures

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DOMES
 Domes are double curvature shells which can be rotationally formed
by any curved geometrical plane figure rotating about a central
vertical axis.
 These are shells curved in two directions. They are one of the oldest
types of construction.
 Advantages:
o They are completely span-free
o Have high ratio of thickness to span
o Aesthetically very pleasing
o Virtually any size and number of openings are possible
o excellent for athletic facilities, schools, auditoriums, churches,
convention halls, museums etc.

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Types of dome structures

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Dome structures

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THANK YOU!

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