1

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

WINTER SEMESTER 2023-2024

COURSE TITLE: INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE: CSE3502

FACULTY: Prof. JOTHISH KUMAR M

REVIEW-3

TITLE: DECENTRALIZED VOTING SYSTEM USING BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY

SLOT: F1

SUBMITTED BY:

20MIS0031- KUPPIREDDY TEJASREE

20MIS0145 – ENIYAVAL R
20MIS0270 – AKULA SATHVIKA
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❖ TABLE OF CONTENTS

SI.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Abstract 3
2 Introduction 3-4
3 Problem Statement 4
4 Survey Of Existing Work 5
5 Literature Survey 5-19
6 Scope Of The Project 19-20
7 Proposed Architecture 20-22
8 Methodology Used 22-25
9 Module Description 25-28
10 Objectives Of Proposed Work 28
11 Advantages Of Proposed Work 29-30
12 Implementation 30-33
13 References 33-34
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❖ ABSTRACT:
In the digital age, the need for secure, transparent, and efficient electoral processes is more
prominent than ever. This project introduces a Blockchain-Based Online Voting System, an
innovative solution that leverages the robustness and security features of blockchain
technology to revolutionize the way votes are cast and counted. Utilizing the decentralized
and immutable nature of blockchain, this system ensures the integrity and transparency of the
voting process, making it resistant to tampering and fraud.
The core of the system is a custom-built blockchain that records votes as transactions,
ensuring that each vote is securely encrypted and permanently recorded. SHA-256 hashing is
employed to guarantee the immutability of the records, making any alteration of votes
computationally impractical. Each block in the chain contains a unique hash, a timestamp,
and the voting transaction data, linking it securely to the preceding block and forming an
unbreakable chain.
The system also incorporates a proof-of-work algorithm, which necessitates significant
computational effort for adding blocks to the chain, further securing the system against
fraudulent activities. A consensus mechanism is in place to ensure all participating nodes
agree on the valid chain, preserving the integrity and consistency of the voting data across the
network. With a user-friendly interface built using Flask, voters can easily and securely cast
their votes online. The system also allows voters and authorized entities to verify the results,
ensuring transparency and trust in the electoral process.
This Blockchain-Based Online Voting System stands as a modern solution to the challenges
of traditional voting methods, offering a scalable, secure, and transparent platform for
conducting elections in various domains, from political elections to organizational decision-
making processes.

❖ INTRODUCTION:
The advent of electronic voting (e-voting) systems represents a significant evolution in the
democratization of voting processes, offering a promising avenue towards achieving greater
efficiency and accessibility in elections. Notably, Estonia emerged as a pioneer in this realm,
embarking on an ambitious project in 2003 to integrate e-voting into its local government
council elections by 2005. This initiative marked a commendable stride toward modernizing
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electoral systems, despite the skepticism surrounding the feasibility of e-voting.

This skepticism was notably amplified by the cessation of the Secure Electronic Registration
and Voting Experiment (SERVE) in the United States in January 2004, following a security
report that underscored substantial vulnerabilities in internet and PC security technology. The
report cast a shadow over the viability of e-voting, raising concerns over the integrity and
security of such systems.
Undeterred by these challenges, Estonia pressed on with its e-voting ambitions, successfully
conducting its inaugural electronic voting exercise in 2005. Estonia's resolute pursuit of e-
voting, in the face of skepticism, serves as a beacon of innovation and determination. Inspired
by Estonia's journey and cognizant of the critical need to address the security concerns
spotlighted by the SERVE incident, this paper introduces a novel blueprint for an online
voting system.
Our proposed system harnesses the transformative potential of blockchain technology to
redefine the landscape of democratic elections. The core innovation of our system lies in the
structuring of individual votes into blocks, each encompassing ten to fifteen votes, or a
number deemed sufficient by the Miner. These blocks are then hashed, a process that ensures
the utmost security and efficiency of the voting mechanism. Moreover, our system integrates
smart contracts, a feature designed to uphold voter privacy, enhance election security, and
streamline the voting process. Through the deployment of blockchain technology and smart
contracts, our proposed system addresses the pivotal challenges of integrity, transparency,
and security that have historically plagued electronic voting efforts.
This offers an exhaustive exploration of the architecture, design, and security protocols of our
proposed online voting system, underscoring the groundbreaking potential of blockchain
technology to revolutionize democratic elections. By providing a detailed analysis and
demonstration of the system's capabilities, we aim to contribute significantly to the discourse
on e-voting. Our work presents a pragmatic and innovative pathway for democratic nations
aspiring to modernize their electoral systems, thereby ensuring the upholding of integrity,
transparency, and inclusivity in the democratic process.
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❖ PROBLEM STATEMENT:
The project addresses the challenges of traditional voting systems, including accessibility
issues for individuals in remote areas or with mobility difficulties, vulnerabilities to tampering
and errors in manual vote counting, and inefficiencies like long queues at polling stations,
which collectively undermine the integrity and trust in electoral processes.

❖ SURVEY OF EXISTING WORK:

Our design that we tried was to create a system that doesn’t entirely replace the current voting
but rather integrates within a current system. We made the storage of votes more secure by
implementing Block chain technology. India, there are about 10.6 Lakh polling places so
securing the data of election results in hardcopy is not advisable. But using our system of
block chain, all the data is decentralized and are kept securely within all nodes. The system
we are using is, while the polling process is going on. We collect the data of voter’s ID (if
wanted to vote) or miner’s ID (if wanted to mine a block with some count of votes) Then the
data is entered into our block chain through miners and hashed and decentralized. Thus, the
data can’t be tampered.

❖ LITERATURE SURVEY:
PAPER-1:
TITLE: Secure digital voting system based on blockchain technology
AUTHORS: Khan, Kashif Mehboob, Junaid Arshad, and Muhammad Mubashir Khan
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2018
TECHNOLOGIES USED: It utilizes Multichain, an open-source blockchain platform, and
employs cryptographic hashes for each vote to maintain integrity. Biometric authentication,
specifically fingerprint technology, is incorporated to authenticate voters and prevent
duplicate
voting. The system features a user-friendly web interface, complemented by backend
database technologies for efficient data management. It also adopts the Prêt à Voter approach
for system design, focusing on challenges like voter anonymity and vote confidentiality. This
combination of technologies aims to create a robust e-voting system that is both efficient and
secure.
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SUMMARY: The research paper focuses on leveraging blockchain technology for e-voting
systems. It aims to address challenges like voter anonymity, vote confidentiality, and end-to-
end verification. The paper proposes a system based on Prêt à Voter and Multichain, ensuring
voter privacy and vote integrity. The system generates cryptographic hashes for each vote,
preserving anonymity and facilitating verification. The paper outlines the e-voting
requirements, discusses related work, describes the proposed system's design,
implementation, and evaluation, and concludes with future work directions, emphasizing the
potential of blockchain in enhancing e-voting security and transparency.
LIMITATIONS: In the described technology incorporating Multichain blockchain,
cryptographic hashes, biometric authentication, user-friendly interface, and Prêt à Voter
approach appears promising for e-voting, it also has several limitations and challenges:
Security Risks, Privacy Concerns, accessibility issues, scalability, trust and acceptance, cost
and resource requirements, and legal and regulatory compliance

PAPER-2:
TITLE: Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: A Technology Review
AUTHORS: Jafar, Uzma, Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz, and Zarina Shukur
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2021
TECHNOLOGIES USED: "Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: A Technology Review" is
an extensive review of existing research on blockchain technology in electronic voting (e-
voting) systems. The paper analyzes various aspects of blockchain-based e-voting, focusing
on the benefits, challenges, and technological implementations. Key topics include the
security, transparency, and privacy enhancements offered by blockchain technology in voting
systems, as well as issues related to scalability, technical complexity, and regulatory
challenges. The study also examines different blockchain frameworks, consensus algorithms,
and security techniques used in e-voting. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the current state and future directions of blockchain-based e-voting systems.
SUMMARY: The document is a comprehensive review of blockchain-based electronic
voting (e-voting) systems. It covers a wide range of topics including the benefits, challenges,
and impacts of these systems, as well as various technologies and implementations used in
them. The review analyzes key concerns like security, transparency, decentralization, privacy,
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and scalability. It also discusses the potential future directions of research in this domain. The
document provides an extensive evaluation of current knowledge and practices in blockchain-
based e-voting, identifying gaps and suggesting areas for further investigation.
LIMITATIONS: Challenges of "Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems" include scalability,
technical complexity, regulatory compliance, voter accessibility, privacy concerns, and
integration with existing infrastructure.
PAPER-3:
TITLE: Towards Secure E-Voting Using Ethereum Blockchain
AUTHORS: Yavuz, Emre, Ali Kaan Koç, Umut Can Çabuk, and Gökhan Dalkılıç
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2018
TECHNOLOGIES USED: It employs Ethereum's secure and decentralized framework,
utilizing smart contracts written in Solidity to manage voting procedures. Voters participate
using Ethereum wallets, and the system's accessibility is enhanced through the Android
platform. For testing purposes, the Rinkeby Test Network is used, allowing for efficient trial
runs without affecting Ethereum's main network. This integration of technologies aims to
deliver a secure, transparent, and accessible electronic voting system.
SUMMARY: The paper, titled "Towards Secure E-Voting Using Ethereum Blockchain,"
explores the application of Ethereum blockchain technology in developing a secure and
transparent electronic voting system. The authors emphasize the advantages of blockchain,
such as decentralization and immutability, in addressing common challenges in electronic
voting, including voter privacy, vote integrity, and transparency in vote tallying. The study
presents the implementation of an e-voting system using Ethereum's smart contract
functionality, allowing for transparent and tamper-proof record-keeping of votes. This
approach aims to improve trust and efficiency in electronic voting systems, potentially
enabling broader and more secure participation in democratic processes. The paper also
discusses the limitations of existing e-voting systems and how blockchain technology can
overcome these challenges, making a case for its suitability in official elections and large-
scale polls.
LIMITATIONS: Challenges and limitations in Ethereum blockchain-based e-voting systems
include: Scalability, Transaction speed, Cost, Complexity, Wallet management, Android
platform limitations, Test network reliability and Regulatory and legal considerations.
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PAPER-4:
TITLE: A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain for E-Voting
AUTHORS: Taş, Ruhi, and Ömer Özgür Tanrıöver
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2020
TECHNOLOGIES USED: It focuses on the potential of blockchain technology in enhancing
the security and integrity of e-voting systems. The paper reviews various studies and classifies
the main challenges and opportunities into categories such as integrity, privacy, and
consensus. It also discusses the application of different blockchain platforms like Bitcoin and
Ethereum in e-voting systems. The paper highlights the need for further research in areas such
as security vulnerabilities and scalability to make blockchain-based e-voting systems more
robust and reliable.
SUMMARY: "A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain for E-
Voting" provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain-based e-voting systems. It
examines the current state of research, potential challenges, and future directions in this field.
The review utilizes a systematic approach to analyze various studies and classifies key issues
into categories like general integrity, coin-based privacy, and consensus. It concludes that
blockchain technology can address some problems in current voting systems but also
highlights areas needing improvement, such as privacy protection and transaction speed. The
paper suggests that while blockchain offers solutions for secure and transparent voting,
further enhancements are needed for its broader adoption in voting systems.
LIMITATIONS: Challenges and limitations of this technology include security
vulnerabilities, scalability concerns, regulatory compliance, privacy issues, consensus
mechanisms, interoperability with existing systems, and the need for further research and
development to enhance robustness and reliability.

PAPER-5:
TITLE: Secure Digital Voting System based on Blockchain Technology
AUTHORS: Patil, Harsha V., Kanchan G. Rathi, and Malati V. Tribhuwan
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2018
TECHNOLOGIES USED: It discusses the integration of blockchain technology in electronic
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voting systems to address challenges such as vote rigging, hacking, and maintaining voter
anonymity. The paper highlights the use of blockchain as a decentralized, secure, and
transparent framework for e-voting, overcoming the limitations of traditional electronic
voting machines (EVMs). Key technologies discussed include blockchain, decentralized
systems, and cryptographic techniques like SHA for data security. The paper also examines
the potential benefits, challenges, and implementation considerations for blockchain-based e-
voting systems.
SUMMARY: "A Study on Decentralized E-Voting System Using Blockchain Technology,"
published in the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
explores the application of blockchain in improving election voting systems. It addresses the
issues present in current voting systems like vote rigging, hacking, and manipulation. The
paper proposes a blockchain-based E-voting model that aims to resolve these issues and
ensure voter anonymity while allowing public inspection. The study covers various aspects
of blockchain technology, its application in e-voting, and the potential benefits and challenges
of implementing such a system. It also delves into the specifics of how a blockchain-based e-
voting system would work, highlighting its security, transparency, and the potential to
increase voter participation.
LIMITATIONS: The limitations and challenges in this technology include concerns about
the scalability of blockchain networks, potential security vulnerabilities in smart contracts
and cryptographic techniques, regulatory hurdles related to the adoption of blockchain in
voting systems, the complexity of integrating blockchain with existing infrastructure,
ensuring user accessibility and usability, addressing privacy concerns regarding the
transparency of blockchain transactions, and the need for further research and testing to
validate the effectiveness and reliability of blockchain-based e-voting systems in real-world
elections.

PAPER-6:
TITLE: Blockchain-Based E-Voting System
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2018
AUTHORS: Friðrik Þ. Hjálmarsson, Gunnlaugur K. Hreiðarsson, Mohammad Hamdaqa,
Gísli Hjálmtýsson
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TECHNOLOGIES USED: The paper proposes a novel electronic voting system based on
blockchain that addresses some of the limitations in existing systems and evaluates some of
the popular blockchain frameworks for the purpose of constructing a blockchain-based e-
voting system. In particular, we evaluate the potential of distributed ledger technologies
through the description of a case study; namely, the process of an election, and the
implementation of a blockchain-based application, which improves the security and decreases
the cost of hosting a nationwide election.
SUMMARY: Building a secure electronic voting system that offers the fairness and privacy
of current voting schemes, while providing the transparency and flexibility offered by
electronic systems has been a challenge for a long time. In this work-in-progress paper, we
evaluate an application of blockchain as a service to implement distributed electronic voting
systems. The paper proposes a novel electronic voting system based on blockchain that
addresses some of the limitations in existing systems and evaluates some of the popular
blockchain frameworks for the purpose of constructing a blockchain-based e-voting system.
We evaluate the potential of distributed ledger technologies through the description of a case
study; namely, the process of an election, and the implementation of a blockchain-based
application, which improves the security and decreases the cost of hosting a nationwide
election.
LIMITATIONS: When it comes to countries with larger populations and consequently greater
economic activities, there are indeed several additional measures that may be needed to
support a higher throughput of transactions per second (TPS). Includes Infrastructure Costs,
Technical Complexity, Scalability Issues etc. Addressing these challenges requires a
comprehensive approach that involves strategic planning, investment in technology and
infrastructure, collaboration between government and industry stakeholders, and adherence
to regulatory standards and best practices.

PAPER-7:
TITLE: Blockchain for Electronic Voting System
PUBLISHED YEAR: August 2021
AUTHOR: Uzma Jafar,* Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz, and Zarina Shukur
TECHNOLOGY: As a consequence of this study, it was discovered that blockchain systems
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may help solve some of the issues that now plague election systems. On the other hand, the
most often mentioned issues in blockchain applications are privacy protection and transaction
speed. For a sustainable blockchain-based electronic voting system, the security of remote
participation must be viable, and for scalability, transaction speed must be addressed. Due to
these concerns, it was determined that the existing frameworks need to be improved to be
utilized in voting systems.
SUMMARY: Online voting is a trend that is gaining momentum in modern society. It has
great potential to decrease organizational costs and increase voter turnout. It eliminates the
need to print ballot papers or open polling stations—voters can vote from wherever there is
an Internet connection. Despite these benefits, online voting solutions are viewed with a great
deal of caution because they introduce new threats. This technology is a beautiful replacement
for traditional electronic voting solutions with distributed, non-repudiation, and security
protection characteristics. The following article gives an overview of electronic voting
systems based on blockchain technology. The main goal of this analysis was to examine the
current status of blockchain-based voting research and online voting systems and any related
difficulties to predict future developments. This study provides a conceptual description of
the intended blockchain-based electronic voting application and an introduction to the
fundamental structure and characteristics of the blockchain in connection to electronic voting.
As a consequence of this study, it was discovered that blockchain systems may help solve
some of the issues that now plague election systems. On the other hand, the most often
mentioned issues in blockchain applications are privacy protection and transaction speed. For
a sustainable blockchain-based electronic voting system, the security of remote participation
must be viable, and for scalability, transaction speed must be addressed. Due to these
concerns, it was determined that the existing frameworks need to be improved to be utilized
in voting systems.
LIMITATIONS: As a result, electronic voting systems should initially be implemented in
limited pilot areas before being expanded. Many security flaws still exist in the internet and
polling machines. Electronic voting over a secure and dependable internet will need
substantial security improvements. Despite its appearance as an ideal solution, the blockchain
system could not wholly address the voting system’s issues due to these flaws. This research
revealed that blockchain systems raised difficulties that needed to be addressed and that there
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are still many technical challenges. That is why it is crucial to understand that blockchain-
based technology is still in its infancy as an electronic voting option.

PAPER-8:
TITLE: Block chain based E-voting System
YEAR: December 2022
AUTHOR: Aparna Pande, Charudatta Jadhav, Vidya Kore, Yayati Yayati
TECHNOLOGY: In this study proposes a study blockchain-grounded voting and its styles.
Doing so, it determined how blockchain-grounded voting workshops, which types of
advancing blockchain technology can be used, and what are the advantages and disadvantages
of doing so. To ensure each name is distinct, we use an Aadhaar Card for the unique
identification of choosers.
SUMMARY: Voting is the foundation of the ultramodern republic. Several electronic voting
systems have been introduced to ease the voting process, similar to the fact that the voting
and counting processes can be fulfilled efficiently. The results would be the response to the
public. Until now, still, an online electronic voting system has infrequently been enforced in
practice due to the possibility of having the voting results tampered with through vote- apparel
or cyber-attacks. Grounded on Blockchain technology, this paper proposes a protocol and
system for electronic voting. This paper aims to estimate the operation of blockchain as a
service to apply distributed electronic voting systems. And study blockchain-grounded voting
and its styles. Doing so, it determined how blockchain-grounded voting workshops, which
types of advancing blockchain technology can be used, and what are the advantages and
disadvantages of doing so. To ensure each name is distinct, we use an Aadhaar Card for the
unique identification of choosers.
LIMITATIONS: Numerous electronic technologies have been introduced and put into use,
but because of security flaws found in these systems, some doubts about the validity of the
elections have been dispelled. For electronic voting to be successful, more transparent and
secure methods are needed than those provided by the current regulations. The voting
system's underlying technology is a payments method that provides transaction anonymity—
a feature not currently seen in blockchain regulations. The regulations that have been put out
provide voter anonymity while maintaining transaction privacy and an open, safe, and
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transparent electoral process. The voting mechanism only provides an alternate use case; the
fundamental payment rule remains unchanged.

PAPER-9:
TITLE: Decentralized and Automated Online Voting System using Blockchain Technology
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2023
AUTHORS: Polepaka Sanjeeva1*, M. Sai Sathwik1, G. Sai Prasad1, G. Praneeth Reddy1,
Vijaylakshmi Sajwan2 and Bande Ganesh3
TECHNOLOGIES USED: The proposed approach involves developing a decentralized
voting system using Ethereum Blockchain technology. Smart contracts are used to manage
the voting process and ensure its integrity. The datasets used in this paper will consist of mock
voting data to simulate a real-world scenario. The results and discussions include an analysis
of the system’s performance in terms of security, scalability, and usability. Future
enhancements include integrating biometric authentication for enhanced security and
accessibility.
SUMMARY: A decentralized and automated online voting system refers to an electronic
voting method that leverages Blockchain technology to guarantee both transparency and
security. It removes the need for intermediaries, making it more efficient and cost-effective
than traditional voting methods. Aim of the paper is to develop an online voting system using
Blockchain technology for secure and transparent voting. The proposed approach involves
developing a decentralized voting system using Ethereum Blockchain technology. Smart
contracts are used to manage the voting process and ensure its integrity. The datasets used in
this paper will consist of mock voting data to simulate a real-world scenario. The results and
discussions include an analysis of the system’s performance in terms of security, scalability,
and usability. Future enhancements include integrating biometric authentication for enhanced
security and accessibility.
LIMITATIONS: Further real-world testing is crucial for assessing the performance of
systems or technologies, there are also potential disadvantages associated with Time and
Resource Intensive, Limited Control over Variables, Risk of Disruption and Dependency on
external factors, such as user participation, introduces uncertainty into the testing process and
Analyzing real-world testing results can be complex due to the diverse range of factors
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involved.

PAPER-10:
TITLE: Decentralized E-Voting System Using Blockchain
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2022
AUTHORS: Prajwal Shiwal, Dhruv Morey, Harshad Shivankar, Suraj Jagtap, Prof. S. S.
Adagale
TECHNOLOGIES USED: Voting is a primary right of every citizen living in a country.
Traditional methods used for voting includes paper ballot system, EVMs (Electronic Voting
Machines), etc. which are still followed and trusted by every voter or citizen blindly. These
voting systems can have ambiguity as the data is maintained under a centralized environment
whether it is counting the paper ballots or storing the vote caste on a computer server. This
use of a centralized database for the voting system has some security issues such as Data
modification through the third party in the network due to the use of the central database
system as well as the result of the voting is not shown in real-time, or manipulation with the
data which can hamper the result and thus have an impact on not only system integrity but
also lose faith in democracy, government, nation, etc. The voting methods used in an election
should be legal, accurate, safe, and convenient.
SUMMARY: In this paper the voting system's use of a centralized database raises certain
security concerns, such as the possibility of data manipulation or tampering by third parties
within the network; additionally, the voting results are not displayed instantly, which could
compromise the integrity of the system and erode confidence in democracy, the government,
the country, etc. Election voting procedures must to be legitimate, precise, secure, and easy
to use.
LIMITATIONS: Blockchain-based voting systems would definitely unquestionably
minimise all of the hurdles that people or inhabitants of a particular nation have and give them
with an atmosphere in which they will no longer have to rely on and commit to these old
practises. When we saw a smash in the Web 2 period, which is the fleck com period,
everything was digitalized but also consolidated, nevertheless this revolution of Web 3 period
brings a lot of alarming and one incrementally beyond cutting edge technology by removing
the barricade of reliance, which will be espoused by the tech sedulity truly soon and also
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increasing the number of participants.

PAPER-11:
TITLE: The Future of Electronic Voting System Using Blockchain
AUTHORS: Ahmed, Md. Razu and Shamrat, F M and Ali, Md. Asraf and Mia, Md Rajib and
Khatun, Mst.Arifa
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2020
TECHNOLOGIES USED: Python version 3.7.0 and Django 2.1.2 using PyCharm IDE,
pycryptodome 3.6.6 library are used for implementation. The blockchain-based e-voting
simulation that includes mainly Block and Chain. The voters can choose a ballot with a voter’s
ID, which is then signed using a private key added to the settings.py.
SUMMARY: In the paper, a novel secured distributed database of the voter’s information,
voter information will be deposited against their private key and digital signature in the
central database is presented. They implemented 500 transactions and 20 blocks for our
simulation results. Each of the blocks contains 25 votes of the E-voting system. The voters
can cast their votes with a private key and they can generate a signature for sign in the E-
voting system. It uses the Longest Chain Rule for a solution to this problem.
LIMITATIONS: This system has the limitations like vulnerable in that malicious attackers
install malicious software into the device which can be used for casting vote and the voters
can vote only one time and it cannot be withdrawn are present as the challenges in relation to
the Block chain-based E-voting system.

PAPER-12:
TITLE: Blockchain Enabled Online-Voting System
AUTHORS: Shah, Akhil and Sodhia, Nishita and Saha, Shruti and Banerjee, Soumi and
Chavan, Madhuri
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2020
TECHNOLOGIES USED: Public blockchain (Ethereum) IS USED Blockchain basically
consists of a chain of blocks where a block is the primary component of the blockchain.
Voters are are verified by One-time password. The security in this project is implemented by
using a 128 bit AES encryption algorithm and SHA-256 along with blockchain. The block
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length is variable and it is estimated to be about 1 and 8 MB in size. The block header uniquely
defines the block.
SUMMARY: The proposed model is an android application that has enhanced security
features which includes both authentication and authorization. The authentication is
incorporated by using a unique identification key and authorization is done by using
fingerprint. A block has header and body. The block body contains the transactions that are
being written to the network. The block header contains the block information which includes
previous hash, nonce value and difficulty, block timestamp and transactions. Each block also
stores information about the person participating in the transaction. The vote is casted in the
form of transaction, where a blockchain is created, which keeps track of tallies of votes. A
transaction after that the legitimacy of transaction needs to be verified. The transaction will
then be stored in the block and a hash value must be given to the block for sealing. Thus a
block is created and sealed.
LIMITATIONS: The limitation is that it is built for small organization and not as a national
voting system. The scalability of the system might become an issue as the number of
transactions increases. The legitimacy of transactions needs to be verified. The resistance or
skepticism from voters could pose challenges to the successful implementation of the system.

PAPER-13:
TITLE: Online Voting System Using Blockchain Technology.
AUTHORS: Jaiswal, Aadersh & Kumar, Anoj & Mhato, Aahana
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2023
TECHNOLOGIES USED: It uses a distributed, decentralised public record is a public
blockchain Ethereum and Bitcoin. This study makes use of the Ethereum public blockchain
fundamentally made up of a chain of blocks header and a body, with the body containing the
transactions being sent to the network. The block title is made up of the block information,
which also includes the transactions, block timestamp, nonce value, and difficulty. Each block
includes details on the party taking part in the transaction. The block size varies and is roughly
between 1 and 8 MB in size. The specific identifier of a particular block on a blockchain that
needs to be entered is called a block title.
SUMMARY: The paper presents blockchain as a peer-to-peer technology that allows users
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to share information openly and generate an unchangeable record of transactions. A

transaction must take place before a block can be created, and the transaction's legality must
then be confirmed. The block must be given a hash value to seal the transaction, which will
be kept in the block. A block is formed and sealed. The current system's security protections
are strengthened by its implementation, which also brings new degrees of readiness. By
employing this approach, voters can verify the accurate transfer of their votes to the intended
party or candidate. The system also ensures that all votes are accurately counted and
eliminates the possibility of misinterpretation.
LIMITATIONS: It is designed not on national and authorization component currently can be
added. Centralized authorities for certain functions, such as verifying the legality of
transactions or managing access to the blockchain network. This could introduce single points
of failure and increase susceptibility to attacks or manipulation. Without proper measures,
the transparency of the blockchain could compromise voter privacy.

PAPER-14:
TITLE: Blockchain-based Online Voting System for Ensuring Secure and Transparent
Election
AUTHORS: Fahmida Chowdhury
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2023
TECHNOLOGIES USED: The online-based e-voting system is created using blockchain and
a cloud-based database has been proposed in this paper. All types of submitted valid data by
three types of users will be encrypted by using blockchain technology and stored in the cloud-
based database. The area-based result will be merged by the app to find out the result of the
election of the particular state or district. All these results will be merged to find out the final
election result of the country. Every user has to create a user account with the National ID
before working with this app.
SUMMARY: The paper presents a simple model of implementing a secure online based
voting system by using block chain technology to provide many facilities for all types of
voters making the voting system more secure and faster. The system is implemented by
collecting the votes from the voters based on a particular area through a secure mobile app
that will use blockchain technology to store the voting information securely. Voting Agent
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will help those voters to give their votes who have no mobile device to access the app, voting
Candidate will be able to see the numbers of votes he/she gets through the app and voter will
give votes to the voting candidate and be able to see the current voting result. The voting
agent and the voting candidate can be a voter. All types of users of the app will create the
general voter account. The voting agent will create another account to monitor the area-based
voting system and help those voters who are unable to give a vote by using their own devices.
LIMITATIONS:
The major challenges are Proper training, high-speed internet connection, Multiple backups
of the database will require to store for recovering from the accidental crash of the database,
proper investment. Unauthorized access to the database or vulnerabilities in the cloud infrastructure
could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of the voting data. The use of a cloud-based
database may introduce centralization concerns, as the control and management of the database are
likely concentrated in the hands of a single entity. This centralization could undermine the
decentralization benefits typically associated with blockchain technology. Ensuring voter anonymity
is crucial for maintaining the integrity and fairness of the election process.

PAPER-15:
TITLE: Decentralized and Automated Online Voting System using Blockchain Technology
AUTHORS: Sanjeeva, Polepaka & Sathwik, M. & Prasad, G. & Reddy, G. & Sajwan,
Vijaylakshmi & Ganesh, Bande
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2023
TECHNOLOGIES USED: A facial recognition technology is used to authenticate voters and
ensure that each person can only cast one vote. Voters are presented with a list of candidates
for their electoral district, and after successful mining and incorporates votes by adding them
as a new block. The system uses on cryptographic hashes for end-to-end verification and
achieves voter privacy by sending a notification with a unique transaction ID to the voter
without revealing how they voted and the individual hash of every voter remains concealed
and inaccessible to anyone, including the system operator or administrator. The system
ensures verifiability of the voting process while maintaining individual voter privacy.
SUMMARY: The paper presents the significance of decentralized online voting systems
using Blockchain technology lies as their potential to uphold the principles of transparency,
security, inclusivity, and trust, thereby strengthening democratic processes and ensuring fair
 19

and reliable elections. Members can participate in decision-making processes, such as

protocol upgrades or fund allocations, through secure and transparent voting mechanisms. It
accelerates the process of counting ballots, reduce the costs associated with manual vote
tallying, and improve inclusivity for voters with disabilities. The development and
implementation of a decentralized and automated online voting system using Blockchain
technology, particularly Ethereum offers promising prospects for revolutionizing the way we
conduct elections.
LIMITATIONS: Despite the use of cryptographic hashes for end-to-end verification,
decentralized systems are still susceptible to Sybil attacks, where malicious actors create
multiple fake identities to influence the voting process. Ensuring the integrity of the voting
system against such attacks is crucial for maintaining trust and reliability. False positives or
negatives in facial recognition could potentially disenfranchise legitimate voters or allow
unauthorized individuals to cast votes.

❖ SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

The future of our blockchain-based electronic voting (e-voting) project is ambitious, focusing on
making the system even more secure, scalable, user-friendly, and legally compliant, while also
ensuring it can work well with other systems and handle larger numbers of voters. Here’s what
we’re aiming for:
 Better Security: We plan to use even more advanced security methods to protect against
new types of cyber threats, including those posed by quantum computing, to make sure
votes remain safe.
 Handling More Voters: As more people use the system, we need to ensure it can handle
the increased load without slowing down or becoming less secure. We're looking into new
technologies that can help manage more voters at once.
 Working Together with Other Systems: We want different e-voting systems to work well
together and follow the same rules, making it easier for everyone, no matter where they
are, to use the technology.
 Easier and Accessible for Everyone: Making sure the voting process is simple and
accessible for all voters, including those with disabilities, is a key goal. We’re focusing on
 20

creating a user experience that’s both easy to understand and secure.

 Legal Support: We're working with lawmakers and regulatory bodies to ensure the system
is supported by the necessary legal frameworks, protecting voter privacy and ensuring
election results can be verified.
 Testing in the Real World: We plan to run more trial runs in different types of elections to
see how the system performs, understand voter feedback, and assess how it impacts the
overall trustworthiness of elections.
By focusing on these areas, we aim to continuously refine our e-voting system, making it more
robust, reliable, and ready to support democratic elections in the digital era.

❖ PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE:
The proposed system follows the workflow outlined below. The key actors interacting with the
system are the voter (responsible for voting) and the miner (responsible for validating
transactions and adding them to the chain)
 21

Fig-1 System architecture of decentralized E-voting

The proposed Blockchain system comprises Consensus Mechanism to ensure its functionality:
 Proof Of Work Consensus mechanism
Certainly! Proof of Work (POW) is a blockchain consensus mechanism that ensures the
integrity of new data added to the network. Miners must solve computationally intensive
puzzles before adding transactions as new blocks. POW offers transparency, security, and
resistance to manipulation. It promotes decentralization by allowing everyone to
participate. While energy-intensive, efforts are being made to shift toward renewable
energy sources for mining, making it more sustainable. In summary, POW provides
security, prevents manipulation, and maintains the authenticity of blockchain transactions.
 22

Fig-2 Proof of Work Consensus Mechanism

Proof of Work (PoW) involves miners competing against each other using their computing power
to complete transactions on the network and earn rewards. The hash rate share represents the
portion of computing power owned by a single miner relative to the entire network. When a
miner successfully solves the puzzle, the new “Block n” is confirmed and linked to the previous
block. However, the advent of quantum computers poses a challenge.

❖ METHODOLOGY USED:
To achieve blockchain decentralization, the data must meet tamper-proof, safety, and credibility
requirements. The blockchain layer utilizes a P2P network to create a distributed database.
Digital signature algorithms and encryption technology ensure data integrity, while consensus
algorithms maintain network consistency. Timestamp technology organizes data blocks in a
connected chain structure. Figure 1 illustrates the division of the blockchain layer into a network
layer and a storage layer.
A. Consensus mechanism
The consensus mechanism ensures data consistency within the blockchain and is crucial
for maintaining its operation. In the computer field, the consensus model addresses how a
reliable distributed system with channels can prevent malicious nodes from affecting other
nodes and achieve correct consensus even in the presence of malicious actors. The entire
system operates reliably.
 23

In the context of blockchain, the consensus mechanism involves nodes collecting valid
data, which multiple nodes then package into blocks. The system assigns accounting
rights, considering potential attacks on nodes. The consensus reached by a well-behaved
algorithm determines which node allows the blockchain to operate reliably. The selected
node broadcasts its packaged block data to the entire network, and after other nodes verify
its validity, the block is stored in the blockchain.
The Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism, known for its simplicity, ease of implementation, and
fault tolerance (allowing for up to 50% of nodes being attacked), plays a key role. Once most
nodes verify the validity, the data is securely stored in the blockchain.
The procedure of the Pow consensus mechanism is as follows：
1. It starts with a proof value of 0 and increments it until it finds a number that satisfies the
condition set in the valid_proof method.
2. The valid_proof method checks if a given proof satisfies the condition. The condition in
this case is that the hash of the last proof and the current proof, when encoded, must start
with four zeroes. If it does, the method returns True; otherwise, it returns False
3. Once a valid proof is found, a new block is created using the new_block method. This
block includes the proof of work, the previous block’s hash, and the current transactions.

B. Hash Function
Hash functions are characterized by unidirectionality, timing, fixed length, and
randomness, making them ideal for validating data. The system will use digital signature
algorithm and encryption technology to ensure that the data cannot be tampered. The
selection of the hash function will affect the safety of the system. SHA256 and
RIPEMD160 are based on MD4's improved hash function, which is more complex than
the MD4 and MD5 algorithms and therefore more secure. It design will use two hash
functions, SHA256 and RIPEMD160. Among them, SHA256 is used more, with
thousands of block header hash values, block data, blockchain address generation, etc.,
while RIPEMD160 uses only 1000 to generate blockchain addresses.
SHA-256 and SHA-512, both part of the SHA-2 family, are widely used cryptographic
hash functions. However, they have some disadvantages. SHA-256, while offering a
balance between speed and security, generates a 256-bit hash value which may not be
 24

sufficient for extremely security-sensitive applications1. SHA-512, on the other hand,

provides a larger hash size (512-bit), offering higher security but at the cost of speed and
efficiency12. It also fails to take advantage of SHA-256 acceleration instructions and has
been found to be needlessly slow3. This can lead to network centralization issues3.
On the other hand, SHA-384, also a member of the SHA-2 family, has several advantages.
It is theoretically more secure than SHA-512 due to subtle differences in their design and
padding scheme4. SHA-384 is also fast and efficient, making it well-suited for use in high-
speed applications5. It can process large amounts of data quickly, making it an effective
tool for verifying the integrity of large files or streams of data5. Furthermore, SHA-384 is
not vulnerable to length extension attacks, unlike SHA-5126. This makes SHA-384 a more
secure choice for certain applications.

C. Chain Structure
In order to provide traceability and verification of blockchain data, blocks could be stored
in a chained structure of Figure 8. The current block contains the hash value of the previous
block. If the node does not know the hash value of the previous block, it cannot generate
a new block. All data blocks in the blockchain are chained into a chain by block hash
values, and the longest chain (main chain) is always stored in the blockchain, from the
creation block to the newly generated block. When a new block is stored in the blockchain,
it will be linked behind the main chain.

Fig-3 Single Block Architecture

The blockchain stores the data blocks in a chain structure on a blockchain with timestamps
in the data blocks. It increases the time dimension of the data and makes it easy to trace
 25

and validate the data. With the previous block hash value, you could locate the previous
block and verify that the previous block was modified. Through the "block ten chain
structure", the blockchain could detect the tampering of any data in time. The blockchain
provides a time-series, recordable record that could be viewed as a database that is not
tamper-proof and authentic.

❖ MODULE DESCRIPTION
As illustrated in Figure 1, the system is composed of several key modules that are integral to the
functionality of the suggested framework. These modules are essential for the operation and
effectiveness of the system as a whole. Each module plays a critical role and their collective
interaction is necessary for the proposed architecture to perform as designed. This modular
structure ensures that the system is both efficient and scalable, allowing for future enhancements
and maintenance.
A. SHA3_384
Hash functions are distinguished by their one-way nature, speed, consistent output size,
and unpredictability, qualities that make them perfect for data verification. The system
incorporates digital signature algorithms and encryption methods to safeguard against data
manipulation. Choosing the appropriate hash function is critical for the system’s security.

Fig-4 Algorithmic process flow of the SHA -384

SHA-384 is primarily based on scrambling the input with some predefined constants,
then computing the hash values through corresponding special functions dedicated
 26

for each step, and finally, after the acquisition of all inputs, the yielding hash values
are used to calculate the SHA-384 final output digest value. The top level interface of
the SHA-384 module is shown in Figure 3. The design accepts message data in 64-bit
blocks and also outputs the final hash value in six consecutive 64-bits of data, so six 64-
bit or twelve 32-bit registers are needed to keep the 384-bit final hash value on the host.
B. Voting module
In the proposed system, the voting module is a cornerstone that not only empowers the
core operations but also embodies the strength of the underlying technology. It
meticulously authenticates each voter’s identity, safeguarding the electoral process by
ensuring the uniqueness and authenticity of every vote. The user interface is crafted for
simplicity, enabling voters to navigate smoothly, make their choice, and cast their vote
with ease and assurance.
Upon submission, the vote is encapsulated within a transaction, which is then permanently
etched onto the blockchain, establishing an immutable record. This process is crucial as it
guarantees that the vote remains unaltered, reflecting the true will of the electorate.
Following this, the transactions are converted into a block, which is then chained to the
existing ledger, fortifying the blockchain’s integrity and trustworthiness. This seamless
integration of transactions into the blockchain is pivotal, as it not only records the votes
but also fortifies the system against any attempts at fraud or manipulation, ensuring a
transparent and secure voting process.
C. TRANSACTION MODULE
The transaction module is a vital component that handles the creation of transactions
within the system. Each transaction is a digital record that includes the necessary details
of the voting action, such as the voter’s and candidate’s identifiers. A crucial feature of
each transaction is the timestamp, which records the exact moment the transaction was
created. This timestamp is not just a marker of time; it serves as a critical piece of data
that ensures the integrity and chronological order of the blockchain.
The inclusion of a timestamp in each transaction is essential for maintaining a consistent
and transparent record of events. It allows the system to track when each vote was cast,
providing a clear audit trail that can be used to verify the sequence of events and prevent
any discrepancies or fraudulent activities. By combining timestamps and hash functions,
 27

a blockchain can ensure the integrity and chronological order of transactions, making it a
robust system for recording events in a transparent and tamper-proof manner. The hash of
each transaction, along with its timestamp, is stored in a block. When a block is filled with
transactions, it is linked to the chain by hashing the contents of the block along with the
hash of the previous block. This creates a secure chain of blocks that is resistant to
alteration.
D. MINING MODULE
This module encompasses the process of validating and confirming transactions,
packaging them into a new block, and then adding that block to the chain through a
consensus mechanism. The mining process begins with the collection of pending
transactions. Each transaction within the system, such as a vote being cast, includes crucial
details like the voter’s and candidate’s identifiers, and a timestamp marking the exact
moment the transaction was created. These transactions are verified for their validity and
then pooled together.
Once enough transactions are collected, or a certain amount of time has passed, the mining
module initiates the creation of a new block. This involves solving a complex
cryptographic puzzle, known as proof of work, which requires significant computational
effort. The first miner to solve the puzzle gets the right to add the new block to the
blockchain. This new block contains a reference to the hash of the previous block, creating
a chain of blocks, hence the term blockchain. The inclusion of the previous block’s hash
serves as a security measure, linking the blocks together in a way that any alteration of a
previous block would require re-mining all subsequent blocks, which is computationally
impractical.
After a new block is mined, it is broadcast to the network for validation. This is where the
consensus mechanism comes into play. The other nodes in the network verify the new
block’s proof of work and check the validity of the transactions within. If a majority of
the nodes agree that the new block is valid, it is added to the blockchain, and the
transactions within are considered confirmed. The mining module thus ensures the
integrity and continuity of the blockchain, making it a trust less system where no single
entity has control over the entire chain. It is this decentralized verification and consensus
process that makes blockchain technology so secure and resilient against fraudulent
 28

activities.

❖ OBJECTIVES OF PROPOSED WORK:

 ENSURING INTEGRITY: The primary objective of a tamper-resistant voting system is
to maintain the integrity of the electoral process. This includes preventing unauthorized
access to voting data, ensuring that votes are accurately recorded and counted, and
detecting and mitigating any attempts at tampering.
 PROTECTING VOTER PRIVACY: While ensuring transparency, it's crucial to protect
the privacy of individual voters. The system should be designed to prevent the
identification of individual voters and their voting choices while still allowing for
verification of the overall integrity of the election.
 RESILIENCE TO ATTACKS: The voting system should be resilient to various types of
attacks, including cyber-attacks, attempts to manipulate voting data, or disruptions to the
network. This resilience can be achieved through robust encryption, redundancy in the
network, and proactive security measures.
 USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE: To encourage participation, the voting system should
have a user-friendly interface that is accessible to voters of all technical backgrounds. This
includes clear instructions, intuitive design, and support for various devices and
accessibility needs.
 COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS: The system should comply
with relevant legal and regulatory requirements, including data protection laws, electoral
regulations, and standards for security and privacy. Compliance ensures that the voting
process is legitimate and trustworthy in the eyes of stakeholders and authorities.
 SECURE VOTING MECHANISM: To create a highly secure and tamper-proof voting
system that enhances the integrity of the electoral process.
 EFFICIENCY AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS: To streamline the voting process, making
it more efficient and cost-effective by reducing the logistical and administrative costs
associated with traditional voting methods.
 REAL-TIME RESULTS: To enable the real-time tallying of votes, allowing for quicker
result tabulation and announcement compared to conventional methods.
 29

❖ ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED WORK:

 IMMUTABLE RECORD KEEPING: Utilizing blockchain technology ensures that once
a vote is recorded in a block, it cannot be altered or deleted. This immutability creates a
tamper-resistant record of all votes, enhancing trust in the electoral process.
 TRANSPARENCY AND TRUST: By making the entire voting process transparent and
auditable, blockchain-based voting systems instill confidence in the integrity of elections.
Each participant can verify that their vote was counted correctly and that the overall
results are accurate.
 SECURITY AGAINST TAMPERING: The cryptographic techniques, such as hashing
and proof of work, ensure that any attempt to tamper with the voting data is immediately
detected. This discourages malicious actors from attempting to manipulate election
results.
 DECENTRALIZATION: Distributing the voting records across multiple nodes in a
decentralized network reduces the risk of a single point of failure or manipulation. Even
if some nodes are compromised, the integrity of the voting process can be maintained as
long as a significant portion of the network remains honest.
 ACCESSIBILITY AND CONVENIENCE: Blockchain-based voting systems can
potentially improve accessibility for voters by enabling remote and secure voting from
anywhere with an internet connection. This can increase voter turnout and participation
in elections.
 VOTER PRIVACY: While the blockchain records all transactions, it can be designed to
ensure voter privacy and anonymity, preventing any association between voter identities
and their votes.
 REDUCED FRAUD: The requirement for proof-of-work and the consensus mechanism
minimizes the risk of double voting and unauthorized access, significantly reducing the
potential for fraud.
 GLOBAL PARTICIPATION: For diaspora and remote voters, blockchain-based online
voting offers a convenient and secure way to participate in their home country's elections
without being physically present.
 RAPID OUTCOMES: The digital nature of the system allows for almost instantaneous
 30

counting and verification of votes, leading to faster announcement of results.

 LOWER COSTS: By digitizing the voting process, the system can significantly lower the
costs related to printing, transportation, and manual counting of ballots, as well as reduce
the environmental impact.

❖ IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING:

• Initial Landing page of the system which will later then take to miner and voter pages
with the help of the respective ID’s
 31

• The screenshots shown above represents the voter authentication interface, which verifies
if the ID exists in the database. If confirmed, it prevents the same ID from being used for
multiple logins.

The system is designed to prevent a user from voting multiple times. If an attempt is made to
cast more than one vote, the system will display the output shown above.

Transaction Details Before entering into Block chain

Votes in the Block after Mining

 32

• To evaluate the system’s response to multiple voting attempts with Different ID’s, I
conducted a test during the transaction phase and post-transaction phase. This involved
observing the transaction as it was processed for block inclusion through mining. I
monitored the system’s handling of 7 different IDs to examine the sequence of events at
each stage of the process.
• Expanding on this, the test aimed to simulate a scenario where multiple votes could
potentially be submitted. By tracking the transaction’s journey from initiation to its
eventual addition to the blockchain, I could assess the robustness of the system’s
safeguards against duplicate voting. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the
voting process, ensuring that each user’s vote is unique and counted only once.
• The below screenshot is regarding the above mentioned testing and the result block is as
shown
 33

• The Process goes on at the backend:

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