( jiyg;gpw;F fPNo cs;s ypq;if fpspf; nra;J FOtpy; ,izaTk;!

 Padasalai's NEWS - Group

https://t.me/joinchat/NIfCqVRBNj9hhV4wu6_NqA

 Padasalai's Channel - Group

https://t.me/padasalaichannel

 Lesson Plan - Group

https://t.me/joinchat/NIfCqVWwo5iL-21gpzrXLw

 12th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_12th

 11th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_11th

 10th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_10th

 9th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_9th

 6th to 8th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_6to8

 1st to 5th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_1to5

 TET - Group
https://t.me/Padasalai_TET

 PGTRB - Group
https://t.me/Padasalai_PGTRB

 TNPSC - Group
https://t.me/Padasalai_TNPSC
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.P ada .P
da
aTN XII-STD BIO-ZOOLOGY
.P ad a ada a
ww ww w w.P w.P
w w ww ww
Prepared By
ww
g .Org
GOPALAKRISHNAN RAMAN rg B.Ed.
.OM.Sc., .Org
a l a i.Or a l a i a l a i a l a i alai
.
a s a s POST GRADUATE a TEACHER
s a s a s
d d d d d
w .Pa w .Pa .Pa OF ZOOOGY
DEPARTMENT
w w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww
E-mail: [email protected] ww ww
g g Mobile: 9025607324 g
i . O r i . O r i .Or i .Org .
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d ad Pad Pad Pad
w .Pa w .PCHAPTER-1 w .
REPRODUCTION w
IN ORGANISMS. w .
ww ww ww ww ww
Short . O g
rQuestions:- . O rg . O rg . O rg
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 1. Reproduction . P
1
ada . P ada .P ada . P ada
ww
w 2. Sexual vs. wwasexual reproduction
w
ww1
w
ww
w
ww
w
3. Modes of asexual reproduction 1
.Org and its types l2ai.Org
4.laFission
i l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a sa s a s a s a
da 5. Types of binary a
dfission da
– simple, transverse, da
longitudinal,Poblique, repeated Pada
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w . a w.
ww and multiple ww 2 ww ww ww

Padasalai
6. Merozoites vs. sporozoitesg3
. O rg .Or .Org .Org .
7.
a l aEncrystment
i 3 a l a i a l a i a l a i alai
d a s d a s d a s d a s d a s
w .Pa 8. Strobilation w .3Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 9. Plasmotomy ww 4 ww ww ww
10. Sporulation
rg 4
i .O i .5Org i .Org i .Org .
a s11.
a l a Budding and its
a
types
s a l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 12. Regeneration w .Pa6 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww
15. Fragmentation 5 ww ww ww
16. Epimorphosis
O rg 6 O rg O rg O rg
a i .
l Gemmules formation a
l 5 i . l a i . l a i . lai.
s17.
a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 18. Fertilization . P ada its types 7
and . P ada . P ada .P ada
w w w w ww
ww 19. Autogamy, ww exogamy, hologamy, ww paedogamy, merogamy, ww isogamy and w
anisogamy.Org 7 .Org .Org .Org
s a
20.l a i
Conjugation 7 s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da a
Padcycle? 7 da da
w .Pa 21. What arewthe .Padifferent phases of w .life w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww
22. Types of breeding 7
ww ww ww
.Org
23.aiParthenogenesis andaiits g
.Ortypes 7, 8 i .Org i .Org .
a s24.
l
a Paedogenesis 8 asa l
a s a la
a s a l a
a salai
d Pad d d d
w .Pa 25. Oviparous, w .viviparous and .Pa
ovoviviparous
w 8 w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w.P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.Pada Big Questions:- .Pa
da
.Pa
da
.P .Pa ada
w ww w w
1. Explainwthe different modes of w w
w asexual reproduction w1
w w
w ww
2. Explain rg the fission andi.its rtypes
g 2
i . O O i .Org i .Org .
a s3.
a l Briefly
a discuss on
a
parthenogenesis
sa l a 7
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d ad of sexual reproduction d d d
w .Pa 4. Describe the w modes
.P w .Pa 7
w .Pa w .Pa
ww 5. How the wwanimals are classifiedwwbased on site of development
ww of embryo?w 8w
rg rg .Org rg
sa lai.O sa lai.O a l a i
sala
i.O
sa lai.
da da das ada ada
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w.P w .P
ww ww ww w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.
da sala sala sala sala s ala
a ada a da ad a a d a
w.P w . P w.P w.P ww
.P
ww ww ww ww w
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.Org i.
sala sala sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada .P ada .P ada .P ada .Pa
w ww www w ww w ww ww
w

Padasalaii.O rg i.Org i.Org .Or g

a la a l a a l a l ai lai.
ada
s
ada
s
ada
s
a dasa ada
sa
w . P w.P w.P w. P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww

a i .Org i.O rg i .Org lai.O

rg
lai.
das
a l sala sa l a s a sa
.Pa .Pada .P ada Pad
a ada
w w w w . w.P
ww ww ww ww w w
rg rg rg i.Or
g
s a lai.O sal a i . O
sala
i.O
s a l a s a lai.
ada .Pa
da a da a da a da
w.P w w.P w.P ww
.P
ww w w ww ww w
i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i .Org i.
sala s a l a sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada ada ada ada .Pa
ww w.P ww
.P
ww
.P w
w ww w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Org .
s a l a s a l a sa la s a l a salai
ada ada ada ada .Pa
d a
w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 alai. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da da da da
w .Pa w .Pa CHAPTER-2 HUMAN w .Pa REPRODUCTION w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rQuestions:-
i .O gare major functions i
g
.Orof i .Org 13 i .Org .
a s1.
a l What
a
a sa l a reproductive
a s asystem?
l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 2. Why the scrotum w .Pa is placed outside w .Pofa the body? 14 w.Pa w .Pa
ww 3. What are wwthe roles of inhibin?w14 w ww ww
4. Leydig rg cells 13
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a
a Cryptrochism 15 asa
l l a
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d adducts and accessory d d d
w .Pa 6. List the name w .Pof w .Paglands associatedwwith .Pa the male w .Pa
ww ww
reproductive system. 15 ww ww ww
7. What. O rgis urethral meatus? . O r15
g . O rg .O rg
a i
al Mesovarium 16 asal a i l a i l a i ala i.
a d as8. a d a d asa a d asa a d a s
w.P 9. Fimbriaew16 w.P ww
.P
ww
.P
ww
.P
ww 10. Ampulla 17 w w w w

a .Org are the layersla

11. iWhat i .Org in the uterus lwall?
present
a i .Org17 a i.Org i.
l
a Bartholins glandas17
as12. a asa asa
l ala
a d a d a d a d das
w.P 13. Areola 17 w.P w.P w.P w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
13. Gametogenesis 18

ww

ww
w.P

w. P
a

a
d

Padasalai
14.
a
as15.

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org
Spermiation
Acrosome 19adas
16. Mitochondrial
ww

das19. Corpus albicans

20. Poly Cistic
21. Menopause
O r g
w. P
19

a
sa
da22
a l

l
a

a
i

ww Ovary Syndromew(PCOS)
23
.Org
w.P spiral or nebenkern

Org
ww

.
ww 21
P
a
w.P 19

a
d

17. Listgthe names of differentg phases of menstrualgcycle 21

18. .Orsurge 21
LH .Or
asa

das
a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Or

O rg
ww

ww
w.P

w. P
a

a
dasa

das
al
l

a
ai

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

w w
w.P

w.P
ada

ada
sa

sa
lai.

lai.

22. a i .
What is the importance a i . of hyaluronic acid? a i .
23 a i . lai.
al
as23. a sal a sal a sal s a
a d Acrosomal .reaction
a d 23 a d a d a da
w.P wP w.P w.P ww
.P
ww 24. Blastomeres 23
w w w w w w w
25. Morula 23
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org i.
as26.
a Blastocyst 23 asa
l l
asa
l
asa
l ala
a d a d a d a d das
w.P 27. Trophoblast w.P23 w.P w.P w .Pa
ww w w
28. Ectopic pregnancy 24 w w w w ww
29. Monozygotic
.Org vs. Dizygotic .Orgtwins 24 .Org .Org .
l a i l a i l a i l a i alai
a d as30.
a Siamese twins 24
a d asa a d asa a d asa d a s
w.P 31. Gastrulation .P .P .P .Pa
ww w ww 25 w ww w ww ww
w
32. Chorionic villi 25
.Org
33. iGestation period 25 i.Org i .Org i .Org .
a l a a l a a la
asa
l a alai
das34. Write the namedaofs the hormones produced das by the placentad25 ad a s
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w.Pa w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
dasala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.P ada 35. Braxter- Hick’s da
.Pa contraction 26 w.Pa
da
.P ada .Pa
w ww 36. Neurohumoralw w w reflex 26 w w w w w
w ww
37. Colostrumrg 26
i . O i .Org or vulva 17 lai.Org i .Org .
a s38.
a l a Layers of external
a sa genitalia
l a
a s a a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 39. Importance w .Pofa relaxin hormonew.Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Big Questions:-
i .Org i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s1. a
a Major reproductive
l
a s a
aevents in human beings
l
a sa 13
l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d ad human reproductive d d d
w .Pa 2. Explain about w .Pthe w .Pa system 14 w .Pa w .Pa
ww 3. Briefly w
w w
explain the processeswspermatogenesis andwoogenesis with the w
w w
schematic. O rg presentation 18 . O rg . O rg . O rg
s4.
a a i
l Describe the structures s a a i
l of human spermsand a a i
l ovum 19 s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 5. Explain the various . Pada phases of menstrual . P ada cycle 21 . P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww ww ww
6. Discuss the different stages of embryonic development 24 ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.Org i.
sala sala sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada .P ada .P ada .P ada .Pa
w ww www w ww w ww ww
w

Padasalai
i.O rg i.Org i.Org .Or g
a la a l a a l a l ai lai.
ada
s
ada
s
ada
s
a dasa ada
sa
w . P w.P w.P w. P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww

a i .Org i.O rg i .Org lai.O

rg
lai.
das
a l sala sa l a s a sa
.Pa .P ada .P ada Pad
a ada
w w w w . w.P
ww ww ww ww w w
rg rg rg i.Or
g
s a lai.O sal a i . O
sala
i.O
s a l a s a lai.
ada .Pa
da a da a da a da
w.P w w.P w.P ww
.P
ww w w ww ww w
i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i .Org i.
sala s a l a sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada ada ada ada .Pa
ww w.P ww
.P
ww
.P w
w ww w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Org .
s a l a s a l a sa la s a l a salai
ada ada ada ada .Pa
d a
w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada ada
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da da da da
w .Pa w .Pa CHAPTER-3 REPRODUCTIVE
w .Pa HEALTH
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rquestions:-
i .O g i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s1.
a l Amniocentesis
a 35
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d ad d d d
w .Pa 2. Foeticide vs. w infanticide
.P 35
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 3. PCPNDT ww
Act 35 ww ww ww
4. POCSO rg Act 35
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a
a What are the birth
l
a sa a
control
l methods? 35asa l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d 36 d d d
w .Pa 6. Periodic abstinence w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 7. Continuous ww abstinence 36 ww ww ww
8. Lactational
. O rg amenorrhoea . O r36
g . O rg .O rg
s9.
a a i
l Coitus interruptuss36 a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 10. Types of barriers . Pada used in barrier.method P ada 36-37 . P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww 11. Intrauterine ww devices 37 ww ww ww

la .Org
12. iTubectomy 37
l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i.Org lai.
s a
13. Vasectomy 37 s a s a s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 14. How to prevent w .Pa the STDs? 38 w.Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
15. What is assisted reproductive technology? 41

Padasalai .Orgthe name of different .Orgtechniques usedlain

16. iList i i rg 41
.OART i .Org .
s a l a s a l a s a s al a s alai
d 17. Embryo transfer
a d technique 41 Pad
a a
Pad
a
Pad
a
w .Pa 18. What is infertility? w .Pa and what w .
are the causes of infertility? w . 40 w .
ww ww ww ww ww
19. What g are diagnostic methods g are used to detectg the cervical cancer? 40
20. i .O r
Symptoms of cervical i O r
.cancer 40 i .Or i .Org .
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
.Pa 21. Mayer-Rokitansky
d d syndrome 41 Pad d d
w w .Pa w . w .Pa w .Pa
ww 22. What w are
w the copper releasing wwIUDs? ww ww
23. What r g are the major tasks r gcarried out by RCH? 34
r g rg
24.l a i . O
Prevention of male i . O
infertility
l a 42 l a i . O l a i . O lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 25. Surrogacy .Pada . P ada . P ada .P ada
w w w w w
ww 26. Chorionic ww villus sampling (CVS) ww 43 ww ww
27. Foetoscope
rg 43 rg rg rg
ala i.O a lai.O ala i.O ala i.O ala i.
das da s das das das
w .Pa Big Questions:- w.P
a
w.P
a
w.P
a
w.P
a
ww 1. Briefly w
w
explain the birth control
w
w methods 36 w w w w
2. What .Orgis STD? Discusslaany .Orten
g STDs with its causative
.Org agents and symptoms .Org .
l a i i la i l a i alai
d a s38-39
a
d a s a
d a s a
d a s a
d a s
w .Pa 3. Explain allwthe .Paassisted reproductive
w .Patechnologies withwthe .Paprocedure 41 w.Pa
ww 4. Describe wwthe different methods wwused to detect the w w
foetal disorders 42 w
w

i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .

sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .Pada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w.P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada ada
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da CHAPTER-4 da ada ada da
w .Pa w .Pa PRINCIPLES OF w .PINHERITANCE AND.P
w
VARIATION
w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rQuestions:-
i .O g allelism 47 lai.Org i .Org i .Org .
a s1.
a l Multiple
a
a sa a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 2. Rh factor 49 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww w
3. Wienerwhypothesis 49 ww ww ww
4. What rgis erythroblastosis foetalis?
rg 50
i . O i. O i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a
a How to prevent erythroblastosis
l
a s a l a foetalis?
a sa50
l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 6. ZO-ZZ typew51 .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 7. ZW-ZZ type 51 ww ww ww ww
8. XX-XO O rg type 50 O rg O rg rg
a i . a i . a i . i.O i.
d
al Barr body 52
as9. d asa
l
d asa
l
a sala a s ala
a a a ad a d
w.P w.P
10. What iswhaplodiploidy? ww
.P w.P ww
.P
ww w
11. Kin selection w ww w

a .Org
12. iHolandric
a Org genes
genes or Y-i.linked
a i .Org a i.Org i.
l
a Sex linked inheritance
as13.
l
asa 53 asa
l sa l ala
a d a d a d ada das
w.P 14. Karyotyping w.P54 w.P .P .Pa
ww ww ww www ww
w
15. Applications of karyotyping 55

Padasalai
.Org .Org .Org
16. Karyotype 55 .Or g
a la i l a i l a i l ai lai.
a d as17. d asa
What are the amendelian disorders?a56
d asa a dasa ada
sa
w.P 18. Cooley’s w.P w.P w. P w.P
ww wwanemia 56 ww ww ww
19. Aneuploidy
g 57
20.
l a i O r
Syndrome
. 57 l a i.Org l a i .Org lai.O
rg
lai.
a a a a sa
P a das21. Down’s syndrome/P a das Trisomy-21 Padas Pad
a s
ada
w. 22. Criss-cross w. w. w . w.P
ww ww inheritance 54 ww ww w w
23. Heterogametic
rg sex determination
rg 50 rg rg
l a i . O l a i . O l a i . O l ai . O lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada Big Questions:- . P ada . P ada . P ada .P ada
w wwchromosomal basis w w w
ww 1. Explainwthe wwof sex determination ww50 ww
2. What will happen while a rcolour blind man marries normal visioned rg
a i . Org ai . Og a i . Org lai.O lai.
swomen?
a l 54 s a l s a l s a s a
da da da man marries colour da blind da
w .Pa 3. What will happen w .Pa while a normalwvisioned
.Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww women? 54 ww ww ww ww
4. Explain
.Org the mendelian disorders
.Org 56 .Org .Org .
l a i l a i la i l a i alai
das5. Discuss the different
das types of chromosomal
das abnormalities 57
a a a a
das d a s
w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada ada
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da da GENETICS.Pada da
w .Pa w .Pa CHAPTER-5 MOLECULAR w .Pa w w .Pa
ww Short Questions:-
ww ww ww ww
1. Onergene g and one polypeptide rg hypothesis 64i.Org
i . O i . O i .Org .
a s2.
a l Chromosome
a 64
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 3. VNTR 87 w.Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww
4. Transformation 65 ww ww ww
5. Expand rg RNA and DNA 67
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s6. a
a Nucleoside 67 asa
l l a
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 7. Nucleotidew67 .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 8. Genophore 70ww ww ww ww
9. Nucleosomes
. O rg 70 . O rg . O rg . O rg
a i
al Histone octamere l a i l a i l a i ala i.
a d as10. a d asa70 a d asa a d asa a d a s
w.P 11. DNA replication
ww
.P 70
ww
.P
ww
.P
ww
.P
ww w
12. Replication fork 73 w w w

a .Org
13. iPribnous box and TATA
a i
g 73, 74
.Orbox a i .Org a i .Org i.
l
a Template strandasvs.
as14.
l
a coding strand 74 asa l
asa
l ala
a d a d a d a d das
w.P 15. Differentiate w.P it. Monocistronicwvs. w.Ppolycistronic genes w.P .Pa
ww 74
w
ww ww w ww
16. Applications and future challenges of HGP 86

Padasalai
.Org it - Exon, intron,
17. Define rg
.Osplicing and tailing 75.Org .Org
a la i l a i l a i l a i lai.
a d as18. Genetic code a76 d asa a d asa a dasa ada
sa
w.P 19. Why the w.P w.P molecule? 79 ww.P w.P
ww wwt RNA is called as adapter ww w ww
20. Aminoacylation 79
21.
l a i .Org
Structure of operon l 84
a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
a asa a a sa
P a das22. Microsatellites P a d85 P a das P a das ada
w. 23. Shotgun w. w. w. w.P
ww wwsequencing 85 ww ww w w
24. Applications
r g of DNA finger r g printing 88 rg rg
25. a i . O
Pharmacogenomics 86
a i . O a i . O a i . O lai.
al
asBig a sal a sal a sal s a
a d Questions:- a d a d a d a da
w.P w.P w.P w.P ww
.P
ww w
1. What are the properties of genes?
w w w w w w
2. Explain the Hurshey and chase experiment.
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org i.
as3.
a What are the nucleic
l
asa acids and discuss
l
aabout
sa their chemistry.
l
asa
l ala
a d a d a d a d das
w.P 4. Propertieswof.Pgenetic material w.P w.P w .Pa
ww w w
5. Give an experimental proof of DNA replicationw w w w ww
6. Explain
.Org the mechanism .Oand
rg enzymes involved .Oinrgthe replication i.Org .
a i a i a i alai
d a s7.l
a Briefly explain the
d a
l
sprocess
a of transcription
d a sa l
d a sala d a s
a 8. Write the salient a a a .Pa
w w.P w w.P features of genetic w w.P codes w w.P w
w 9. Describe w the structure of t RNA w w ww
.Org the goals, features,
10. iDiscuss i .Org applications and i .O rg challenges of HGP
future i.Org .
a l a a l a a la a l a alai
das11. Describe the DNA dasfingerprinting technique das das ad a s
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.P ada .Pa
da CHAPTER-6 da
.PaEVOLUTION w.P ada .Pa
w ww Short Questions:-
w w w
w w w
w w w ww
1. Coacervates
rg 94
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s2.
a l Big
a bang theory 94
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 3. Special creation w .Pa theory 94 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 4. Write the wwERAs of geological w w scale 95
time ww ww
5. Paleontology
rg 97
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s6. a
a Petrification 97 asa
l l a
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 7. Connectingwlinks .Pa 99 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww
8. Atavistic organs 99 ww ww ww
9. Convergent
. O rg evolution 98 . O rg . O rg . O rg
s 10.
a a i
l Analogous structures s a a
l 98i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 11. Homologous . P da
astructure 98 . P ada . P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww 12. Vestigial wworgans 99 ww ww ww

l a .Org
13. iOntogeny vs. phylogeny
l a i .Or100g
l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a
14. Define the theory s a
of Lamarck’s use and s a
disuse theory 100 s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 15. What arewthe .Pamain objections towLamarckism?
.Pa 100 w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
16. Neo – Lamarckism 100

ww

ww
w

w
a

a
s

s
Padasalai
17.
a l

21.
a l
a

a
i

i
.Pa 22. Darwin’s w
d
.Org of Natural selection
Theory
d 18. Objections to
.Pa 19. Salient features
20. Explain
. O rg
Adaptive

23. Genetic
24. Gene
O r
ww
w
d

radiation
finches
.Pa 103
d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l
Darwinism

103
l
a

wwdrift or Sewall wright

g flow 105
i

i
.Org 101
.Pa of mutation theory
the Natural selection
. O

O
r

rg
101

g
ww
w

w .Pa
d
.Pa102

d
wweffect 105
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

O rg
ww
through industrialg melanism 102
.Or

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

25.la i .
Difference between l i .
divergent
a and convergentl a i . evolution 98 l a i . lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 26. How does Neanderthal . P ada man differ. P ada the modern man
from . P aindaappearance? .Pada
w w w w w
ww 107 ww ww ww ww
27. Coprolites 98
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org lai.
s28.
a l State Hardy – Weinberg
s a l law only 106 s a l s a l s a
da ada da in NeanderthalPman da da
w .Pa 29. Mention few w .Psimilarities foundw .Pa
common w . a and Homo w.Pa
ww sapiens w
w ww ww ww
30. What .Org are the methods .Oused
rg to determine the .Oage
rg of fossils? .Org .
l a i l a i la i l a i alai
d a s31.
a Liposomes 96 asa a s a a s a a s
.Pa 32. Protobionts .P96ad .Pa
d
.Pa
d
.Pa
d
w w w w w
ww 33. Molecular ww evidences for evolution ww 100 ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.Pada Big Questions:- .Pa
da
.Pa
da
.P ada
.Pa
w ww 1. Describe w w
w Urey – Miller’s experimental
w w w approach to w w
the origin of life 96 w
w w w
2. What rgare the paleontological rg evidences for evolution? rg 97
i . O i . O i . O i .Org .
a s3.
a l Submit
a the evidences
a sa l for
a evolution from
a sembryology
a l a and comparative
a s a l a
a s alai
d 99.Pad d d d
w .Pa anatomy 98, w w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 4. Explainwthe w theories of biological ww evolution (Lamarck wwand Darwin’s ww
theories) rg 100, 101
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a a
a Explain the Hardyas–aWeinberg principleas106
l l a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 6. Write an essay w .Paon Origin and evolutionw .Pa of man 107 w.Pa w .Pa
ww ww
7. Modern synthetic theory 102 ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.
da sala sala sala sala s ala
a ada a da ad a a d a
w.P w . P w.P w.P ww
.P
ww ww ww ww w
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.Org i.
sala sala sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada .P ada .P ada .P ada .Pa
w ww www w ww w ww ww
w

Padasalaii.O rg i.Org i.Org .Or g

a la a l a a l a l ai lai.
ada
s
ada
s
ada
s
a dasa ada
sa
w . P w.P w.P w. P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww

a i .Org i.O rg i .Org lai.O

rg
lai.
das
a l sala sa l a s a sa
.Pa .P ada .P ada Pad
a ada
w w w w . w.P
ww ww ww ww w w
rg rg rg i.Or
g
s a lai.O sal a i . O
sala
i.O
s a l a s a lai.
ada .Pa
da a da a da a da
w.P w w.P w.P ww
.P
ww w w ww ww w
i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i .Org i.
sala s a l a sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada ada ada ada .Pa
ww w.P ww
.P
ww
.P w
w ww w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Org .
s a l a s a l a sa la s a l a salai
ada ada ada ada .Pa
d a
w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da ada ada da da
w .Pa w .PCHAPTER-7 HUMAN
w .PHEALTH AND DIEASES
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rQuestions:-
i .O g i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s1.
a l Pathogens
a 111
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d 112 d d d
w .Pa 2. Bacterial resistance
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 3. Types of ww
viral diseases 113 ww ww ww
4. Trophozoite
rg 115
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a
a List the name of different
l
a sa l a species of Trypanosoma
a s a l a causing sleeping
a s l a
a sickness a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa in man? 115 w.Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 6. Draw and wwlabel the parts – Entamoeba, ww Trypanosoma wwgambiense, Ascarisww
7. Merozoites
. O rg 116 . O rg . O rg . O rg
s8.
a a i
l Types of malaria 117 s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 9. Immunity and . P da
aits types – (Natural . P
and
a
adAcquired) 120 . P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww ww
10. Haematopoiesis 122 ww ww ww

la .Org
11. iLymphoid organs 123i.Org
l a l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a
12. Bone marrow 124 s a s a s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 13. Peyer’s patches w .Pa 123 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
14. Tonsils 124

ww

ww
w

w
a

a
s

s
Padasalai
15.
a

19.
a
l

l
a

a
i
.Pa 17. Haptens 127

i
.Pa 20. Paratope w
d
.Org of antigens 127
Types
d 16. Draw – Immunoglobulin

18. Adjuvants
O r g
Epitope
.

21. Precipitin
22. Agglutination
O r g
ww
w

127
.Pa
127

127
.Pa
ww 128
d

d
a

128
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O
127

rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

23.l a i .
Opsonization 128 l a i . l a i . l a i . lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 24. Neutralization . P
a
ad129 . P ada . P ada .P ada
w w w w w
ww 25. Vaccines ww 129 ww ww ww
26. Vaccination 130
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org lai.
s27.
a l Immunization 130s a l s a l s a l s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 28. Allergensw138 .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww w
29. Typeswof vaccines 130 ww ww ww
30. Draw .Org – HIV 131 lai.Org .Org .Org .
l a i l a i l a i alai
d a s31.
a Metastasis 132 asa a s a a s a a s
w .Pa 32. Differencew.between Pad normal cell
w and
d
.Paa cancer cell 133w.Pa
d
w .Pa
d
ww 33. Euphoria ww 135 ww ww ww
.Org chirrhosis 136lai.Org
34. iLiver i .Org i.Org .
a s35.
l a
a Main sources ofanatural s a cannabinoids 134
a s a la
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.P ada 36. Cannabinoids da
.Pa134 .Pa
da
.P ada .Pa
w ww 37. Signs w w w
and symptoms of mental w
w depression 137 w
w w w
w ww
38. Define rg – GALT, MALT,i.BALT
i . O Org i .Org i .Org .
a s39.
a l a What are the adenoids?
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 40. Bursa of fabricius w .Pa 123 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 41. Morphine ww and its uses ww ww ww
42. Antigenicity
rg 127
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s43. a
a Histocompatibility
l
a s a
aantigens 127
l
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d phases of Plasmodium d d d
w .Pa 44. Write thewdifferent .Pa w .Pa life cycle 116
w .Pa w .Pa
ww 45. Schuffners ww granules 116 ww ww ww
. O rg . O rg . O rg . O rg
sBig
a a i
l Questions:- s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 1. Briefly discuss . P da
aabout some of the P ada and viral diseases
bacterial
. .P adain human . P ada
w w w w w
ww beings 113, 114 ww ww ww ww

la .Org the lifecycle process

2. Explain
i l a i .Org of Plasmodium l a i .Org
116
l a i.Org lai.
s a
3. Different between s a
active and passive a
immunity
s 122 s a s a
da ada ada da da
w .Pa 4. Describe the w .P
structure of Antibody
w .P127 w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
5. Explain about the different types of vaccines 129

Padasalai
.Org different types
6.laExplain .of g
Orantigen and antibody g
.Orreactions 128 lai.Org .
a i a l a i a l a i a alai
a s
d 7. Describe the P d a s
structure and transmission s
d of HIV 131
a a s a s
.Pa 8. Write the effects . a of drugs and alcohol .Pa and how to control ad
.Pand . Pad
w w w w prevent ww w
ww ww ww ww
alcoholism?
9. i .Org vs. secondary
Primary i .Org
immune responses – .Org
Differentiate
i it 112 i .Org .
a
as
l a a l a
as a l a
as a l a alai
ad ad ad a das ad as
w.P w.P w.P w. P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww
rg rg rg i.Or
g
s a lai.O sal a i . O
sala
i.O
s a l a s a lai.
ada .Pa
da a da a da a da
w.P w w.P w.P ww
.P
ww ww ww ww w
i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i .Org i.
sala s a l a sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada ada ada ada .Pa
ww w.P ww
.P
ww
.P w
w ww w w ww
i.O rg i.Org i .Org i.Org .
s a l a s a l a sa la s a l a salai
ada ada ada ada .Pa
d a
w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .Pada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada ada
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da ada da da da
w .Pa w .PCHAPTER-8 MICROBES
w .Pa IN HUMAN WELFARE w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rQuestions:-
i .O g i
g
.O–rDifferentiate i .Org i .Org .
a s1.
a l Prebiotics
a vs. Probiotics
a sa l a
a
it
s 143
a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 2. Single cell w protein
.Pa 143 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 3. Fermentors ww 143 ww ww ww
4. Antibiotics
rg 143
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a
a Write the name ofasantibiotics
l a l a derived from
a s l a
a microbes 144 asa l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 6. Hypersensitivity w .Pa 144 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 7. Zymology ww145 ww ww ww
8. Oenology
. O rg 145 . O rg . O rg . O rg
s9.
a a i
l Biodiesel 146 s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 10. Cyclosporin.PAad a
146 . P ada . P ada . P ada
w ww w w w
ww 11. Writew the important assignment ww taken up under NRCP ww 148 ww

la .Org are the plans taken

12. iWhat
l a i .Orgto save the major l a i .Org of the country?
rivers
l a i Org
.148 lai.
s a
13. Define the Ganga a
and
s Yamuna action plan
s a 148 s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 14. Methanogens w .Pa148 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
15. Gobar gas 148

ww

ww
w

w
a
s

s
Padasalai
16.
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org
Crytoxin
d 17. Delta – endotoxin
a
.Pa 18. What arewthe
149 g
19. .Or
.Pa 20. Cyanobacteria
d
21. Key features
22. In-situ
O r
ww
Mycorrhiza

ww
149

w
150
.Pa 150
d a
s
d 149
a

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org
.Paspecific activities w

.Org

of organic farming
g vs. Ex-situ bioremediationO r g
w
. Pad

.Pa
ww 150
d

150
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

ww against the insectswin

.Org

O rg
ww
w

w
. Pad

.Pa
d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a
wDelta - endotoxin?ww

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww
w

w
. Pad

.Pa
d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

23.l a i .
Activated sludge 147 l a i . l a i . l a i . lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 24. Anaerobic sledge . P ada digesters 147 .Pada . P ada .P ada
w w w w w
ww ww
25. Bioremediation 151 ww ww ww
26. Microbial fuel cell 148 rg
a i . Org a i . O a i . Org a i . Org lai.
s27.
a l Penicillin 144 s a l s a l s a l s a
da da for fermentation da da da
w .Pa 28. Write thewequation .Pa w .Pa of glucose 146 w.Pa w .Pa
ww Big Questions:- ww ww ww ww
1. Write .Org on microbes inlahousehold .Org products 142 .Org .Org .
l a i i la i l a i alai
d a s2.
a Explain the industrial a s a applications of microbes a s a 143 a s a a s
.Pa 3. What are the ad
.Pfermented beverages?
d
.Pa145 .Pa
d
.Pa
d
w w w w w
ww 4. How the ww microbes used in sewage ww treatment and energy ww generation? 146ww
.Org the process oflabioremediation
5. Explain
i i .Org .Org
using imicroorganisms 151 i.Org .
a s l a
a Write an essay onamicrobes
6. s a as bio control
a s l a
aagents and biofertiliser a s ala 149 a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da
CHAPTER-9 APPLICATIONS da da da
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa OF BIOTECHNOLOGY w .Pa w .Pa
ww Short Questions:-
ww ww ww ww
1. Dwarfism rg 158
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s2.
a l Interferons
a 158
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 3. Types of recombinant w .Pa vaccines 158
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww w
4. Subunitwvaccines 158 ww ww ww
5. Genergtherapy 159
i .O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s6. a
a Differentiate it – Somatic
l
a sa l a cell gene therapya s l a
a vs. Germ line geneastherapy a l a 160 a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 7. Stem cells w .Pa
161 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 8. Types of ww stem cells 161 ww ww ww
9. Gene . O rgaugmentation therapy . O rg 159 . O rg . O rg
s10.
a a i
l Cord blood banking s a a i
l 162 s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 11. What are the . P da
amolecular techniques. P da
aused to diagnose the
. P da
akinds of . P ada
w w w w w
ww disorders? ww 162 ww ww ww

la .Org 163
12. iELISA
l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a
13. Denaturation 163 s a s a s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 14. Types of ELISA w .Pa 163 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
15. Applications of PCR 165

ww

ww
w

w
a

a
s

s
Padasalai
16.
a

20.
a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org
Transgenesis
d 17. What are the
.Pa 18. GMO or transgenic
19. Uses
O r g
ww
Totipotency
.
.Pa 21. Oligopotency
d
22. Pluripotency
23. Multipotency
O r g
ww
w

w
.Pa
165 lai.Org
steps

161
.Pa161
d
161
a

161
s

s
a
d involved in thePproduction

a
animals w
of Transgenesis 165g
l a i .Or

Org
165

ww
w

w
w .

.Pa
ad

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O
of transgenic

rg
ww

ww
w

w
. Pad

.Pa
d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i
organisms?

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
. Pad

.Pa
d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

24.l a i .
Unipotency 161 l a i . l a i . l a i . lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 25. Somatic cell.Pnuclear ada transfer 157.Pada . P ada .P ada
w w w w w
ww 26. How the wwHeamophilia treated wwusing r DNA technology? ww 158 ww
Big Questions:-
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org lai.
s1.
a l Explain the productions a l mechanism of Recombinant
s a l human insulin
s a l 156 s a
da da a
adhuman da 157 da
w .Pa 2. Explain thewproduction .Pa mechanismw .Pof .Pa
growth hormone
w w .Pa
ww 3. Describe wwthe type recombinant wwvaccines 158 ww ww
4. Briefly
.Org explain the processes .Org involved in PCR .O 163
rg .Org .
l a i l a i l a i l a i alai
d a s5.
a Describe the mechanism a s a of animal cloning
a s a 166 a s a a s
w .Pa 6. Advantagesw.and Paddisadvantages ofwcloning .Pa
d
167 w .Pa
d
w .Pa
d
ww w
7. See thewfigure 9.9 – Production wwtransgenic animals w w
166 ww
8. Explain g g g g
ala i.Or the process of gene ala i.Or therapy 159 ala i.Or ala i.Or ala i.
as as das as as
w. Pad w.Pad w . P a
w. Pad w. Pad
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada ada
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da ada
CHAPTER-10 ORGANISMS da AND POPULATION da da
w .Pa w .P w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rQuestions:-
i .O g 172 i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s1.
a l Habitat
a
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d Niche 172 d d d
w .Pa 2. Niche or Ecologicalw .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww rule 173
3. Van’t Hoff’s ww ww ww
4. Bergman’srg rule 173
i . O i.Org i .Org i .Org .
a s5. a
a Allen’s rule 173 asa
l l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d ad d d d
w .Pa 6. Jordon’s rule w .P173 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 7. Stenotherms ww 174 ww ww ww
8. Phototaxis
. O rg 174 . O rg . O rg . O rg
s9.
a a i
l Phototropism 174sal a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 10. Photokinesis . P da
a174 . P ada . P ada . P ada
w ww ww w w
ww 11. Majorwfunctions of soil 175 w ww ww

la .Org
12. iPopulation density 185
l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a
11. Porosity 176 s a s a s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 12. Crude density w .Pa185 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
13. Ecological density 185

ww

ww
w

w
a
s

s
Padasalai
14.
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org
Relative
d 15. Habitat vs. Niche
a
.Pa 16. Acclimatization
17. Characters
18. .
.Pa 19. What arewthe
d
O
What
r g
ww
are

20. Characteristic
21. Coriolis
O r
ww
abundancela185

w .Pa 176

the
a s

aquatic
d a s
a

of biome 177 g
a l a
i .Org
d – Differentiate itP172

.Or
biomes
i
.Pamajor biomes of the
features of Tundra
g effect 176 .Org
ww
of
w

w
. a

earth?

ww 179
d a

a
.Pearth?
s

177
s
ad 178
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

22.l a i .
Based on the Seasonal l a i distribution of rainfall,
l a i . how can you classify
l a i . the lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada tropical forests? . P da
180
a . P ada . P ada .P ada
w wwthe types of temperature w w w
ww 24. What w are ww forests based on wwthe Seasonal ww
distribution of rainfall? 181 rg
a i . Org a i . O a i . Org a i . Org lai.
s25.
a l Difference between s a l hot desert and cold sdesert
a l 181, 182 s a l s a
da Pad
a da da da
w .Pa 26. Regulators w .182 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 27. Conformers ww 183 ww ww ww
28. Migration
.Org 186 .Org .Org .Org .
l a i l a i l a i l a i alai
d a s29.
a Difference between
d a s a hibernation vs. aestivation
d a s a 183 d a s a
d a s
w .Pa 30. Diapausew183 .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 31. Adaptation ww 183 ww ww ww
.Org
32. iCamouflage 183 i .Org i .Org i.Org .
a s33.
l a
a Ethology 183 asa l a
a s a la
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.P ada 34. Adaptations .Pof
a
adaquatic animals 184
.Pa
da
.P ada .Pa
w ww 35. Adaptations w w w of terrestrial animals
w w w 184 w w w
w ww
36. Population
rg density 184 rg
i . O i .O i .Org i .Org .
a s37.
a l a Natality 185
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 38. Mortalityw185 .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 39. Population ww dispersion 186 ww ww ww
40. Emigration
rg 186
i . O i.Org i .Org i .Org .
a s41. a
a Immigration 186
l
a s a l a
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d Pad d d 187 d
w .Pa 42. Differencew.between r- selected w .Pa and k selectedwspecies
species .Pa w .Pa
ww 43. Anadromous ww vs. catadromous wwmigration 186 ww ww
44. Biotic
. O rg potential 187 i.Org . O rg . O rg
s45.
a a i
l Carrying capacitys187 a l a s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 46. Environmental . P
a
adresistance 187 . P ada . P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww ww ww
47. Difference between intraspecific vs. interspecific interaction 188 ww ww

la .Org are the types of

48. iWhat
l a i Org
.interaction l a i .Org
found in organism? 188
l a i.Org lai.
s a
49. Tundra vs. taiga a
178,
s 179 s a s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 50. Paedogenesis w .Pa175 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
51. Paedosphere 175

ww

ww
w
a
s

s
a

Padasalai
52.

1.
a
l

l
a i .Org
Properties

Describe
a i
.Pa 2. You shouldwknow
d
3. Explainwthe
4. Briefly
of soil 175
ad 53. Properties ofawater
w.P
a

Big Questions:-
d a
ww

a
s
w.P

s
a

.Org the major abiotic

a
l

l
a
175

a
i

i
.Org
ad a s a l

.Orgcomponents173lai.Org
.Pa about all the biomes
d
w types of animal interactions
ww
w .Pa
d a s a
188
rg explain the kinds ofrgadaptions seen in animals
a

ww

rg
i

ww
.Org
w.P

w .Pa
183
da s
ad

al
a

a
s

i
al a

.Org

rg
i

ww
.Org

w
ww

.Pa
d
w.P

a s
ad a

alai
s

.
alai
.

ww
w.P

s a lai.O s ala i.O

s ala i.O
s a lai.O s a lai.
.P ada .Pa
d a
.P ad a
.P ada
.P a da
w ww ww w
w ww w ww www

i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i .Org i.
sala s a l a sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada ada ada ada .Pa
ww w.P ww
.P
ww
.P w
w ww w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Org .
s a l a s a l a sa la s a l a salai
ada ada ada ada .Pa
d a
w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada ada
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da
CHAPTER-11 BIODIVERSITY da da da
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa AND ITS CONSERVATION w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Short rQuestions:-
i .O g of biodiversity i Org
.194 i .Org i .Org .
a s1.
a l Concept
a
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 2. Levels of biodiversity
w .Pa 194
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww w
3. Specieswrichness 194 ww ww ww
4. Three rg indices of species diversity
rg – Alpha, Beta rand g Gamma 195 .Org
i . O i. O i . O .
a salaCommunity/ Ecosystem
5. a sala diversity 195 asala a s alai a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa 6. Write the name w .Pa of Indian realmswand .Pabiomes 195 w .Pa w .Pa
ww 7. What are wwthe factors determine wwbiodiversity distribution ww patterns? 196 ww
8. What . O rgare the reasons for . Obiodiversity
rg richness . Oin
rgthe tropics? 196 i.Org
s9.
a a i
l List the name of bio-geographical
s a l a i
regions s aof a i
l India 198 s a la s a lai.
. P ada 10. Habitat loss.P200 ada . P ada . P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww 11. Habitat wwfragmentation 201 ww ww ww

la .Org are the causeslaofi.Obiodiversity

12. iWhat rg loss 200?
l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a
13. Which is the Lungs s aof the planet? why? s a
201 s a s a
da da da da da
w .Pa 14. What is Exotic w .Pa species? Give anwexample .Pa for exotic .Pa invasion 201 w.Pa
species
w
ww ww ww ww ww
15. Shifting or Jhum cultivation/ Slash and burn agriculture 202

ww

ww
w

w
a
s

s
Padasalai
16.
a

20.
a
l

l
a

a
i
.Pa 18. Hotspot 204
19. What
i
.Org
Co-extinction
d 17. Write the names
a

O r g
ww
Endangered
.
.Pa 21. What arewthe
d
22. General
23. Explain
O r
w .Pa
– define
a

species
a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

204
i .
Org example 202 lai.Org
.with
d of Indian biodiversity

O r

.Papurposes of preparation
d
wwstrategies in conservation
g the types of conservation O r g
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa
is extinction? Whatgare the types of extinction?

206
d
a

a
s

s
a
d hotspots 204 Pad

a l a i . O
.Pa of red list? 205w.Pa
r

- (in situ andrgex situ)

O
g
ww

ww
w .
204

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org

.Org

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

24.l a i .
What are the national l a i .parks located in Tamil
l a i . Nadu? 207 l a i . lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 25. What are the . P da life sanctuariesPlocated
awild . ada in Tamil Nadu? . P da
a207 .P ada
w w w w w
ww 26. Biosphere ww reserve 207 ww ww ww
27. Name of the Biosphere reserves found in TamilrgNadu 208
a i . Org a i . Org a i . O a i . Org lai.
s28.
a l Gene banks 208 s a l s a l s a l s a
da Pad
a da da da
w .Pa 29. Differencew.between .Pa conservation 208
in-situ andwex-situ w .Pa w .Pa
ww 30. What w
w w
are the natural threatswto biodiversity? 203w
w ww
Big .Questions:-
Org .Org .Org .Org .
l a i l a i l a i l a i alai
d a s1.
a Explain the level aofsabiodiversity 194 asa
d d d a s a
d a s
w .Pa 2. Importancew.of Pabiodiversity 197 w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 3. Briefly w
w
explain all the bio-geographical ww regions of India ww 198 ww
i .Org the major causes
4. Describe i .Orgof biodiversity loss i .O200rg i.Org .
a s5.
l a
a Explain the methods a s l a
a of biodiversity conservationa s a la
206 a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg .Org .Org
sala sala sa l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
da da da da da
w .Pa w .Pa CHAPTER-12 ENVIRONMENTAL
w .Pa ISSUES
w .Pa w .Pa
ww Short Questions:-
ww ww ww ww
1. Pollution rg 213
i . O i .Org i .Org i .Org .
a s2.
a l Pollutants
a 213
a sa l a
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d d 214 d d d
w .Pa 3. Types of pollutants w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww 214
4. Air pollution ww ww ww
5. Sources rg of nitrogen oxide r215
g
i . O i . O i .Org i .Org .
a s6. a
a Major causes of acid
l
a s a
arain 215
l
a s a l a
a s a l a
a s alai
d adair pollution 215 .Pad d d
w .Pa 7. Main sources w .Pof w w .Pa w .Pa
ww w
8. What iswsmog? And how it is created? ww 216 ww ww
9. Effect
. O rg of Peroxyacetyl nitrate . O rg 216 . O rg . O rg
s10.
a a i
l Global warming 216 s a l a i
s a l a i
s a l a i
s a lai.
. P ada 11. Ozone depletion . Pada216 . P ada .P ada . P ada
w w w w w
ww 12. Acid rain ww 216 ww ww ww
13. iAQI
la .Org217 l a i .Org l a i .Org l a i .Org lai.
s a
14. What are the types
s a of sources of water a
pollution?
s 217 s a s a
da ada da da da
w .Pa 15. Prevention w .Pof water pollution 219
w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
16. Sources of noise pollution 220

ww

ww
w

w .Pa 221
d a
s

s
Padasalai
17.
a

a
l

l
a

a
i

i
.Org of noise pollution
Effects
d 18. How to control
a
.Pa 19. Agrochemicals

21. .

22. Colony
O
What

O
r

r g
ww
20. Bio-magnification
g
are
w

w
.Pa 220

the
.Pa
wcollapse
23. Eutrophication
w
d a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a

221 g
chemicals a
i

i
.Org220
dthe noise pollutionPa220
a

syndrome 221
222
O
r
.Oused

rg
ww

ww
in
w .

mosquito
w .Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
a

a
l

l
a i .Org

.Org
repellents?
a i

O rg
ww

ww
w .Pa

Write
w .Pa
d

d
a s a

their
a s a
l

l
a

a
i .Org

.Org
effects
i

O rg
ww

ww
w

w
.Pa

.Pa
d

d
a

a
s

s
alai

alai
.

24.l a i .
Cultural or accelerated l a i . eutrophication 222 l a i . l a i . lai.
s a s a s a s a s a
. P ada 25. List out the.Pphysical, ada chemical and . P da
abiological methods .ofP da
awastewater .P ada
w ww w w w
ww treatmentw222 ww ww ww
26. Major sources of solid wastes 224
a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org a i . Org lai.
s27.
a l What are the methods
s a l used to dispose radioactive
s a l wastes? 225s a l s a
da ada 227 da da da
w .Pa 28. Greenhouse w .Pgases w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 29. What w
w w
are the methods usedwto dispose medical wastes? ww 226 ww
30. Name .Org the hazardouslasubstances .Org found in a personnel.Org computer 226 .Org .
l a i i l a i l a i alai
d a s31.
a What are the ozone a s a depleting substances a s a (ODS)? 228 a s a a s
.Pa 32. How can w we ad
.Pcontrol the depletion adozone layer? 228 .Pad
.Pof .Pa
d
w w w w
ww 33. Ecosan wwtoilets 229 ww ww ww
.Org
34. iDeforestation 228 i.Org i .Org i.Org .
a s35.
l a
a Chipko movement a s a l a
a s a la
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa w .Pa w.P
a
w .Pa w .Pa
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P
 ala i. i. .
laiwww.TrbTnpsc.com lai. lai.
a s sala
www.Padasalai.Net
da sa sa s a
a d a ada ada .Pa
da
w.P w.P w. P w .P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Or
g
i.
sala sala sa l a s a l a
das
ala
.Pada 36. Who is the .forest a
Pad man of India?wWhy? .Pa
da ada
a
ww w w w w w.P ww.P
w w w w w
Big Questions:-
g rg rg
i .Orshould i .Oall i .O i .Org and .
a s1.
a l You
a aware
a
about
sa l a kind of pollutions
a s a l a and its causes, prevention
a s a l a
a s alai
d d d d d
w .Pa control measures w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa w .Pa
ww 2. Briefly w w
explain w
the integratedwwastewater management ww 222 ww
3. Discussrg on radioactive iwaste
rg and its management rg 225 rg
i . O . O i .O i.O lai.
alaExplain the causes
as4. ala effects of ozoneadepletion
asand sala 227 sala sa
.P ad .P ad .P ad ada ada
ww ww ww ww.P w .P
w w w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.
da sala sala sala sala s ala
a ada a da ad a a d a
w.P w . P w.P w.P ww
.P
ww ww ww ww w
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.Org i.
sala sala sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada .Pada .P ada .P ada .Pa
w ww w ww w ww w ww ww
w

Padasalaii.O rg i.Org i.Org .Or g

a la a l a a l a l ai lai.
ada
s
ada
s
ada
s
a dasa ada
sa
w . P w.P w.P w. P w.P
ww ww ww ww ww

a i .Org i.O rg i .Org lai.O

rg
lai.
das
a l sala sa l a s a sa
.Pa .P ada .P ada Pad
a ada
w w w w . w.P
ww ww ww ww w w
rg rg rg i.Or
g
s a lai.O sal a i . O
sala
i.O
s a l a s a lai.
ada .Pa
da a da a da a da
w.P w w.P w.P ww
.P
ww w w ww ww w
i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i .Org i.
sala s a l a sala sa l a
das
ala
.P ada ada ada ada .Pa
ww w.P ww
.P
ww
.P w
w ww w w ww
i.O rg i.O rg i .Org i.Org .
s a l a s a l a sa la s a l a salai
ada ada ada ada .Pa
d a
w.P w.P w.P w.P w
ww ww ww ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg i.O rg .
sala sala sala sala s alai
.P ada .P ada ada ada ad a
w w w.P w .P w .P
ww ww w w ww ww
i.O rg i.O rg i.Or
g
i.O rg i.
da sala sala s a l a sala s ala
a ada ada ada a da
w.P P
w.Questions
Send Your w.P
& Answer Keys w.P
to our email id - [email protected] w.P