Abstract

Q1. An 8-pole d.c. shunt generator with 778 wave-connected armature conductors and running
at 500 r.p.m. supplies a load of 12.5 Ω resistance at terminal voltage of 250 V. The
armature resistance is 0.24 Ω and the field resistance is 250 Ω. Find the armature
current, the induced e.m.f. and the flux per pole.
Solution:
Load current =IL= V/R = 250/12.5 = 20 A.

Shunt current = Ish = V/Rsh= 250 /250= 1 A.

Armature current = Ia= IL+Ish =20 + 1 = 21A.
Induced e.m.f. = Eg = V +IaRa
=250 + (21×0.24) =255.04 V.
Eg = Φ ZN P/60 A
∴ 255.04 = (Φ ×778× 500 ×8) / (60×2)
∴ Φ= 9.83 mWb.
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Q2. A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50 A at 500 V and has armature,
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05 Ω, 0.03 Ω and 250 Ω respectively.
Calculate the generated voltage and the armature current. Allow 1 V per brush for
contact drop.
Solution:
Ish = V/Rsh
Ish = 500/250 = 2 A.
Current through armature and series winding is
Ia=I+ Ish =50 + 2 = 52 A.
Voltage drop on series field winding is
= 52 × 0.03 = 1.56 V.
Armature voltage drop = IaRa
IaRa = 52 × 0.05 = 2.6 V.
Drop at brushes = 2 × 1 = 2 V.
Eg = V + IaRa + series drop + brush drop,
= 500 + 2.6 + 1.56 + 2 = 506.16V.
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Q3. A short-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 30 A at 220 V, and has
armature, series-field and shunt-field resistances of 0.05 Ω, 0.30 Ω and 200 Ω
respectively. Calculate the induced e.m.f. and the armature current. Allow 1.0 V per
brush for contact drop.
Solution:
Voltage drop in series winding = 30 × 0.3 = 9 V.
Voltage across shunt winding = 220 + 9 = 229V.
Ish = V/Rsh
Ish =229/200 = 1.145 A.
Ia =I+ Ish = 30 + 1.145 = 31.145 A.
IaRa = 31.145 × 0.05 = 1.56 V.
Brush drop = 2 × 1 = 2 V.
Eg = V + series drop + brush drop + IaRa
= 220 + 9 + 2 + 1.56 = 232.56 V.
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Q4. A d.c. motor takes an armature current of 110 A at 480 V. The armature circuit resistance is
0.2 Ω. The machine has 6-poles and the armature is lap-connected with 864
conductors. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb. Calculate (i) the speed and (ii) the gross
torque developed by the armature.
.Solution

.Eb = V – IaRa = 480 - 110 × 0.2=458 V

Eb=K Φ N , N = Eb/ KΦ, K=PZ/60A=6×864/60×6 =14.4

.N=458/14.4×0.05 =636 r.p.m )i (
.Ta = 9.55× (Eb Ia/N) =9.55× (458×110 /636)= 756.5 N.M )ii (

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Q5: A 4-pole series motor has 944 wave-connected armature conductors. At a certain load, the
flux per pole is 34.6 mWb and the total mechanical torque developed is 209 N-m.
Calculate the line current taken by the motor and the speed at which it will run with an
applied voltage of 500 V. Total motor resistance is 3 ohm.

Solution: Ta = 0.159 φ ZIa (P/A) N-m. ∴ 209 = 0.159 × 34.6 × 10−3 × 944 × Ia (4/2).

Ia = 20.1 A. Eb = V − IaRa = 500 − 20.1 × 3 = 439.7 V.

Eb = Φ ZN × (P/A) or 439.7 = 34.6 × 10−3 × 944 × N × 2. ∴ N = 6.73 r.p.s.

or N = 382.2 r.p.m.
Q6. A d.c. series motor takes 40 A at 220 V and runs at 800 r.p.m. If the armature and field
resistance are 0.2 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively and the iron and friction losses are 0.5
kW, find the torque developed in the armature. What will be the output of the motor?
Solution.

Armature torque Ta = 9.55 Eb Ia/ N N.m.

Eb = V − Ia (Ra + Rse) = 220 − 40 (0.2 + 0.1) = 208 V.
∴ Ta = 9.55 × 208 × 40/800 = 99.3 N.m.
2
Cu loss in armature and series-field resistance = 40 × 0.3 = 480 W.

Iron and friction losses = 500 W.

Total losses = 480 + 500 = 980 W.
Motor power input = 220 × 40 = 8,800 W.
Motor output = 8,800 − 980 = 7,820 W = 7.82 kW.
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Q7. A single phase transformer on no-load takes 4.5A at a power factor of 0.25 lagging when
connected to a 230V, 50H z supply. The number of turns of the primary winding is 250.
Calculate;
(i) The magentising current.
(ii) The core loss and
(iii) The maximum value of flux in the core.
Solution:
cos φ0 =0.25, ∴ sin φ0=0.968

(i) Magnetising component (Im) = I0 sin φ0 =4.5×0.968=4.35 A.

(ii) Core loss (Wo) =V1 I0 cos φ0 =230×4.5×0.25 =259W.

(iii) The maximum value of flux ɸm , at no-load Io is small, E1≈V1.

V1=4.44 f1N1 ɸm, 230=4.44 ɸm×50×250.

∴ ɸm=230/ (4.44×50×250). =4.14×10-3 Wb.

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Q8. A 2,200/200-V transformer draws a no-load primary current of 0.6 A and absorbs 400 watts.
Find the magnetising and iron loss currents.
Solution: No-load input in watts (Wo) =V1 I0 cos φ0

Iron-loss current (Iw) = I0 cos φ0 = Wo / V1=400/2200 = 0.182A.

I0 =√ I 2 m+ I 2 w = 0.6A ∴ Im = √ I 2 o−I 2 w

Magnetising component Im =√ 0.62−0.1822 =0.75A.

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2
Q9. A Single phase 2200/250V, 50Hz transformer has a net core area of 36cm and a maximum
2
flux density of 6Wb/m . Calculate the number of turns of primary and secondary.

Solution.
E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm , Φm= Bm×A, N1= E1 / 4.44f Bm×A ,

∴ 2200=4.44f N1 Bm×A , 2200 =4.44×50×N1×6×36×10-4

∴ N1=2200/4.7952 =458.79 =459Turns

-4
N2= E2 / 4.44f Bm×A, N2 =250/4.44×50× 6×36×10

∴ N2=250/4.7952 =52Turns

Q10. Number of methods for controlling the flux speed of series-excited motors.
(1) Field Divertors, (2) Armature Divertor, (3) Trapped Field Control Field, (4) Paralleling Field
coils:
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Q11. The number of practical parts of a DC generator.
1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke. 2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes. 3. Pole Coils or Field Coils.

4. Armature Core. 5. Armature Windings or Conductors. 6. Commutator. 7. Brushes and

Bearings.
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Q12. Number of methods for the Speed Control of Shunt motors
1- Flux Control Method (N ∝ 1/Φ). 2- Armature or Rheostatic Control Method. 3- Voltage
Control Method: a- Multiple Voltage Control. b- Ward-Leonard System.
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Q13. Why the terminal voltage falls for the separately excited generator ; Due to two reasons
(*) The armature reaction weakens the main flux so that actual e.m.f. generated E on load is
less than that generated (Eo) on no load.

(*) There is voltage drop across armature resistance (= ILRa = IaRa).Due to these reasons, the
external characteristic is a drooping.

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Q14.define the following terms.

Magnetism: The force that acts between magnets and magnetic materials

Magnetic Flux Density B: Flux density is found by dividing the total flux Φ passing
perpendicularly through an area by the size of the area A, [B= Φ / A] Tesla, (T).
Ferromagnetic Materials: Magnetic materials (materials that are attracted by magnets such as
iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys)

Permeability: The permeability is defined as the ability or ease with which the magnetic material
forces the magnetic flux through a given medium, there are two permeability's, i)
Absolute permeability 𝝁𝒐 ii) Relative permeability 𝝁𝒓.
Core Loss: The sum of hysteresis and eddy current losses is called core loss as both the losses
occur within the core (magnetic material).

Commutator: A commutator is a converts the mechanical rectifier which alternating voltage

generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes.
Pole-pitch: It is equal to the number of armature conductors (or armature slots) per pole.

Conductor: The length of a wire lying in the magnetic field and in which an e.m.f. is induced, is
called a conductor

Transformer: A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering the
voltage of A.C. supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. By means
of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same
frequency in another circuit.
Critical field resistance: The maximum field circuit resistance (for a given speed) with which the
shunt generator would just excite.

Critical speed of a shunt generator; is the minimum speed below which it fails to excite.