7/23/24, 12:54 PM quantum computing lesson 1

In [1]: import numpy as np

In [4]: ket0 = np.array([1,0])

ket1 = np.array([0,1])
print(1/2*ket0 + 1/2*ket1)

[0.5 0.5]

In [9]: M1 = np.array([[1,1],[0,0]])
M2 = np.array([[1,1],[1,0]])
print(M1)
print()
print(M2)
M1/2 + M2/2

[[1 1]
[0 0]]

[[1 1]
[1 0]]
Out[9]: array([[1. , 1. ],
[0.5, 0. ]])

In [12]: M1.dot(ket1)

Out[12]: array([1, 0])

In [14]: np.matmul(M1,ket1)

Out[14]: array([1, 0])

In [16]: M1.dot(M2)

Out[16]: array([[2, 1],

[0, 0]])

In [17]: M2.dot(M1)

Out[17]: array([[1, 1],

[1, 1]])

In [18]: # Install Qiskit

!pip install qiskit

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In [19]: # Install Qiskit

!pip install qiskit-ibm-runtime

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Defining and displaying state vectors Qiskit's Statevector class provides functionality for
defining and manipulating quantum state vectors. The following code cell imports the
Statevector class and defines a few vectors using it. (Note that we need the sqrt function
from the NumPy library to compute the square roots for the vector u .)

In [20]: from qiskit.quantum_info import Statevector

from numpy import sqrt

u = Statevector([1 / sqrt(2), 1 / sqrt(2)])

v = Statevector([(1 + 2.0j) / 3, -2 / 3])
w = Statevector([1 / 3, 2 / 3])

print("State vectors u, v, and w have been defined.")

State vectors u, v, and w have been defined.

The Statevector class provides a draw method for displaying state vectors, including latex
and text options for different visualizations, as this code cell demonstrates:

In [21]: display(u.draw("latex"))

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display(v.draw("text"))

√2 √2
|0⟩ + |1⟩
2 2

[ 0.33333333+0.66666667j,-0.66666667+0.j ]

The Statevector class also includes the is_valid method, which checks to see if a given
vector is a valid quantum state vector (i.e., that it has Euclidean norm equal to 1):

In [22]: display(u.is_valid())
display(w.is_valid())

True
False

Simulating measurements using Statevector Next we will see one way that
measurements of quantum states can be simulated in Qiskit, using the measure method
from the Statevector class.

First, we create a qubit state vector v and then display it.

In [23]: v = Statevector([(1 + 2.0j) / 3, -2 / 3])

v.draw("latex")

Out[23]:
1 2i 2
( + )|0⟩ − |1⟩
3 3 3

Code cells can be modified — so go ahead and change the specification of the vector if you
wish.

Next, running the measure method simulates a standard basis measurement. It returns the
result of that measurement, plus the new quantum state of our system after that
measurement.

In [154… v.measure()

Out[154… ('1',
Statevector([ 0.+0.j, -1.+0.j],
dims=(2,)))

Measurement outcomes are probabilistic, so the same method can return different results.
Try running the cell a few times to see this.

For the particular example of the vector v defined above, the measure method defines the
quantum state vector after the measurement takes place to be

(1+2j/5**0.5)∣0⟩ (rather than ∣0⟩) or −∣1⟩ rather than ∣1⟩, depending on the measurement
outcome. In both cases the alternatives are, in fact, equivalent — they are said to differ by a

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global phase because one is equal to the other multiplied by a complex number on the unit
circle. This issue is discussed in greater detail in Lesson 3, and can safely be ignored for now.

As an aside, Statevector will throw an error if the measure method is applied to an invalid
quantum state vector. Feel free to give it a try if you're interested in seeing what an error
looks like.

Statevector also comes with a sample_counts method that allows for the simulation of
any number of measurements on the system. For example, the following cell shows the
outcome of measuring the vector v 1000 times, which (with high probability) results in the
outcome 00 approximately 5 out of every 9 times (or about 556 of the 1000 trials) and the
the outcome 1 approximately 4 out of every 9 times (or about 444 out of the 1000 trials).
The cell also demonstrates the plot_histogram function for visualizing the results.

In [155… from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram

statistics = v.sample_counts(1000)
display(statistics)
plot_histogram(statistics)

{'0': 530, '1': 470}

Out[155…

Running the cell multiple times and trying different numbers of samples in place of 1000
may be helpful for developing some intuition for how the number of trials influences the
estimated probabilities.

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Performing operations with Operator and *Statevector Unitary operations can be

defined and performed on state vectors in Qiskit using the *Operator class, as in the
example that follows.

In [156… from qiskit.quantum_info import Operator

X = Operator([[0, 1], [1, 0]])

Y = Operator([[0, -1.0j], [1.0j, 0]])
Z = Operator([[1, 0], [0, -1]])
H = Operator([[1 / sqrt(2), 1 / sqrt(2)], [1 / sqrt(2), -1 / sqrt(2)]])
S = Operator([[1, 0], [0, 1.0j]])
T = Operator([[1, 0], [0, (1 + 1.0j) / sqrt(2)]])

v = Statevector([1, 0])

v = v.evolve(H)
v = v.evolve(T)
v = v.evolve(H)
v = v.evolve(T)
v = v.evolve(Z)

v.draw("text")

Out[156… [ 0.85355339+0.35355339j,-0.35355339+0.14644661j]

In [157… X

Operator([[0.+0.j, 1.+0.j],
[1.+0.j, 0.+0.j]],
input_dims=(2,), output_dims=(2,))

Looking ahead toward quantum circuits Quantum circuits won't be formally introduced
until Lesson 3, but we can nevertheless experiment with composing qubit unitary
operations using Qiskit's *QuantumCircuit* class. In particular, we may define a quantum
circuit (which in this case will simply be a sequence of unitary operations performed on a
single qubit) as follows.

In [158… from qiskit import QuantumCircuit

circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)

circuit.h(0)
circuit.t(0)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.t(0)
circuit.z(0)

circuit.draw()

┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐
Out[158…
q: ┤ H ├┤ T ├┤ H ├┤ T ├┤ Z ├
└───┘└───┘└───┘└───┘└───┘

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7/23/24, 12:54 PM quantum computing lesson 1

The operations are applied sequentially, starting on the left and ending on the right in the
figure. Let us first initialize a starting quantum state vector and then evolve that state
according to the sequence of operations.

In [172… ket0 = Statevector([1, 0])

v = ket0.evolve(circuit)
v.draw("text")

Out[172… [ 0.85355339+0.35355339j,-0.35355339+0.14644661j]

Finally, let's simulate the result of running this experiment (i.e., preparing the state ∣0⟩, ∣0⟩,
applying the sequence of operations represented by the circuit, and measuring) 4000
times.

In [173… statistics = v.sample_counts(4000)

plot_histogram(statistics)

Out[173…

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