DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
 Types of
Disaster

Man
Natural Made
 Types
of
Natural Disaster
Natural Disaster
• A major event brought about by the natural processes of the
Earth that causes widespread destruction to the environment
and loss of life.
• Effects of Natural disaster on living being:
- They face danger of death or physical injury.
- They may also lose their home, possessions, and community.
 Natural Disaster

Geophysical Biological Meteorological Hydrological Climatological

Geophysical Disaster
These are catastrophic events that arise as a result of changes in
the earth, either above the earth surfaces or below the surface.

It happens because of geophysical processes such as mass

movement, landslides, rockslides, surface collapses and debris
flow

Geophysical Disaster: - Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions,

Mudflows and Landslides
 Vent
Conduit

Magma Chamber
Volcanic Eruption
Biological Disaster
These are natural scenarios involving disease, disability or death
on a large scale among humans, animals and plants due to
micro-organisms like bacteria, or virus or toxins.

These might be caused by epidemics, accidental release of

virulent microorganism(s) or Bioterrorism (BT) with the use of
biological agents as anthrax, smallpox, etc

Example: Malaria, Dengue fever, Cholera etc.

Meteorological Disaster
Violent, sudden and destructive change to the environment
related to, produced by, or affecting the earth’s atmosphere,
especially the weather-forming processes.

Example: Blizzards, drought, cold waves, tornadoes, cyclone,

typhoon, etc.
Hydrological Disaster
Violent, sudden and destructive change either in the quality of
earth’s water or in the distribution or movement of water on
land, below the surface or in the atmosphere.

Example: Floods, droughts, whirlpool and tsunami

Climatological Disaster
These are defined as hazards brought on by long-lived, meso to
macro-scale atmospheric phenomena, ranging from intra-
seasonal to multi-decadal climatic variability, are reffered to as
climatological hazards.

Example: heat wave, fir break, storms etc

 Types
of
Man-made Disaster
 Man-made
Disaster
Fire Road
accidents Accident

Biological Chemical

Nuclear Terrorism Epidemic

Fire & Road accidents
Wildfires occur when vegetated areas are set alight and are
particularly common during hot and dry periods. These are
called fire accidents.

A road accident is defined as an accident involving at least one

vehicle on a road open to public traffic in which at least one
person is injured or killed.
Biological & Chemical Disaster
Chemical disasters are man-made disasters that are caused due
industrial accidents, irresponsible handling of chemicals, or
purposeful acts aiming for destruction.

Biological disasters are man-made disasters that are caused due

to release of. germs. microbes. , viruses, or other biological
substances.
Nuclear Disaster
An accident taking place in any nuclear facility of the nuclear
fuel cycle including the nuclear reactor, or in a facility using
radioactive sources, leading to a large-scale release of
radioactivity in the environment.
Terrorism
Terrorism may involve devastating acts using weapons of mass
destruction ranging from chemical agents, biological hazards, a
radiological or nuclear device, and other explosives. The primary
objective of a terrorist is to create widespread fear.
Epidemic
Epidemics are an unexpected, often sudden, increase of a
specific illness within a community or region.
Example: Covid-19
 DISASTER
MANAGEMEN
Disaster Management
Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to
disasters. It involves strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm that disasters
cause.
It also involves a systematic approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster
prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
 Disaster
Management

Disaster Disaster
Prevention Preparedness

Disaster Disaster
Response Recovery
Aspects of Disaster Management

The International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent

Societies defines disaster management as the organisation and
management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all the
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
-Disaster Prevention
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) views Disaster
Prevention as the concept of engaging in activities which intend to prevent or
avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance, activities
designed to provide protection from the occurrence of disasters. United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (WCPT) similarly highlight that
while not all disasters can be prevented, good risk management, evacuation
plans, environmental planning and design standards can reduce risk of loss of
life and injury mitigation. The HYOGO Framework was one such Global Plan
for natural Disaster Risk Reduction, which was adopted in 2005 as a 10 year
Global Plan, signed by agreement with 168 Governments which offered guiding
principles, priorities for action and practical means for achieving disaster
resilience for vulnerable communities.

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Types of Preventative Measures
• WHO’s Emergency Training guide gives multiple examples types of preventative
measures, which include:
• Planning measures: Cities and locales can be planned and built in the safest way
possible. Houses and workplaces should be built away from the areas that are most
vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters. Infrastructure should be built with the
risk of natural disaster in mind. For example, Japanese skyscrapers contain
a multitude of safety measures, such as shock absorbers and hydraulic dampers, to
minimize the risk of collapse due to an earthquake.
• Economic measures: Local economies should be structured to minimize disaster
vulnerability and incentivize safety. For example, a diversified economy that is less
dependent on agriculture will be more resilient against flooding. Locales should
offer incentives such as loans for constructing more resilient infrastructure, housing,
and buildings.
• Societal measures: It is important that community members are taught the best
practices for staying safe during a disaster. If the community does not know what to
do in the face of a natural disaster, there is a risk of widespread panic that derails
response efforts and creates unsafe conditions such as overcrowding.
-Disaster Preparedness
• According to International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Disaster
Preparedness refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of
disasters, be they natural or man-made. This is achieved through research and
planning in order to try to predict areas or regions that may be at risk of disaster
and where possible prevent these from occurring and/or reduce the impact those
disasters on the vulnerable populations that may be affected so they can effectively
cope. Disaster preparedness activities embedded with risk reduction measures can
prevent disaster situations and also result in saving maximum lives and livelihoods
during any disaster situation, enabling the affected population to get back to
normalcy within a short time period.
• Minimization of loss of life and damage to property through facilitation of effective
disaster response and rehabilitation services when required. Preparedness is the
main way of reducing the impact of disasters. Community-based preparedness and
management should be a high priority in physical therapy practice management.

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Tips to reduce the chance of occurring disaster
-Natural Disaster
To keep you and your family safe during a natural disaster, these preparedness
safety tips can prevent injuries and make the difference in an emergency:
• Stay informed: Tune in to local authorities for information about evacuations and
safety tips.
• Have a plan for evacuation: Know where you will go during a natural disaster and
how you will get there.
• Keep emergency kits on hand: Stock kits with flashlights, batteries, first aid
supplies, and important identification information.
• Avoid unnecessary risks: Do not leave your home unless instructed to do so.
• Go to the safest area in your home: During a flood, go to a higher floor. If a
tornado is in the area, go to a basement or inner room on the bottom floor of
your home.
• Flood safety
During a flood: avoid standing water to prevent drowning, even if it is only 6 inches deep. Do not drive
through standing water.

After a flood: avoid entering or touching flood water. It can have electrical charge, and may be contaminated
with sewage and chemicals. Learn how to protect your health after a flood, how to clean mold, what to wear
while cleaning, and what to keep and what to throw away.
• Heating equipment safely
If you smell gas, open all windows and doors. Do not use matches, candles, lighters, or turn on the stove.
Sparks can ignite the gas and cause a fire or an explosion. Call the gas company from your neighbor's house.
If you suspect there is damage to the heating equipment, do not use it until a qualified service representative
has checked it.
• Electrical equipment safety
• WARNING: Never use wet electrical appliances. They may cause an electric shock, overheat, or start a fire.
• Do not touch any exposed cable or electrical wire.
• Safety tips for children
• Do not allow children to wade or play in contaminated water or sand.
• Do not leave cleaning buckets with even small amounts of liquids unattended. Toddlers are "top heavy" and if
they topple into a bucket, it may not tip over and they could drown.
-Man-made Disaster
• When looking at past man-made incidents, we can draw some general conclusions about how to
prevent or minimize the effects of future ones.
• Locate nuclear and chemical power plants and materials away from human-populated areas.
• Implement immediate and clear communication plans at the local, national, and international levels.
Especially regarding nuclear disasters, as these often extend beyond borders.
• Conduct pilot studies and continued surveillance when implementing changes that could
affect public health.
• Use safe infrastructure (i.e., replace lead piping).
• Create policies to monitor and enforce safe storage of hazardous materials and chemicals.
• Implement plans that outline immediate response procedures in the case of a disaster.
• Design a long-term contingency plan for mitigating man-made disaster effects.
• Obey and enforce regulations regarding removing trees, building fires, burning organic materials, and
disposing waste.
• Educate the public with clear instructions on what to do during each disaster (i.e., evacuation
procedures, stay-at-home orders, etc.).
• Conduct a risk assessment before performing any experiments, potentially hazardous processes, or
activities that could lead to harmful outcomes.
 Pack an emergency preparedness kit
• Having an emergency preparedness kit on hand may help you keep your family safe during a disaster. Store
supplies in a large waterproof container near a door or in your garage so you can grab it and find shelter
quickly. You should have at least three days' worth of food, water and medications on hand. They also provide
a list of items to include in your disaster kit:
• Drinking water (at least one gallon per person per day)
• Nonperishable food, such as canned veggies and protein bars
• Manual can opener
• Flashlights or portable lanterns and extra batteries
• First aid kit
• A crank- or battery-powered radio
• Sanitation supplies: toilet paper, moist towelettes, soap, trash bags and disinfectants
• Local maps
• Depending on your situation, your kit might also include:
• Baby food, bottles and diapers
• Pet food
• Prescription medications
• Extra eyeglasses or contact lenses and solution
• Dry clothing and blankets
House structure to face any disaster
-Disaster Response
• Disaster response refers to the actions taken directly before, during or in the
immediate aftermath of a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and
safety and to meet the subsistence needs of the people affected.
• Coordinated multi-agency response is vital to this stage of Disaster Management in
order to reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-term results with relief activities
including [3]:
• Rescue
• Relocation
• Provision Food and Water
• Provision Emergency Health Care
• Prevention of Disease and Disability
• Repairing Vital Services e.g. Telecommunications, Transport
• Provision Temporary Shelter

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Do’s and Don’t
❖During Earthquake
• DROP, COVER & HOLD Stay away from windows, bookcases, bookshelves, heavy mirrors,
hanging plants, fans and other heavy objects. Stay under 'cover' till the shaking stops.
• After tremors subside exit your home or school building and move to open fields.
• Do not push others.
• During Flood
• DO NOT WALK THROUGH FLOWING WATER
Drowning is the number one cause of flood deaths. Most of these drownings occur during flash
floods. Six inches of swiftly moving water can knock you off your feet. And use a pole or stick to
make sure that the ground is still there while walking through a flooded area, even where the
water is not flowing.
• DO NOT DRIVE THROUGH A FLOODED AREA
More people drown in their cars than anywhere else. Don't drive around road barriers. They are
there for a reason. The road or bridge may be washed out.
❖During Fire
• BEFORE:
The schools to be given license only after checking up its safety.
The schools must have sufficient exit routes.
• DURING:
Exit from the school to an open area.
Contain the fire if possible. If not , get outdoors immediately.
• AFTER:
DON'T Re- enter or permit anyone to enter the school building , unless the fire
officials have given permission to enter.
Teachers to confirm that all students have reached their homes safely.
❖During a Landslides
• Stay alert and awake.Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
Listen to a Weather Radio or portable, battery-powered radio or television for
warnings of intense rainfall.
• Be aware that intense, short burst of rain may be particularly dangerous,
especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather.
❖During a Storm Season
• Make your house safe:
• If your house has a tin roof check for loose nails, holes, leaks and rusty areas and do
the repair works
• If your house has a thatched roof check for the damages done by growth of algae and
moss, rodents, birds and previous storms, and re-thatch, strengthen and replace the
broken bamboo
• If the door and window latches of your house are not working and there cracks/gaps in
the window or door panes do the repair and replacement works
• Remove dead branches or dying trees from your yards which could blow about and
cause damage to your house
• Make Yourself Safe during this Storm Season :
• Do not take shelter in small sheds and under isolated trees
• If you are outside, take shelter in a safe structure
• If you are driving, stop your car and park in a safe place away from power
lines and trees
• Do not venture out and stay indoors during a storm
-Disaster Recovery
• Vulnerability of communities often continues for long after the initial
crisis is over. Disaster Recovery refers to those programmes which go
beyond the provision of immediate relief to assist those who have
suffered the full impact of a disaster and include the following activities:
• Rebuilding Infrastructure e.g. Homes, Schools, Hospitals, Roads
• Health Care and Rehabilitation
• Development Activities e.g. building human resources for health
• Development Policies and Practices to avoid or mitigate similar
situations in future

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EXAMPLE
COVID-19
What is Covid-19?
• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by
the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in
small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or
breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to
smaller aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette,
for example by coughing into a flexed elbow, and to stay home and
self-isolate until you recover if you feel unwell.

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It’s prevention
Prevention Actions to Use at All COVID-19 Community Levels
• In addition to basic health and hygiene practices, like handwashing, CDC
recommends some prevention actions at all COVID-19 hospital admission
levels, which include:
• Staying Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines
• Improving Ventilation
• Getting Tested for COVID-19 If Needed
• Following Recommendations for What to Do If You Have Been Exposed
• Staying Home If You Have Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19
• Seeking Treatment If You Have COVID-19 and Are at High Risk of Getting
Very Sick
• Avoiding Contact with People Who Have Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19

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It’s preparedness
• We should sanitize our houses and clean your hands regularly
with alcohol based sanitizer.
• We should wear mask and check our temperature and oxygen
level in our body.
• Wash or sanitize vegetables and items of daily need.
• If anyone travels a long distance, he/she should be quarantined
and has to check whether he/she is covid positive or negative.
• Take vaccine as suitable to your age and take booster dose also to
overcome the chances of getting infected.
It’s response
• Eat nutritious and balanced food.
• Immunisation state should be upto date.
• Prevent overcrowding.
• Good ventilation.
• Protect from hot and cold weather.
• Health Education.
• Surveillance.
STEPS TO FOLLOW FOR AN EFFECTIVE PANDEMIC
RESPONSE
• 1. Establish an emergency operations center
• 2. Continually assess needs, identify resources, and plan for response
• 3. Implement the response
• 4. Prepare for community recovery
• 5. Provide contacts of hospitals, ambulance services, etc. for
emergencies and for any further information.
It’s recovery
• Post COVID-19 condition, also known as long COVID, refers to long-
term symptoms that some people experience after they have had
COVID-19. People who experience post COVID-19 condition sometimes
refer to themselves as “long-haulers”.
• These symptoms might persist from their initial illness or develop after
their recovery. They can come and go or relapse over time.

• The most common symptoms associated with post COVID-19

condition include fatigue, breathlessness and cognitive dysfunction
(for example, confusion, forgetfulness, or a lack of mental focus or
clarity). Post COVID-19 condition can affect a person’s ability to
perform daily activities such as work or household chores.
❖8 steps for home-based recovery and safe care for a
household member with COVID-19
➢1 Isolate the person with COVID-19 and maintain distance
➢2 Open windows to bring in fresh air
➢3 Designate caregivers
➢4 Wear masks and maintain hygiene
➢5 Treat any symptoms
➢6 Support mental health
➢7 No visitors
➢8 Know the red flags and seek help early