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Physics Lec1

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14 views8 pages

Physics Lec1

Uploaded by

mohammedalfahad890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems Overview

What is Signal?
Signal is a time varying physical phenomenon which is intended to convey
information.

OR

Signal is a function of time.

OR

Signal is a function of one or more independent variables, which contain some


information.

Example: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires etc.

Note: Noise is also a signal, but the information conveyed by noise is unwanted
hence it is considered as undesirable.

What is System?
System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate on signals and
produces corresponding response. Input to a system is called as excitation and
output from it is called as response.

For one or more inputs, the system can have one or more outputs.

Example: Communication System


Signals Basic Types
Here are a few basic signals:

Unit Step Function

1 t ⩾ 0
Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = {
0 t < 0

It is used as best test signal.


Area under unit step function is unity.

Unit Impulse Function

1 t = 0
Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as δ(t) = {
0 t ≠ 0

∫ δ(t)dt = u(t)
−∞
du(t)
δ(t) =
dt

Ramp Signal

t t ⩾ 0
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as r(t) = {
0 t < 0

∫ u(t) = ∫ 1 = t = r(t)

dr(t)
u(t) =
dt

Area under unit ramp is unity.

Parabolic Signal
2
t /2 t ⩾ 0
Parabolic signal can be defined as x(t) = {
0 t < 0

2
t
∬ u(t)dt = ∫ r(t)dt = ∫ tdt = = parabolicsignal
2

2
d x(t)
⇒ u(t) =
2
dt
dx(t)
⇒ r(t) =
dt

Signum Function

⎧ 1 t > 0
⎪

Signum function is denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as sgn(t) = ⎨ 0 t = 0


⎩
⎪
−1 t < 0

sgn(t) = 2u(t) – 1

Exponential Signal

Exponential signal is in the form of x(t) = e


αt
.

The shape of exponential can be defined by α.

Case i: if α =0 → x(t) = 0
e =1

Case ii: if α < 0 i.e. -ve then x(t) = e


−αt
. The shape is called decaying exponential.
Case iii: if α > 0 i.e. +ve then x(t) = αt
e . The shape is called raising exponential.

Rectangular Signal

Let it be denoted as x(t) and it is defined as

Triangular Signal

Let it be denoted as x(t)

Sinusoidal Signal

Sinusoidal signal is in the form of x(t) = A cos(w0 ± ϕ) or A sin(w0 ± ϕ)


Where T0 =
2π

w0

Sinc Function

It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as sinc

sinπt
(t) =
πt

= 0 for t = ±1, ±2, ±3. . .

Sampling Function

It is denoted as sa(t) and it is defined as

sint
sa(t) =
t

= 0 for t = ±π, ±2π, ±3π . . .

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