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Physics Lec2

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18 views10 pages

Physics Lec2

Uploaded by

mohammedalfahad890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signals Classification

Signals are classified into the following categories:

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals


Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
Even and Odd Signals

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Energy and Power Signals


Real and Imaginary Signals

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.

A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time/

Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals


A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value
at any instant of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical
formula are known as deterministic signals.

A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its


value at some instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence
they are called random signals. Random signals cannot be described by a
mathematical equation. They are modelled in probabilistic terms.

Even and Odd Signals

A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(-t)

Example 1: t2, t4… cost etc.

Let x(t) = t2

x(-t) = (-t)2 = t2 = x(t)

∴, t2 is even function

Example 2: As shown in the following diagram, rectangle function x(t) = x(-t) so it


is also even function.
A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x(-t)

Example: t, t3 ... And sin t

Let x(t) = sin t

x(-t) = sin(-t) = -sin t = -x(t)


∴, sin t is odd function.

Any function ƒ(t) can be expressed as the sum of its even function ƒe(t) and odd
function ƒo(t).

ƒ(t ) = ƒe(t ) + ƒ0(t )

where

ƒe(t ) = ½[ƒ(t ) +ƒ(-t )]

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n
+ N).

Where

T = fundamental time period,

1/T = f = fundamental frequency.


The above signal will repeat for every time interval T0 hence it is periodic with period
T0.

Energy and Power Signals

A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.


∞
2
Energy E = ∫ x (t)dt
−∞

A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.

T
1
2
Power P = lim ∫ x (t)dt
T →∞ 2T −T

NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal may
be neither energy nor power signal.

Power of energy signal = 0


Energy of power signal = ∞

Real and Imaginary Signals

A signal is said to be real when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x*(t)

A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x*(t)

Example:

If x(t)= 3 then x*(t)=3*=3 here x(t) is a real signal.


If x(t)= 3j then x*(t)=3j* = -3j = -x(t) hence x(t) is a odd signal.
Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero. Similarly for an imaginary
signal, real part should be zero.
Signals Basic Operations
There are two variable parameters in general:

Amplitude
Time

The following operation can be performed with amplitude:

Amplitude Scaling

C x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a factor C.

Addition

Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding amplitudes.


This can be best explained by using the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3

3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

Subtraction

subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding


amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1


3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

Multiplication

Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their corresponding


amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 0 ×2 = 0


-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 1 ×2 = 2

3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0

The following operations can be performed with time:

Time Shifting

x(t ± t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).

x (t + t0) → negative shift

x (t - t0) → positive shift


Time Scaling

x(At) is time scaled version of the signal x(t). where A is always positive.

|A| > 1 → Compression of the signal


|A| < 1 → Expansion of the signal

Note: u(at) = u(t) time scaling is not applicable for unit step function.

Time Reversal

x(-t) is the time reversal of the signal x(t).

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