1

TABLE OF CONTENS

NO TOPICS/SUB-TOPICS PAGE
1 FORMAT AND STRUCTURE OF PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)
1.1 NEWTON’S LAWS AND APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAWS
1.2 VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION
1.3 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
1.4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
1.5 DOPPLER EFFECT
1.6 ELECTROSTATICS
1.7 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1.8 ELECTRODYNAMICS
1.9 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
2 FORMAT AND STRUCTURE OF P2 (CHEMISTRY)
2.1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Nomenclature )
2.2 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Physical properties )
2.3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Chemical properties)
2.4 RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTIONS
2.5 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
2.6 ACIDS AND BASES
2.7 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (Galvanic cells)
2.8 ELECTROCHEMISTRY( Electrolytic cells)

2
FORMAT OF THE QUESTION PAPER

PAPER TYPE OF QUESTIONS DURATION TOTAL MARKS

10 multiple choice
questions (20 marks)

1-Physics 9 Structured questions 3 hours 150

(130marks)

WEIGHTING OF PRESCRIBED CONTENT

Paper 1 150
MECHANICS
• Momentum
• Vertical projectile motion 65
• Newton’s Laws
• Work, energy & power
WAVES, SOUND & LIGHT
• Doppler effect 15
ELECTRICITY& MAGNETISM
• Electrostatics
• Electric circuits 55
• Electrodynamics
MATTER & MATERIAL 15
• Photo electric effect

3
COGNITIVE LEVELS
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4

15 % 35 % 40 % 10 %
(22,5 marks) (52,5 marks) (60 marks) ( 15 marks)

STRUCTURE OF PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)

QUESTIONS TOPIC Estimated marks
1 MULTIPLE CHOICE( ALL TOPICS) ±20

2 NEWTON’S LAWS ±13

3 VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION ±16

4 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE ±14

5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER ±15

6 DOPPLER EFFECT ±10

7 ELECTROSTATICS ±17
8 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ±20

9 ELECTRODYNAMICS ±11
10 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT ±14

TOTAL MARKS 150

4
QUESTION PAPER ANALYSIS (PAPER 1) FOR # 30% AND ABOVE
No. DESCRIPTIONS MARKS

1. Multiple Choice Question 10

2. Definitions 16

3. Free Body diagrams 10

4. Formulae 16

5. Application of Doppler effect 1

TOTAL 53 = 35%

TIPS ON HOW TO ANSWER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

• cover the answers
• Read the questions carefully
• Answer the question without looking at the options
• Match your answer to one of the given options
• By eliminating wrong options, you will be left with fewer options to select
your answer from and this makes it easier to look for the correct option.

5
NEWTON'S LAWS AND APPLICATION OF NEWTON'S LAWS
Key concepts and principles

• Define normal force, N, as the force or the component of a force which a

surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact, and which is
perpendicular to the surface.
• Define frictional force, f, as the force that opposes the motion of an object
and which acts parallel to the surface.
• Define static frictional force, fs, as the force that opposes the tendency of

motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.

• Define kinetic frictional force, fk, as the force that opposes the motion of a

moving object relative to a surface.

Newton's first law of motion: A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at
constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.
• Newton's second law of motion: When a resultant/net force acts on an object,
the object will accelerate in the direction of the force at acceleration directly
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
• Newton's third law of motion: When one body exerts a force on a second body,
the second body exerts a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction on
the first body.
• Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Each body in the universe attracts
every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
centres.( 𝐹 = )
𝑟2

• Weight: The gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object on or

near its surface

6
Free Body Diagram Force Diagram
A dot is used to represent the object A box is used to represent the object.

• The gravitational force starts from

The forces point away from the dot. the center of the object.
• The normal force is drawn from the
base of the box.
: Steps to follow when drawing force or free-body diagrams.
• Determine whether the object is moving on a horizontal surface, inclined surface
or vertical.
• Identify all the forces acting on the object.
• Start by drawing Fg (always pointing vertically downwards).
• If the object is in contact with a surface, the Normal force is drawn
perpendicular to the surface.
• The marks usually indicate the number of forces acting on the object.
Example on drawing of force diagrams/free-body diagrams
(5)
A: HORIZONTAL SURFACE
TWO blocks A and B are place on a rough surface. A 90 N Force is acting at an
angle of 30 0 to the horizontal.
Draw a free body diagram showing all the forces acting on the block B.

90
30° N

A B

7
 Free body diagram Force diagram

OPTION 1
FN/N✓

F✓ N
F✓
fk✓
✓T ✓T
✓ fk

W/Fg✓ Fg ✓

5 forces = 5 marks

B. INCLINED PLANE
A box is pulled up a rough inclined surface by a force of 10N.
Draw a free body diagram showing all the forces acting on the box.

10 N

(4)

8
ACTIVITY 1
1 The box above is now placed on a rough horizontal table and joined to a 8 kg
mass by a light, inextensible string running over a frictionless pulley, as shown in
the diagram below.

6 kg

8 kg

The kinetic frictional force between the 6 kg box and the surface is 7, 64 N.

1.1 Draw a free body diagram of ALL forces acting on the 8 kg mass. (2)
1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the 6 kg box. (5)
[7]
2 In the diagram below, a force of 90 N is applied to a 50 kg block at an
angle of 30° to the horizontal. The block moves at a CONSTANT
VELOCITY of 2 m∙s-1 to the right on the rough surface.

90 N

30°
50 kg

2.1 Draw a free body diagram of ALL forces acting on the block. (4)

2.2 Calculate the magnitude of:

2.2.1 The vertical component of the applied force. (2)

9
 2.2.2 The normal force. (3)

2.2.3 Frictional force. (3)

2.3 What will happen to the coefficient of frictional force between the block and the
surface if the angle of the applied force is decreases from 30 0 to 260?
Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[13]
3 A block of mass 1 kg is connected to another block of mass 4 kg by a light
inextensible string. The system is pulled up a rough plane inclined at 30º to the
horizontal, by means of a constant 40 N force parallel to the plane as shown in the
diagram below.

The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force between the surface and the 4 kg
block

is 10 N. The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force between the surface and the

1 kg block is 2,46 N.

3.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL forces acting on the 4 kg block
as it moves up the incline. (4)

3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string connecting the two blocks. (5)

10
3.3 A ssatellite on a research mission in space is on the earth’s surface. The earth
exerts a force of 5 900 N on satellite to keep it in its position, calculate the mass of (3)
the satellite. [12]
PROJECTILE MOTION
Key concepts
1 Define Free fall as a motion in which the only force acting on an
object is the force of gravity.
2 Define Projectile as an object upon which the only force acting is
the force of gravity.
3 Magnitude and direction of acceleration
9, 8 m.s-2 Downwards (Always down wards)
4 Keep one sign convention when solving a problem, and do not
change the sign convention within a problem

There are only five variables (terms) to deal with when using equations of
motion. In a calculation, the four are known and you’re required to calculate
the remaining one.
1 Initial velocity: vi (vector quantity)
2 Final velocity: vf (vector quantity)
3 Displacement: Δx (vector quantity)
4 Acceleration: a (vector quantity)
5 Time interval: Δt (scalar quantity)

NOTE: if the object such as rocket, Hot-air balloon or helicopter is in motion at a

constant velocity use the formula Δx = v. Δt

11
 THE CHOICE OF DIRECTION IN VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION

IF UPWARDS IS TAKEN AS IF DOWNWARDS IS TAKEN AS

POSITIVE POSITIVE
Acceleration a, upward or downward Acceleration a, upward or downward
motion motion
a = - 9, 8 m.s-2 a = + 9, 8 m.s-2
Velocity (vi or vf) upwards = positive Velocity (vi or vf) upwards = negative
Velocity (vi or vf) downwards = Velocity (vi or vf) downwards = positive
negative
Height above the starting point (Δx) = Height above the starting point (Δx) =
positive negative
Height below the starting point (Δx) = Height below the starting point (Δx)
negative =positive
Time interval (Δt) = positive Time interval (Δt) = positive

DRAWING AND INTERPRETING GRAPHS OF MOTION OF A

PROJECTILE

NOTE: the direction chosen is taken into consideration when drawing the
graphs

Position – time graph

• The position – time graph of a projectile is a curve

• The x-axis corresponds to the position of the observer, it is referred to as the
ZERO-POSITION E.g. an object is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a
building and hits the ground below the throwing point after some time.

12
 IF UPWARDS IS POSITIVE

Take Ground as Zero – position Take top of the building as

Zero-position

Velocity – time graph

• The velocity – time graph of a projectile is a straight line with a positive or

negative gradient
• The x-axis, where the velocity is zero, is the lowest value with regards to the
velocity.
• Each segment of the line drawn towards the x-axis implies a decrease in
velocity, regardless of whether the line is above or below the x-axis.
• Any segment of line drawn away from the x-axis implies an increase in
velocity. e.g. Two graphs that represent the same scenario

13
• Segment A – B, the line is drawn directed TOWARDS the x – axis. So
from A to B, the velocity DECREASES
• Segment B – C, the line is drawn directed AWAY FROM the x – axis.
So from B to C, the velocity INCREASES
• The gradient of velocity – time graph represents the acceleration
NOTE: The area between the line and the x – axis represents the
displacement

Acceleration – time graph

• The acceleration of a projectile is constant

• The acceleration – time graph is a straight horizontal line
• The horizontal line is drawn above the x-axis from + 9,8 if Downwards was
taken as positive
• The horizontal line is drawn below the x-axis from – 9,8 if Upwards was
taken as positive

14
ACTIVITY 2
1 A box of mass 0, 5 kg is projected vertically downwards, at a velocity of 8 m.s-1
towards the floor from a height of 1, 8 m. The box is in contact with the floor for 0,
01 s before it is picked up. Ignore the effects of air friction.

BOX

1,8 m

BOX
FLOOR

1.1 Is the box in a free fall directly after being projected?

Write down only YES or NO. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
1.2 Write down the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the box
immediately after it is projected. (2)

1.3 Calculate:
1.3.1 The magnitude of the velocity with which the box hits the floor. (3)

1.3.2 The time it takes the box to hit the floor (3)

1.3.3 The net force exerted by the box on the floor. (3)

15
1.4 Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion of the box
(No indication of values is required). (2)
[15]

2 A ball of mass 200 g is dropped vertically downwards from

the top of a building to a concrete floor below. The ball
bounces off the floor. The velocity versus time graph below
shows the motion of the ball. Ignore the effects of air
friction.
TAKE UPWARD MOTION AS POSITIVE.

7,5
Velocity (m.s-1)

0
1.5 3 4.5 Time (s)

-5

-10

2.1 Use the graph only:

2.1.1 To determine the number of times the ball bounces off the floor. (1)

2.1.2 To determine whether the collision between the ball and the floor is elastic
or inelastic. (2)

16
 Provide a reason for the answer.
2.1.3 To calculate the height from which the ball is dropped. (3)

2.2 Calculate the impulse that the ball exerts on the floor when it strikes the floor
for the first time. (3)
[9]

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

Key concepts
• Momentum p = mv
• Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.
• State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum: The
resultant/net force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the object in the direction of the resultant/net force
• Define impulse as the product of the resultant/net force acting on an
object and the time the resultant/net force acts on the object.

Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

• a closed/an isolated system (in Physics), i.e. a system on which the
resultant/net external force is zero.
• State the principle of conservation of linear momentum: The total linear
momentum of a closed system remains constant (is conserved).
• Elastic collision: a collision in which both momentum and kinetic energy
are conserved
• Inelastic collision: a collision in which only momentum and not kinetic
energy is conserved

17
 NOTE:
• Momentum is a vector, therefore in any calculation first assign the vector
velocity by indicating the sign convention at the beginning of the
calculation.
• If asked to prove if a collision is elastic or inelastic, calculate the total initial(
before) kinetic energy and the total final(after) collision SEPARATELY.
Then compare and make a conclusion.

ACTIVITY 3
1 The diagram below shows two trolleys, P and Q, held together by means of a
compressed spring on a flat, frictionless horizontal track. The masses of P and Q
are 400 g and 600 g respectively.

When the trolleys are released, it takes 0,3 𝑠 for for the spring to unwind to its
natural length. Trolley Q then moves to the right at 4 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠 −1 .

1.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)

1.2 Calculate the:

1.2.1 Velocity of trolley P after the trolleys are released. (4)

1.2.2 Magnitude of average force exerted by the spring on trolley Q. (4)

1.3 Use a calculation to show that this is an inelastic collision. (4)

[14]

18
2 A box of mass 50 kg is thrown from the roof top and strikes the ground with a
velocity of 5 m·s-1. It slides and comes to a complete stop in 0,2 seconds.

2.1 Calculate the momentum with which the box strikes the ground. (3)

2.2 Define the term Impulse of a force (2)

2.3 Calculate the magnitude of the net force exerted on the box by the ground. (3)

2.5 To improve passenger safety, modern cars are designed to crumple partially on
impact, in addition of the presence of seat belts. Explain how seat belts in cars
can improve passenger safety during an accident. Include a relevant physics (3)
equation in the explanation. [11]
ANSWER

ΔP m(Vf−Vi)
From Fnet = ✓ OR: Fnet =
Δt Δt

For the same change in momentum, the seat belts increase the contact time✓
(3)
The force (exerted on passenger) decreases✓

19
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Key concepts and terms

Concept/term Associated formula

1 Define Work done W = FΔxcosɵ
2 State the work – energy theorem: Wnet = ΔEk
The net/total work done on an object is equal to the
change in the object's kinetic energy OR the work
done on an object by a resultant/net force is equal to
the change in the object's kinetic energy.
3 Define Conservative force: A force for which the Wc = - ΔEp
work done in moving an object between two points is WFG = mghcosɵ
independent of the path taken. Examples are
gravitational force, the elastic force in a spring and
electrostatic forces (coulomb forces).

4 Define Non – conservative force: a force for which Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk
the work done in moving an object between two
points depends on the path taken. Examples are
frictional force, air resistance, tension in a chord, etc.

8 State the law of conservation of mechanical

energy:
The total mechanical energy (sum of gravitational (Ep + Ek)i = (Ep + Ek)f
potential energy and kinetic energy) in an isolated Or
system remains constant. (A system is isolated ΔEp + ΔEk = 0
when the resultant/net external force acting on the
system is zero.)

9 Define Power: as the rate at which work is done or W

P=
energy is expended. t
: Pave = F·vave

20
ENERGY PRINCIPLES CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH IT IS USED

Wnet = ΔEk No specific condition

Wc = - ΔEp Used only for conservative forces (W and Fg//)

Used only when there is A non-conservative force(

f, Fap, T)
Wnc = ΔEp + ΔEk
2. Mostly When height is involved ( if the object
moves vertically (up or down) or the object is on an
inclined surface)

1) Only when there is NO non-conservative force

(Ep + Ek)i = (Ep + Ek)f
( f, FA, T)

2) When height is involved ( if the object moves

vertically (up or down) or the object is on an
inclined surface)

21
ACTIVITY 4

1 A 3 kg trolley is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless surface. A constant horizontal

force of 10 N is applied to the trolley over a distance of 2,5 m.

h
10 m
10 N 3 kg

B
2,5 m

When the force is removed at point B, the trolley moves a distance of 10 m up the
incline until it reaches the maximum height at point C. While the trolley moves up
the incline, there is a constant frictional force of 2 N acting on it.

1.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the trolley as it (3)
moves along the horizontal surface.
1.2 State the WORK-ENERGY THEOREM in words. (2)

1.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the trolley as it
moves along the inclined surface. (3)
[8]

22
DOPPLER EFFECT
Key concepts
• State the Doppler effect as the change in frequency (or pitch) of the sound
detected by a listener because the sound source and the listener have different
velocities relative to the medium of sound propagation.
• State applications of the Doppler effect.
1. In medicine (examinable):
Measuring the rate of blood flow. (Doppler flow meter)
Measuring the heart beat of a foetus (Sonar)
OR/ Ultrasound (scanning)
2. In transport:
Used in speed traps to calculate the speed of the moving vehicle.
Used by blind persons to detect the moving vehicles/ obstacles.
Used by flying bats/animals at night to detect the obstacles.
Explain red shifts as the shift in the spectra of distant stars/galaxies towards the
longer wavelength of the red end of the spectrum.
(freq decrease/longer wavelength/ AWAY from earth/ universe is expanding)
Explain blue shifts as the shift in the spectra of distant stars/galaxies towards the
shorter wavelength of the blue end of the spectrum.
(frequency increase/shorter wavelength/TOWARDS the earth/universe is
contracting)
• Use the Doppler effect to explain why we conclude that the universe is
expanding.
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝐿
• Solve problems using the equation 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 , when EITHER the source
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑠

or the listener is moving;

• If the sound source/ observer is moving towards each other;
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝐿 𝑣+ 𝑣𝐿
First write this formula 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 followed by 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑠 𝑣− 𝑣𝑠

• If the sound source/ observer is moving away from each other, First write
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝐿 𝑣− 𝑣𝐿
this formula 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 followed by 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 ,
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑠 𝑣+ 𝑣𝑠

23
ACTIVITY 5
1 Define the following terms.
1.1 Doppler effect (2)
1.2 Red shift in relation to Doppler Effect. (2)
[4]
2 The diagram below shows an ambulance vehicle moving on a high way. The siren
of the ambulance emits sound waves of frequency 433, 64 Hz, while the
wavelength of the sound waves from the ambulance detected by the nearby
stationary observer is 0, 72 m. The speed of sound in air is 340 m.s-1

2.1 Doppler effect has various practical applications in different fields of life. State
ONE such applications in the field of transport. (1)

2.2 Calculate the frequency of the sound waves detected by the observer. (4)

2.3 Is the ambulance moving TOWARDS or AWAY from the observer? Give a
reason basing on the answer in question 3.2 (2)

2.4 Calculate the speed at which the ambulance is moving. (4)

24
2.5 The evidence for the expanding of our universe is obtained by studying the
distances of galaxies relative to the earth. The table below shows the
wavelengths and frequencies of two galaxies A and B obtained during a study
of their distances relative to the earth.
Experiment number 1 2 3 4

Wavelength of Galaxy A (m) 420 550 670 790

Frequency of galaxy B (HZ) 840 865 884 910

Which galaxy A or B exhibit the red shift? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[13]

25
ELECTROSTATICS
Key concepts
CONCEPT/TERM Associated formula
1 Charge quantisation Q Q
n= n=
e Or qe

Calculating number of electrons transferred ∆𝑄

𝑛= (△Q = Qi –Qf)
𝑒

2 Conservation of charge 𝑄1 +𝑄2

Qnew = 2

3 State Coulomb’s law as the magnitude of the

electrostatic force exerted by one point charge
(Q1) on another point charge (Q2) is directly

proportional to the product of the magnitudes 𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2

𝐹=
𝑟2
of the charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance (r) between them:
4 Define Electric field as a region of space in
which an electric charge experiences a force
5 Define Electric field at a point as the 𝑘𝑄 𝐹
𝐸= / 𝐸=
electrostatic force experienced per unit positive 𝑟2 𝑞

charge placed at that point.

• Practice calculations involving the above formulae.
• Practice drawing of electric field patterns

26
 ONE charge For TWO charges near each other

Positive charge Negative Attraction Repulsion

charge

ACTIVITY 6

1 The diagram below shows a small sphere X from which 938 electrons were
removed and a point charge Q1 with a charge of -2,8 x 10-16 C at point A.
Sphere X is 0,01 m from Charge Q1 and 0,03 m from point B.
0,01 m 0, 03 m

-2,8 x 10-16 C Q1 A X B

1.1 What is the nature of the charge on sphere X? Choose from POSITIVE or (1)
NEGATIVE.

1.2 State Coulomb’s law in words. (2)

1.3 Calculate the magnitude of the charge on sphere X. (3)

1.4 Draw the electric field pattern due to the presence of charge Q1 and sphere X. (3)

1.6 Define electric field at a point in words. (2)

27
 [11]
2 Three point charges, Q1, Q2 and Q3, carrying charges of +6 µC, -3 µC and +5 µC
respectively, are arranged in space as shown in the diagram below.
The distance between Q3 and Q1 is 30 cm and that between Q3 and Q2 is 10 cm.

Q3 = +5 µC 30 cm Q1 = +6 µC

10 cm

Q2 = -3 µC

2.1 Define the term electric field. (2)

2.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing the forces acting on point charge Q3.
Include the net force on the diagram. (3)

2.3 Calculate the electrostatic force between charges Q1 and Q3 (3)

[8]

28
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Key concepts
State Ohm's law in words: The potential difference across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current in the conductor at constant temperature.
Emf : is the maximum energy provided by the battery per unit charge passing
through it.

Power: is the rate at which work is done.

GRADES 10 AND 11 CONCEPTS
Resistance, current and Resistance, current and potential difference in a
potential difference in a parallel circuit.
series circuit.
Diagram of a circuit with Diagram of a circuit with three resistors
three resistors connected in connected in parallel.
series.

29
Effective / equivalent / total Effective / equivalent / total resistance:
resistance: The total external resistance of a combination of
The total external resistance resistors connected in parallel is calculated by
of a combination of resistors using the formula:
connected in series is equal 1 1 1 1
= + +
to the sum of the component Rp R1 R 2 R 3
resistors: The effective resistance decreases as more
resistors are added in parallel and it is always
RT = R1 + R 2 + R3 smaller than the smallest resistance in the
parallel connection or resistance of the branch.

Current: Current:
The same current flows Resistors connected in parallel act as current
through each resistor when dividers.
they are connected in series. IT = I1 + I2 + I3
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 More current flows into a branch with less
resistance and the current flowing into a branch
= current flowing out of the branch
Resistors of equal resistance divide current
equally.
Potential difference: Potential difference:
Resistors connected in The potential difference across resistors
series act as potential connected in parallel is the same and it is the
dividers. same as the voltage across the whole parallel
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 connection.
They divide the total voltage/ VP = V1 = V2 = V3
potential difference across
the battery.

30
 Tips on solving circuit problems

• Analyse the given statement, diagram or graph and write down the data
• Trace the flow of current when all the switches are closed, to determine the
connection of resistors.
• Identify the resistors in parallel and series connection
• Use the correct formulae from the formula sheet.

ACTIVITY 7
1 A battery of an unknown emf and an internal resistance of 1 Ω is connected to three
resistors and an ammeter of negligible resistance, as shown below.

•S

5Ω 3Ω
1Ω

4Ω

1.1 State Ohm’s law in words. (2)

When switch S is closed, the power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor is 1,8 W.
1.2 Calculate:
1.2.1 The effective resistance of resistors in the circuit. (4)
1.2.2 the reading on ammeter A. (3)

1.2.3 Emf of the battery. (3)

[12]

31
2 The graph below is obtained from an experiment to calculate the internal resistance
of a battery.
Graph of potential difference versus current

V (V)

0,6

0,4

0.2

0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

I(A)

2.1 Define the term emf (2)

2.2 Use the graph to determine the emf of the battery (1)
2.3 Calculate the gradient of the graph (3)
2.4 Which physical quantity is represented by the magnitude of the gradient of the (1)
graph [7]
Power and electricity cost
Example
A heater marked 3000W is switched on for 4 hours. For the first hour, it is on the
highest setting, and for the last 3 hours, it is on lowest setting.
How much energy does it transfer to the room in kWh? (3)
What is the cost of heating the room if the electricity costs 70c per kWh? (3)

32
 Answers
1.1 1.2
Data: P = 3000 W = 3 kW, Cost = W (KWh) x Price per KWh
t = 3 hr = (9)(R0,70)
W = Pt = (3)(3) = 9 KWh Cost = R 6, 30

ACTIVITY 8
A motor operates at a voltage of 240 V and a current of 9,5 A.
It takes 12 minutes to completely dry her hair.
ESKOM charges energy usage at R1,47 per unit.
Calculate the cost of operating the motor for the 5 hours . (1 unit = 1 kW·h)

1.1 Define the term power. (2)

1.2 Calculate :
1.2.1 The power dissipated in the motor. (3)
1.2.2 The cost of operating the dryer for the 5 hours. (4)
[9]

33
 ELECTRODYNAMIC (GENERATORS AND MOTORS)
Key concepts
Define the term rms for an alternating voltage or an alternating current. The
rms value of AC is the DC potential difference/current which dissipates the same
amount of energy as AC.

DC generator AC generator

Principle of Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic Induction

operation
Energy Mechanical to electrical Mechanical to electrical
conversion
Coil makes Split-ring commutator and Slip rings and brushes
contact brushes

with
Uses Electroplating with metals, Electricity generation at power
electrolysis for manufacture of stations. Generators at
chlorine, refining of amusement parks, hospitals
aluminium, copper, and other essential services,
manganese. Many DC building sites, for lights at
generators are driven by AC accident scenes, etc.
motors.

Motors generator
Principle of operation Motor rule Electromagnetic Induction
Energy conversion Electrical to mechanical Mechanical to electrical

34
ACTIVITY 9

The diagram below shows a simplified version of a generator. A light bulb of 25 Ω

is connected to it with wires of negligible resistance.

1.1 What type of generator (AC or DC) is represented in the diagram? (1)
1.2 State the energy conversion in generators. (1)
1.3 Write down the name of component labelled :. (1)

1.3.1 x (1)
1.3.2 Y (1)
1.4 Write down one function of the parts labelled:
1.4.1 X (1)
1.4.2 Y (1)
[7]

35
PHOTO-ELECTRIC EFFECT

Define the photoelectric effect as the process whereby electrons are ejected
from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency is incident on that surface.
Define threshold frequency, fo, as the minimum frequency of light needed to emit

electrons from a certain metal surface.

Define work function, Wo, as the minimum energy that an electron in the metal

needs to be emitted from the metal surface.

Note: the calculations in Photo-electric effect are based on the following photo-
electrical equation.

E = Wo + Ek(max)

E= hf ℎ𝑐 1
𝑊𝑜 = Ek(max) = mev2(max)
𝜆 2
ℎ𝑐
𝐸= Wo = hfo
𝜆

36
Photocell

• The frequency of the incident light influences the speed

of photoelectrons

• The intensity of the incident light influences the number

of photoelectrons/current
• If the frequency of the incident light is increased
- The speed (Kinetic energy) of the photoelectrons increases
- The Ammeter reading (Number of photoelectrons) remains the
same
• If the intensity of the incident light is increased
- The speed of photoelectrons remains the same
- The Ammeter reading increases

• Interpretation of a basic graph under photoelectric effect

37
 The x-intercept represents the threshold frequency (fo)
The y-intercept represents the work function (Wo)

ACTIVITY 10
A photocell in the diagram below is used to determine the maximum kinetic energy
of ejected photoelectrons.

The incomplete results obtained are shown in the table below.

MAXIMUM KINETIC WAVELENGTH OF
WORK FUNCTION OF
ENERGY OF INCIDENT RADIATION
THE METAL (J)
PHOTOELECTRONS (J) (M)
3,36 × 10−19 2,32 × 10−19 𝜆

1.1 Define the term photo electric effect. (2)

1.2 Use the information in the table to calculate:

1.2.1 The threshold frequency of incident light. (3)

1.2.2 The wave length ( λ) of the photon. (4)
[9]

38
2 The Graph below shows how the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from
the cathode of a photoelectric cell varies with the frequency of the incident radiation.

2.1 Define the term threshold frequency. (2)

2.2 Use the information in the graph to write down the threshold frequency of incident
light. (1)
2.3 Calculate the work function of the cathode electrode. (3)
[6]

39
CHEMISTRY PAPER TWO
FORMAT OF THE QUESTION PAPER

PAPER TYPE OF DURATION TOTAL MARKS

QUESTIONS
10 multiple choice 3 hours 150
2-Chemistry questions
- 20 marks
Structured
questions-
130 marks

WEIGHTING OF PRESCRIBED CONTENT

Paper 1 150
Chemical change
• Reaction rates
• Chemical equilibrium
• Acids and bases 92

• Galvanic cell
• Electrolytic cell

Matter and material

Organic chemistry
- Nomenclature
- Physical properties 58
- Chemical properties

TOTAL MARKS 150

40
COGNITIVE LEVELS

LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4

15 % 40 % 35 % 10 %
(22,5 marks) (60 marks) (52,5 marks) ( 15 marks)

STRUCTURE OF PAPER 2 (Chemistry)

QUESTI TOPIC Sub-topic Estimated marks

ONS
1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 20
( ALL TOPICS)
2 Organic molecules Nomenclature ±15

3 Organic molecules Physical properties ±14

4 Organic molecules Chemical properties ±15

5 Reaction rates ±19

6 Chemical equilibrium ±21

7 Acids and bases ±18

8 Electro chemistry Galvanic cell ±15
9 Electro chemistry Electrolytic cell ±13
TOTAL MARKS 150

41
QUESTION PAPER ANALYSIS (PAPER 2) FOR # 30% AND ABOVE

No. DESCRIPTIONS MARKS

1. Multiple Choice Question 10

2. Definitions 09

3. Nomenclature (IUPAC) 10

4. Formulae 04

5. Physical Properties 04

6. General formulae 02

7. Types of reactions 04

8. Balancing of equation 04

9. Function of salt bridge 01

10. Calculating of EMF 04

11. Writing of half reactions 02

TOTAL 54 = 36%

42
ORGANIC MOLECULES
PART 1: Nomenclature
Boiling point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance
equals atmospheric pressure.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.
Melting point:
The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at
equilibrium.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point.
Vapour pressure:
The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed
system.
Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.
Homologous series: A series of organic compounds that can be described by the
same general formula OR in which one member differs from the next with a CH 2
group.
Saturated compounds: Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between
C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.
Unsaturated compounds: Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between
C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.
Functional group: A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the
physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds.

Structural isomer: Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but
different structural formulae
Chain isomers: Same molecular formula, but different types of chains, e.g. butane
and 2-methylpropane.

43
Positional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different positions of the side
chain, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain, e.g. 1-choropropane
and 2-chloropropane or but-2-ene and but-1-ene

Functional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different functional groups, e.g.
methyl methanoate and ethanoic acid

Primary alcohol The C atom bonded to the hydroxyl

group is bonded to ONE other
C atom.

Secondary alcohol The C atom bonded to the

hydroxyl group is bonded to TWO
other C atoms
Tertiary alcohol The C atom bonded to the
hydroxyl group is bonded to
THREE other C atoms
Primary haloalkane The C atom bonded to the halogen
is bonded to ONE other C atom.
Secondary haloalkane The C atom bonded to the halogen
is bonded to TWO other C atom.
Tertiary haloalkane The C atom bonded to the halogen
is bonded to THREE other C
atoms.

44
Naming of organic molecules
The name of each organic molecule has three parts:

prefix parent suffix

Type and position of Number of C atoms Type of functional

substituents in the longest group or homologous
chain? series

Step1: identify the functional group/ homologous series

Step2: name the longest c tom chain

Note: The number of C atoms in the longest carbon chain (not always the straight
chain)

45
that contains the functional group determines the parent name.
Step 3: number the carbon atoms in the chain from the side nearest to functional
group
• Alkanes and haloalkanes: Number from the side that will give the
substituents the smallest numbers.
• Alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ketones: Number from the side that will the
functional group the smallest number. The functional group receives a
number that is written between parent name and suffix.
• Aldehydes and carboxylic acids: Number from the C atom that forms part
of the functional group.
Step 4 name and Arrange substituents in alphabetical order in the IUPAC
name (bromo, chloro, ethyl, methyl)
• If two or more of the same substituents occur, use di- and tri- in front of the
name of the substituent e.g. dimethyl or tribromo. (Di- and tri are ignored
when arranging substituents in alphabetical order.)
• When there are two (or more) identical groups on the same C atom, the
number of the C atom is repeated with commas between the numbers e.g.
2,4,4-trimethylhexan-3-one
Note: when naming haloalkanes;
- Halogen substuents do not get preference over alkyl groups
- Numbering should start from the end nearest to thee first substuents
- When substituents, eg Br, and Cl or Cl and methyl have the same number
when numbering from different ends of chain, preference is given to
alphabetical order

46
 Example
activities
The letters A to E in the table below represent five organic compounds.

1.1 Write down the LETTER that represents EACH of the following:
1.1.1 A ketone (1)
1.1.2 A hydrocarbon (1)
1.1.3 An alkene (1)
1.2 Write down the:
1.2.1 IUPAC name of compound A (2)
1.2.2 IUPAC name of compound C (2)
1.2.3 IUPAC name of the STRAIGHT CHAIN FUNCTIONAL ISOMER of (2)
compound C

1.2.4 Type of alcohol D (1)

[10]

47
PART B; physical properties

Homologous series Main intermolecular

forces
Alkanes, Alkenes, London forces
Alkynes ( Van der waals forces )

Weak
Aldehydes, Ketones, Dipole-dipole forces
Esters, stronger
Haloalkanes

Alcohols (has one site of Hydrogen bond

HB), strongest
Carboxylic acids (has
two site of HB)

48
 branching

Note: boiling points of carboxylic acids is higher than that of alcohols, although
both have hydrogen bonds
Explanation
- Between molecules of both alcohols and carboxylic acids are hydrogen bond
- But alcohols have one site of hydrogen bond formation and carboxylic acids
have two sites of hydrogen bond formation
- Carboxylic acids have stronger Intermolecular forces than alcohols
- more energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids
than in alcohols
-
-

49
 ACTIVITY
Three sets of organic molecules are shown below.

SET 1 Propane and butane.

SET 2 Butane and 2-methylpropane.

SET 3 Propan-1-ol and ethanoic acid.

1.1 In SET 1, which compound propane or butane has a higher boiling point?
Use the molecular structure, intermolecular forces and energy
to explain the answer.
ANSWER
Butane✓
- Butane has longer chain length/greater molecular mass/ larger surface area
than propane. ✓
- Butane has stronger intermolecular forces (London forces) than propane. ✓
- More energy is required to overcome the intermolecular forces in butane than in
propane. ✓
OR:
- - Propane has shorter chain length/smaller molecular mass/ smaller surface
area than butane. ✓
- Propane has weaker intermolecular forces (London forces) than butane. ✓
- Less energy is required to overcome the intermolecular forces in propane than
in butane. ✓

(4)

50
1.2 In SET 2, explain why the vapour pressure of butane is lower than the
vapour pressure of 2-methylpropane.
Refer to the molecular structure, intermolecular forces and (3)
energy.
In SET 3, which one, Propan-1-ol or ethanoic acid has the higher boiling
point? Explain the answer by referring to the molecular structure, (5)
intermolecular forces and energy.

PART C: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

51
52
53
 ACTIVITY
Compound P is used as a starting reactant in each of two reactions as shown in
the flow diagram below.

I, II and III represent organic reactions.

1.1 Name the type of reaction represented by I.and II (2)
1.2 Is 2-methylbutan-1-ol a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY alcohol?
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
1.3 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound P. (2)
1.4 To which homologous series does compound Q belong? (1)
1.5 Name the type of reaction represented by III. (1)
Choose from ADDITION, ELIMINATION or SUBSTITUTION
1.6 Write down the IUPAC name of compound R. (1)
[9]

54
REACTION RATES
Define heat of reaction (ΔH) as the energy absorbed or released in a chemical
reaction.
Define exothermic reactions as reactions that release energy.
Define endothermic reactions as reactions that absorb energy
Define activation energy as the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take
place.
Define an activated complex as the unstable transition state from reactants to
products.

Define a catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

without itself undergoing a permanent change.
Define reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products per
unit time.
Conditions required for a chemical reaction to take place
• molecules must have energy equal to or greater than activation energy
• molecules must react with correct orientation.
Factors affecting reaction rates
• Temperature
• Concentration
• State of division(surface area)
• Catalyst
• Nature of the reacting substance

55
temperature concentration Nature of reactants

-An increase in -An increase in Using a more reactive

temperature increases Concentration substance increases the
the reaction rate increases the reaction reaction rate
-Increasing temperature rate more particles collide
increases the average -Increasing effectively
kinetic energy of concentration increases More effective collisions
particles the number of particles per unit time
- more particles have that are colliding
enough Ek -more particles collide
- More effective with correct orientation
collisions per unit time - More effective
collisions per unit time
Surface area (state of Catalyst -
division)
-An increase in surface -Adding a catalyst
area increases the increases the reaction
reaction rate rate
-Increasing surface area -More particles have
increases the number of enough energy as the
particles that are catalyst lowers the
exposed activation energy
-more particles collide -more particles have
with correct orientation enough Ek
More effective -More effective
collisions per unit time collisions per unit time

56
 ACTIVITY
The reaction of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to
investigate some of the factors which influences the reaction rate.
Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) → ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2(g)
The experimental results are shown in the table below.
REACTION CONDITIONS
Experiment Reaction
Concentration of HC Temperat State of
(𝒎𝒐𝒍 ∙ 𝒅𝒎−𝟑 ) ure division of Zn
(oc

1 0,5 34 granules

2 0,5 34 powder

3 0,8 36 powder

4 0,4 36 Powder

5 0,4 34 powder

1.1 Which experiment 1 or 2 have a higher reaction rate? Use the collision theory to (4)
explain the answer.

1.2 Use the collision theory to explain why the experiment 3 has a higher reaction rate (3)
than experiment 4
1.3 Which experiment 4 or 5 have a higher reaction rate? Use the collision theory to (4)
explain the answer.
1.4 Use collision theory to explain how a catalyst influences the rate of a chemical
reaction. (3)
[14]

57
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
An open system continuously interacts with its environment.
a closed system is isolated from its surroundings.
A reversible reaction is a reaction where the products can be converted back to
reactants and visa versa.
Chemical equilibrium: is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward
reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Le Chatelier's principle: When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the
system will re-instate a new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose
the disturbance.
factors that influence the position of an equilibrium
• concentration
• temperature.
• pressure (in gases only),

TEMPERATURE
If Temperature is increased If Temperature is decrease
- The system favours the reaction - The system favours the reaction
that will decrease the that will increase the
temperature temperature
- Increase in temperature favours - Decrease in temperature
the Endothermic reaction favours the Exothermic reaction
- Mention which reaction is - Mention which reaction is
favoured, forward or reverse favoured, forward or reverse
- Mention the change in - Mention the change in
concentrations of reactants and concentration of reactants and
products products

58
 PRESSURE
If pressure is increased by If pressure is decreased
decreasing the volume of the By increasing the volume of the
container container
- The system favours the reaction - The system favours the reaction
that will decrease the pressure that will increase the pressure
- Increase in pressure favours the - Decrease in pressure favours
reaction that proceeds towards the reaction that proceeds
the fewer number of moles towards the greater number of
- Mention the reaction that is moles
favoured, forward or reverse - Mention the reaction that is
- Mention the change in favoured, forward or reverse
concentration of reactants and - Mention the change in
products concentration of reactants and
products
CONCENTRATION
If concentration of a reactant is If concentration of a reactant is
increased decreased
- The system favours the reaction - The system favours the
that will decrease that reactant’s reaction that will increase that
concentration reactant’s concentration
- Forward reaction is favoured - Reverse reaction is favoured

- Concentration of reactants will - Concentration of reactants will

decrease and concentration of increase and concentration of
products will increase products will decrease

59
 If concentration of a product is If concentration of a product is
increased decreased
- The system favours the reaction - The system favours the reaction
that will decrease that product’s that will increase that product’s
concentration concentration
- Reverse reaction is favoured - Forward reaction is favoured

- Concentration of reactants will - Concentration of reactants will

increase and concentration of decrease and concentration of
products will decrease products will increase

Note: the Kc value can only change if the temperature changes.

• Kc value increases if forward reaction is favoured

• Kc value decreases if reverse reaction is favoured

Writing KC expression
aA + bB →cC+ dD
[𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠]
• Do not write Kc expression as 𝐾𝑐 = , rather write directly the
[𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠]

• Only concentration of aqueous solutions(aq) and gases(g) appear in Kc

expression. Concentration of solids and pure liquids remain constant, they
are not include in Kc expression
• A high Kc value (Kc >1) means that the concentration of products is greeater
than the concentration of reactants
• A lower Kc value (Kc < 1) means that the concentration of products is lower
than the concentration of reactants
EXAMPLE
Write Kc expression for each of the following chemical equations
2HI (g) → H2 (g) + I2 (g)
[𝐻2 ][𝐼2 ]
𝐾𝑐 =
[𝐻𝐼]2

60
 CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) +CO2 (g)
1
𝐾𝑐 =
[𝐶𝑂2]

Aa (g)+ Bb(l) → Cc (g) + Dd(s)

[𝐶]𝑐
𝐾𝑐 = [𝐴]𝑎

ACTIVITY
Carbon reacts with sulphur according to the following balanced chemical equation
C(s) + 2S(g) ⇌CS2 (g) ∆𝐻 > 0
1.1 State Le chatelier’s principle (2)
1.2 State if the above reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous reaction. (1)
1.3 Write down the Kc expression. (1)
1.4 State whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
Write down a reason for the answer. (1)
[5]

ACIDS AND BASES

An acid according to Lowry–Bronsted theory: is a proton (H+ ion) donor

A base according to Lowry – Bronsted theory : is a proton (H+ ion) acceptor:

An acid according to Arrhenius theory: A substance that produces hydrogen

ions (H+ /H3O+ /hydronium ions) in aqueous solution.

A base according to Arrhenius theory: A substance that produce hydroxide ions

(OH-) in aqueous solution.

Strong acid ; An acid that ionises completely in water to form a high concentration
of H3O+ ions.

Weak acid : An acid that ionises incompletely in water to form a low concentration
of H3O+ ions.

61
Strong base: A base that dissociate completely in water to form a high
concentration of OH- ions.

Weak base: A base that dissociates/ionises incompletely in water to form a low

concentration of OH-ions
Concentrated acid:
Weak bases: dissociates/ionises incompletely in water to form a low
concentration of OH-ions

Concentrated acids: contain a large amount (number of moles) of acid in

proportion to the volume of water.

Dilute acids: contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid in proportion to

the volume of water.

Concentrated base: contains a large amount (number of moles) of base in

proportion to the volume of water.

Dilute bases: contain a small amount (number of moles) of base in proportion to

the volume of wate Standard solution: a solution containing a precisely known
concentration of an element or a substance.

Concentration: the amount of solute a given solution contains at a given

temperature.

Kw: is the equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water or the ion product of water.

Auto-ionisation of water: i.e. the reaction of water with itself to form H3O + ions
and OH- ions.

Hydrolysis: is the reaction of a salt with water.

Equivalence point of a titration: is the point at which the acid/base has

completely reacted with the base/acid.

62
End point of a titration: is the point where the indicator changes colour.

Conjugate acid-base pair: is an acid base pair which differ by one proton.

HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → Cl- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs
ANSWER
HCl and Cl-
H3O+and H2O

Ampholyte: is a substance that can act as either a base or an acid. It is an acid

in the presence of a strong base and a base in the presence of a strong acid.

H 2O Acid H2O → H+ + OH-

Base H2O + H+ → H3O+
HSO4- Acid HSO4- → H+ + SO42−
Base HSO4- + H+ → H2SO4
H2 PO4- Acid H2PO4- → H+ + HPO42-
Base H2PO4- + H+ → H3PO4
HCO3- Acid HCO3- → H+ + CO32-
Base HCO3- + H+ → H2CO3
HPO42- Acid HPO42- → H+ + PO43-
Base HPO42- + H+ → H2PO4-

63
 Acid Formula Strong / Weak
Hydrochloric HCl Strong
acid
Nitric acid HNO3 Strong
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Strong
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Strong
Carbonic acid H2CO3 Weak
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Weak
Oxalic acid (COOH)2 Weak

Monoprotic acid An acid that can donate only proton

Examples: HCl, HNO3
Diprotic acid An acid that can donate two protons
Examples: H2SO4

Hydrolysis of salts
Hydrolysis produces a solution which may be acidic, basic or neutral.
• If H3O+ ions are formed, the solution is acidic( PH is less than 7)
• If OH- ions are formed, the solution is basic ( PH is grater than 7)
• If H3O+and OH- ions are not formed, the solution is nuetral( PH = 7)
Note: Reaction of strong acid and weak base produces acidic solution
Reaction of weak acid and strong base produces basic solution
Reaction of strong acid and strong base produces neutral solution
NB:
ONLY strong conjugate acids/bases undergo hydrolysis OR ions/conjugates of
weak acids/bases undergo hydrolysis.

64
 ACTIVITY 1
Nitric acid (𝐻𝑁𝑂3 ), an important acid used in industry, is a strong acid.
1.1 Give a reason why nitric acid is classified as a strong acid (1)
1.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the conjugate base of nitric acid. (1)
1.3 Calculate the pH of a 0,3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝑑𝑚−3 nitric acid solution. (3)
[4]
ACTIVITY2
Write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of the following
compounds with water
2.1 NH4Cl (3)
2.2 Na2CO3 (3)
21.2 State whether the resultant solution in Q 1.1is acidic , basic or neutral. Give a (2)
reason for the answer [6]

ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Electrolytic cells and galvanic cells
• Define the galvanic cell as a cell in which chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy. A galvanic (voltaic) cell has self-sustaining electrode
reactions.
• Define the electrolytic cell as a cell in which electrical energy is converted
into chemical energy.
-
• Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron (e ) transfer:
Oxidation is a loss of electrons. Reduction is a gain of electrons.
• Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers:
Oxidation: An increase in oxidation number
Reduction: A decrease in oxidation number
• Define an oxidising agent and a reducing agent in terms of oxidation and
reduction:

65
 Oxidising agent: A substance that is reduced/gains electrons.
Reducing agent: A substance that is oxidised/loses electrons.
• Define an anode and a cathode in terms of oxidation and reduction:
Anode: The electrode where oxidation takes place
Cathode: The electrode where reduction takes place
• Define an electrolyte as a solution/liquid/dissolved substance that conducts
electricity through the movement of ions
• Electrolysis: The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to
chemical energy OR the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical
change.

66
BASIC COMPONENTS: Type of electrochemical cell
ELECTROLYTIC in which electrical energy is
• Two electrodes (inert /
CELL converted into chemical
active)
energy
• An electrolyte –
solution or a molten
A chemical process in which
ionic compound that
electrical energy is converted
conducts electricity ELECTROLYSIS
to chemical energy OR the
through the motion of
use of electrical energy to
ions. produce a chemical change.
• A source of direct

Electrolysis of solutions using INERT Electrolysis of solutions using ACTIVE

electrodes electrodes
1. Electrolysis of sodium chloride 1. Refining of copper
solution • Anode is made of impure copper.
• Both electrodes are made of Copper is oxidised at this
graphite or carbon. electrode.
• Cl- ions are oxidised at the anode Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-
• Cathode is made of pure copper.
2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
Cu2+ ions are reduced at this
• H2O is reduced at the cathode electrode.
2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
• Net reaction 1. Electroplating e.g. with silver
• The object to be electroplated
2H O(l) + 2Cl-(aq) → H (g) + 2OH-
2 2 forms the cathode, reduction of
(aq) + Cl2(g) Ag+ ions occurs at this electrode.
2. Electrolysis of copper (II) chloride Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s)
solution • Silver metal forms the anode. Ag
• Both electrodes are made of metal atoms from the metal
graphite or carbon. become oxidised.
• Cl- ions are oxidised at the anode Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e-
• Electrolyte is a concentrated
2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- solution containing ions of the
• Cu2+ ions are reduced at the metal that is to be electroplated
cathode e.g. Ag+ ions.
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
• Net reaction

67
 ACTIVITY
A standard electrochemical cell is set up using nickel (Ni) and electrode Z as
shown in the diagram below.

Ni Mg

NiSO4 MgSO4
X

1.2 Write down:

1.2.1 The energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (1)
1.2.2 A balanced equation the this cell. (3)
1.2.3 The cell notation of the cell. (1)
1.2.2 ONE standard condition required for the cell to operate. (1)
1.2.3 The name of the component X (1)
1.2.4 ONE function of the component X. (1)
1.3 Calculate the emf of the cell. (3)
[11]

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2 The electrochemical cell below is set up to demonstrate the purification of copper.

1.1 Define the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer. (2)

1.2 Write down the type of electrochemical cell illustrated above. (1)
1.3 Which electrode A or B is the anode? (1)
1.4 Is the chemical reaction in the above cell endothermic or exothermic? (1)
[5]

WAY FORWARD

SUBJECT EXAMINATION PAPER DATE

Physical sciences Preparatory exams Paper 1: Physics 22/09/2023

Physical sciences Preparatory exams Paper 2: Chemistry 26/09/2023

Physical sciences Final exams Paper 1: Physics 10/11/2023

Physical sciences Final exams Paper 2: Chemistry 13/11/2023

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