Understanding the
Host-to-Host
Communications Model
Building a Simple Network
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Understanding Host-to-Host
Communications
Older model
– Proprietary
– Application and combinations software controlled by one
vendor
Standards-based model
– Multivendor software
– Layered approach
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Why a Layered Network Model?
Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable
technology
Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and learning
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)
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Data Encapsulation
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Data De-Encapsulation
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Peer-to-Peer Communication
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TCP/IP Stack
Defines four layers
Uses different names for Layers 1
through 3
Combines Layers 5 through 7 into
single application layer
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TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model
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Exploring the
Packet Delivery
Process
Building a Simple Network
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Layer 1 Devices
Layer 1 provides the physical media and its encoding.
Examples:
– Ethernet
– Serial
– Repeater
– Physical interface of the NIC
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Layer 2 Devices
Layer 2 devices provide an interface with the physical media.
Examples:
– NIC
– Bridge
– Switch
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Layer 2 Addressing
MAC address
Assigned to end devices
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Layer 3 Devices and Their Function
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Layer 3 Addressing
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ARP
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ARP Table
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (1 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (2 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (3 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (4 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (5 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (6 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (7 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (8 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (9 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (10 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (11 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (12 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (13 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (14 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (15 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (16 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (17 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (18 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (19 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (20 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (21 of 22)
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Host-to-Host Packet Delivery (22 of 22)
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Default Gateway
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