WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
11/12

3
LEARNING QUARTER

MODULE WEEK 3

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 MODULE IN
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

QUARTER 3
WEEK 3

Solving Problems Involving Mean and

Variance of Discrete Random Variable
and Understanding Normal Curve
Development Team

Writers: Jerick S. Paltong Michael G. Calipjo Ma. Teresa R. Pascual

Editors/Reviewers: Gerson Jeremy C. Antonio Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.
Myla Fei Martinez
Illustrator: Jeshimon C. Patoc
Layout Artist: Jerick S. Paltong
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

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 What I Need to Know

In your previous module, you already have encountered basic concepts about probability
distribution and its properties. You are taught how to find the probabilities of a given random
variable. You are also introduced to the steps on finding the mean and variance of a probability
distribution. These prerequisite skills are needed to be mastered for you to understand our
lessons for this week.

In this module, you will learn how to interpret the mean and variance of a probability
distribution. Specifically, you will focus on solving word problems involving the mean and
variance of a probability distribution. Moreover, you will encounter the introductory part of
learning normal random variables and their properties.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learner:

1. interprets the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.

2. solves problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
3. illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics.
Objectives:

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. solve word problems about the mean, variance, and standard deviation of probability
distributions;
2. recall the concept about frequency polygon;
3. compare frequency polygon to a probability distribution; and
4. determine the properties of a normal distribution.

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 What I Know

Direction: Read each item carefully. Select the correct answer among the choices given and
write the letter of your choice.
1. It is the other term for the mean of a probability distribution.
A. expected outcome B. expected conclusion
C. expected value D. expected solution

2. What is the mean if a fair die is rolled?

A. 2.5 B. 3.5
C. 4.5 D. 5.5
3. The random variable X has the following distribution. Compute the mean.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

A. 1.5 B. 2.5 C. 3.5 D. 4.5

4. Find the expected number of times a baby wakes his/her mother after midnight, given the
following probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.12 0.25 0.45 0.1 0.08

A. 2.55 B. 2.57 C. 2.75 D. 2.77

5. By investing in a particular stock, Florence can make Php 4 000 monthly with a probability
of 0.2 or take a loss of Php 1 000 with a probability of 0.8. What is her expected gain per
month?
A. Php 0 B. Php 1 000 C. Php 2 000 D. Php 4 000

For items 6 to 8, refer to the probability distribution below showing the number of monthly
absences of a student based on his previous records.
Number of 1 2 3 4
Absences
Percent 0.25 0.3 0.3 0.15

6. Find its mean.

A. 2.15 B. 2.25 C. 2.35 D. 2.45

7. Find its variance.

A. 1.01 B. 1.02 C. 1.03 D. 1.04

8. Find its standard deviation.

A. 1.01 B. 1.02 C. 1.03 D. 1.04

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9. All statements below are properties of a normal distribution EXCEPT one
A. The distribution is unimodal.
B. The total area under its curve is 1.
C. Its curve is asymmetric at the y-axis.
D. Mean, median, and mode coincide at the center.

10. It is the curve of a normal distribution.

A. standard curve B. asymptote
C. normal curve D. distribution curve

SOLVING PROBLEMS
Lesson INVOLVING MEAN AND

1 VARIANCE OF
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

What’s In

Activity 1: Let Us Recall!

This activity requires you to recall the concept of finding the mean and variance of a
discrete probability distribution. We previously discussed how to use the formula and the steps
to follow in solving the mean and variance of a probability distribution.

Direction: Look at the table below. Fill the blanks with the correct values to find the mean,
variance, and standard deviation of the given probability distribution. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper

X P(X) X•P(X) X2• P(X)

0 0.1 0 0 • 0.1 = 0
2

1 0.4 0.4 12• 0.4 = 0.4

2 0.3 0.6 22• 0.3 = 1.2
3 0.2 0.6 32• 0.2 = 1.8
Σ X•P(X) = 1.6 Σ X2• P(X) = 3.4

𝜇 = Σ X•P(X) = ________ 𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇2 𝜎 = √____________

𝜎 2 = ________ - (________)2 𝜎 = ________

𝜎 2 = ________

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The mean of the probability distribution (𝜇) is ___________.

The variance of the probability distribution ( 𝜎 2 ) is ___________.

The standard deviation of the probability distribution (𝜎)is ___________.

What’s New
In this activity, you will determine the mean and variance of a discrete probability
distribution through a word problem.

Activity 2: Solve the Problem

Direction: Solve the problem below by finding the mean, variance, and standard deviation of
the probability distribution. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

What is the expected value and variance if a number is drawn from a jar containing two 1s,
three 2s, and five 4s?

Solution:
The jar contains ten numbers: two 1s, three 2s, and five 4s. The probability of getting a 1
2 3
from the jar is or 0.2, the probability of getting a 2 is or 0.3, and the probability of getting
10 10
5
a 4 is or 0.5.
10

X P(X) X•P(X) X2•P(X)

1 0.2 0.2 12•0.2 = 0.2
2 0.3 0.6 22•0.3 = 1.2
4 0.5 2.0 42•0.5 = 8.0
Σ X•P(X) = 2.8 Σ X2• P(X) = 9.4

𝜇 = Σ X•P(X) =________ 𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇 2 𝜎= √______________

𝜎 2 =________- (________)2 𝜎 = ________

𝜎 2 = ________

Guide Questions:
1. What is its expected value of the probability distribution?
2. What is its variance?
3. What is its standard deviation?

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 What is It

Further explanations on solving problems involving the mean, variance, and standard
deviation are shown in the following illustrative examples. Study the techniques used in solving
word problems involving mean, variance, and standard deviation.

Example 1

What is the mean and variance of the results if a number is picked from a jar containing one
2s, six 4s, and three 6s?

Solution:
This problem is similar to the problem in Activity 2. The jar contains ten numbers: one 2, six
1
4s, and three 6s. The probability of getting a 2 from the jar is or 0.1, the probability of getting
10
6 3
a 4 is or 0.6, and the probability of getting a 6 is or 0.3.
10 10

X P(X) X•P(X) X2•P(X)

2 0.1 0.2 22•0.1 = 0.4
4 0.6 2.4 42•0.6 = 9.6
6 0.3 1.8 62•0.3 = 10.8
Σ X•P(X) = 2.8 Σ X2• P(X) = 20.8

a. 𝜇 = Σ X•P(X) b. 𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇 2 c. 𝜎 = √12.96

𝜇 = 2.8 𝜎 2 = 20.8 – (2.8) 2 𝜎= 3.6
𝜎 2 = 20.8 – 7.84
𝜎 2 = 12.96
The mean of the probability distribution is 2.8. The variance and standard deviation are 12.96
and 3.6, respectively.

Example 2

Your school’s SSG officers initiated a color fun run in the school, where 250 slots will be
available. The most colorful runner will win Php 2500, while other runners will win nothing. If
you are one of the registrants, what will be your expected value and variance of your gain?

Solution:

The most colorful runner will have a gain of Php 2,500, but the probability of winning
1
will only be or 0.004. The remaining runner will have a gain of Php 0, and the probability
250
249
will be or 0.996. So, if we construct a probability distribution, it will become.
250

X P(X)
0 0.996
2500 0.004

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By solving the mean and variance of the probability distribution, it will go this way:

X P(X) X•P(X) X2•P(X)

0 0.996 0 02•0.996 = 0.2
2500 0.004 10 25002•0.004 = 25000
Σ X•P(X) = 10 Σ X2• P(X) = 25000.2
a. 𝜇 = Σ X•P(X) b. 𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇 2
𝜇 = 10 𝜎 2 = 25 000.2 – 100
𝜎 2 = 24 900.2
The expected value or mean of the probability distribution is Php 10. The variance of
your gain is 24 900.2, and it indicates how spread out the values of x are around the mean.
Given this large value, this shows that the values are very far from each other.

Example 3
The probability that 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 people will be placed on hold when they call a radio
talk show is shown in the distribution. The radio station has four phone lines. Find the variance
and standard deviation for the data.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.18 0.34 0.23 0.21 0.04

Solution:
X P(X) X•P(X) X2•P(X)
0 0.18 0 02•0.18 = 0
1 0.34 0.34 12•0.34 =0.34
2 0.23 0.46 22•0.23 = 0.92
3 0.21 0.63 32•0.21 =1.89
4 0.04 0.16 42•0.04 =0.64
Σ X•P(X) = 1.59 Σ X2• P(X) = 3.79

a. 𝜇 = Σ X•P(X) b. 𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇 2

𝜇 = 1.59 𝜎 2 = 3.79 – (1.59) 2
𝜎 2 = 3.79 – 2.5281
𝜎 2 = 1.2619 ≈ 1.26
𝜎 2 = 1.26
c. 𝜎 = √1.26
𝜎 = 1.1224 ≈ 1.22
𝜎 = 1.22

Note: Round off to the nearest hundredths.

The mean of the probability distribution is 1.59. The variance and standard deviation
are 1.26 and 1.22, respectively.

Example 4
Xander is paid Php 20 whenever tossing two coins are both heads but pays Php 10
whenever the results are not both heads. What is his expected gain per toss?

Solution:
Let X be the random variable defined. There are four outcomes in tossing two coins,
in which only 1 is HH. The other results are HT, TH, and TT. The probability of both heads is

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1 3
or 0.25 while the probability of not both heads is or 0.75. If the two coins are both heads,
4 4
the net gain is Php 20. But if tossing the coins does not give two heads, he will lose Php 10; a
negative number represents the gain. In this case, it will be written as –Php 10. By constructing
a probability distribution, it will be written this way:

X P(X)
20 0.25
-10 0.75

𝜇 = E(X) = Σ X•P(X) = (20)(0.25) + (-10)(0.75) This means that Xander would

= 5 – 7.50 lose Php 2.50 per toss.
𝜇 = - Php 2.50
Note: If the number is positive, it means that it gains/ increases.

What’s More
Activity 3: Let Us Do It!

Directions: Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the mean and variance if a number is picked from a jar containing three 2s,
four 5s, and three 7s?

2. The manager of Nike Philippines is giving away 50 tickets for a promo. One ticket will
win Php 1 000. The other tickets will win nothing. If you will be given one of the tickets,
what will be your expected value and variance of your gain?

3. A box contains balls numbered 1 through 5. You are to draw a ball from the box, and
you will be paid 12 chips if the number is even. However, you are going to pay seven
chips if the number is odd. What is the mean and variance of the possible results?

What I Have Learned

1. To find the mean of a probability or expected value, use this formula:
𝜇 = Σ X•P(X)

Steps to follow:
a. Multiply each value of the random variable to its corresponding probability.
b. Add all the products obtained in the first step.

2. To find the variance of a probability distribution, use this formula:

𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇 2

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 Steps to follow:
a. Find the expected value or mean of the probability distribution.
b. Add another column of your distribution and name it X2•P(X). Square each value of the
random variable, then multiply it to their corresponding probabilities.
c. Sum up all the figures obtained in the second step.
d. Subtract the obtained result in step 3 to the square of the mean of the probability
distribution.

3. To find the standard deviation of a probability distribution, use this formula:

𝜎 = √Σ 𝑋 2 • P(x) − 𝜇2

Steps to follow:
a. Find the variance of the distribution.
b. Find the square root of the result obtained in the first step.

Lesson
UNDERSTANDING THE NORMAL
2 CURVE DISTRIBUTION

What’s In

This activity helps you to visualize a frequency distribution drawn as a frequency

polygon. A frequency polygon is another way to show the information in a frequency table.
It is a graph made by joining the middle-top points of the columns of a frequency histogram.
The heights of the points represent the frequencies. An example of a frequency polygon is
shown below.

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Activity 1: Illustrating Frequency Polygon
Directions: Read and study the following notes. Answer the guided questions at the end of this
activity. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper
A frequency distribution table of the scores in a mathematics test is shown below.
X (Score) f
21 2
20 5
19 7
18 11
17 6
16 3
15 1
N 35

When drawn into a frequency polygon, it becomes:

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Guide Questions:
1. What does the frequency polygon look like? Describe its shape.
2. The scores are ordered from lowest to highest. What can you observe about the
frequencies of the scores?

What’s New
This activity will help you visualize the normal distribution, particularly its graph. You
will follow the two given tasks in this activity, and you will recognize some of the characteristics
of a normal distribution.

Activity 2: Visualizing Normal Distribution

Task 1:
• Given the frequency distribution, sketch the frequency polygon of each
distribution.
• Answer the questions that follow.
• Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
•
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Following is the score distribution of Grade 11 students in a 10-item Statistics quiz.

A. Graph the frequency polygon of the following scores of students in a quiz. Here, five
students took the quiz.

X(Score) f
8 1
6 3
4 1
N 5

4 6 8

B. Now, let us increase the number of cases or points in the graph. Observe what will
happen to the shape of the graph.

X(Score) f
8 1
7 3
6 5
5 3
4 1
N 14

4 5 6 7 8

C. Let us further increase the number of cases or points. From the first graph to the third
graph, observe the transformation of the figures.

X(Score) f
9 1
8 2
7 4
6 7
5 11
4 7
3 4
2 2
1 1
N 42

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Guide Questions:

1. If we continue to increase the number of points or cases, what will be the shape of the
graph?
2. For each distribution, compute the three measures of averages: mean, median, and
mode. What do you notice? What does this imply?
3. Where did you find these measures on the graph?
4. What generalization can you make?

Task 2:
• Observe when the frequencies are converted into probabilities. Call the
new distribution a probability distribution.
• Sketch the graph of the probability distribution.
• Answer the question that follow.
• Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

X(Score) P(X)
9 1
42
8 2
42
7 4
42
6 7
42
5 11
42
4 7
42
3 4
42
2 2
42
1 1
42

𝟏𝟐
𝟒𝟐
𝟏𝟎
𝟒𝟐
𝟖
𝟒𝟐
𝟔
𝟒𝟐
𝟒
𝟒𝟐
𝟐
𝟒𝟐

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Guided Questions:

1. Compare the frequency polygon of each data set to the graph of its probability
distribution. What do you observe?
2. Use the internet to find visual approximations of the normal curve. What can you
observe?

What is It
Understanding Normal Curve Distribution

Like what we did in the previous activity, many real-life events generate random
variables that have the natural tendency to approximate a bell’s shape. What do you think are
those?

For example, the heights of many seedlings that we see in a farm normally consist of a
few tall ones, few short ones, and most of them having heights between tall and short. Also, if
a well-prepared test is administered to a class that consists of 100 students, there will be a
few high scores, a few high scores, and a few low scores, and most of them have between
high scores and low scores.

If a distribution consists of many cases and the three measures of averages (mean,
median, and mode) are equal, the distribution is symmetrical, and the skewness is 0.
In probability theory and statistics, skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability
distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. The skewness value can be
positive, zero, negative, or undefined. In Statistics, such distribution is what we call a normal
distribution.

What is a Normal Distribution?

- The distribution of a continuous random variable whose graph is a bell-shaped and

symmetrical curve is called a normal curve.
- A normal curve is a graphical representation of statistical values needed to describe the
characteristics of populations and make decisions.
- It is defined by an equation that uses the population mean, 𝜇 (mu) and the population
standard deviation, 𝜎 (sigma)

There is no single curve, but rather a whole family of normal curves with the same basic
characteristics that have different means and standard deviations.

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 The figure on the previous page shows some examples of the normal curve with
different means and standard deviations. Figure (a) shows a normal curve with a minimal
standard deviation, (b) with a large standard deviation, and (c) with a medium standard
deviation. Though they seem to be very different, they share common properties.

What is a Standard Normal Distribution?

A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution with a mean, 𝜇= 0, and

a standard deviation, 𝜎 = 1. The normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian Distribution,
has the following formula:
1 𝑥− 𝜇 2
− ( )
𝑒 2 𝜎
Y=
𝜎√2𝜋

where: Y = height of the curve particular values of X

x = any score in the distribution
𝜎 = standard deviation of the population
𝜇 = mean of the population
𝜋 = 3.14159…
𝑒 = 2.71828…

Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, median, and mode coincide at the center.
4. The standard deviation of the distribution determines the width of the curve.
5. The curve’s tails flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching
the x-axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the baseline.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the
percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.
The mean 𝜇 is the center of a normal distribution. A higher mean shifts the probability
distribution position to the right, while a lower mean shifts its position to the left.

The standard deviation 𝜎 is a measure of dispersion – the higher the standard deviation,
the wider is the distribution – a smaller standard deviation results in a narrower bell-shaped
curve.

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 What’s More

Activity 4: Let Us Do It!

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or phrase to make meaningful
statements. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper

1. The curve of a normal probability distribution is shaped like a ______.

2. The total area under a normal curve is equal to _____.
3. The important values that best describe a normal curve are mean, ______, and
mode.
4. A standard normal curve has ___________________.
5. The curve of a normal distribution extends indefinitely at the tails but does not
______.
6. The area under a normal curve may also be expressed in terms of percentage or
probability or ______.
7. The mean, median, and mode of a normal curve are ______.
8. A normal curve is symmetrical at ______.

What I Have Learned

1. A normal distribution is a continuous random variable distribution whose graph is

a bell-shaped and symmetrical curve called a normal curve.
2. A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution with a mean, 𝜇= 0,
and a standard deviation, 𝜎 = 1.
3. The properties of a normal curve are as follows:
a) The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
b) The curve is symmetrical about its center.
c) The mean, median, and mode coincide at the center.
d) The standard deviation of the distribution determines the width of the curve.
e) The curve’s tails flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the x-axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptomatic
to the baseline.
f) The area under the curve is 1.

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 What I Can Do
Directions: Below is a situation and its step-by-step procedure in solving problems involving
the mean and variance of a discrete random variable, which is already answered
for you. Your job is to check for errors in each step of the solution. If there are
errors, do the following in the table after the test sample and write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper:

1. Identify the errors.

2. Correct the errors.
3. Then explain why your correction is right.

ANSWERED TEST WITH ERRORS:

Problem:
Your father said that if your grade in Math is at least 90 in a grading quarter, he will
add Php 50 to your daily allowance, Php 20 if your grade is 80 - 89, but he will decrease it by
Php 10 if your grade is 79 and below. If the probability of getting at least 90 is 12%, while you
have a 45% chance to get 80 – 89, what is the standard deviation of your possible allowance
per quarter?

Solution:
Step 1: Finding The Mean

X P(X)
50 0.12
20 0.45
-10 0.43

𝜇 = E(X) = Σ X•P(X) = (50)(0.12) + (20)(0.45) + (-10)(0.43)

= 15 – 4.3
𝜇 = 10.7

Step 2: Finding The Variance

X P(X) X•P(X) X2•P(X)

50 0.12 6 50 •0.12 = 300
2

20 0.45 9 202•0.45 =180

-10 0.43 -4.3 (-10)2•0.43 = 43
Σ X•P(X) = 1.59 Σ X2• P(X) = 523

𝜎 2 = Σ X2• P(X) - 𝜇 2
= 520.4719 ≈ 520.47

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Step 3: Finding The Standard Deviation

𝜎 = √520.47 ≈ 22.81

Identified Error Correction of Error Explanation of Correction

18
 Assessment
Direction: Read each item carefully. Select the correct answer among the choices given and
write the letter of your choice. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The random variable X has the following distribution. Compute the mean.
X 0 4 8
P(X) 0.3 0.2 0.5

A. 4.5 B. 4.7 C. 4.6 D. 4.8

2. Celine tosses two coins. She wins Php 10 for the number of heads that she will get. But she
will lose Php 50 if neither coin shows a head. What is the expected value of this game?

A. Php 0.25 B. Php 2.50 C. –Php 0.25 D. –Php 2.50

3. In no. 2, is it favorable for Celine to join the said game? Why?

A. Yes, because she will gain Php 0.25 in the game.
B. No, because she will lose Php 0.25 in the game.
C. Yes, because she will gain Php 2.50 in the game.
D. No, because she will lose Php 2.50 in the game.

4. What is the standard deviation of the results if a number is picked from a jar containing six
2s, three 4s, and a 6?
A. 1.34 B. 1.44 C. 1.54 D. 1.8

5. Find the variance of the random variable Z representing the number of red Nips chocolates
per 160-gram pack that has the following distribution.
z 6 7 8 9
P(z) 0.10 0.37 0.33 0.20

A. 0.63 B. 0.73 C. 0.83 D. 0.93

6. Christy has a box that contains balls numbered from 1 to 10. She will give you Php 100 if
she draws an even-numbered ball from the box. However, she will get Php 50 from you if the
number she drew is odd. What is the standard deviation of the possible results?

A. Php 37.48 B. Php 37.84 C. Php 73.48 D. Php 73.84

7. The City Mayor is planning to conduct a lottery where one thousand tickets will be available.
One ticket will win Php 15,000, while the other tickets will win nothing. If you will be given one
of the tickets, what will be your gain’s expected value?

A. Php 10 B. Php 15 C. Php 20 D. Php 25

19
8. All statements below are properties of a normal distribution EXCEPT one.
A. The distribution is unimodal.
B. The total area under its curve is 100.
C. Its curve is asymmetric at the x-axis.
D. Mean, median, and mode coincide at the center.

9. Which of the following is/are properties of standard normal distribution?

A. The mean is equal to 0. B. The standard deviation is 3.
C. Both A and B. D. None of the above.

10. It provides a graphical representation of statistical values needed in describing the

characteristics of populations and making decisions.
A. probability distribution B. frequency distribution
C. normal distribution D. frequency polygon

20
21
B.
Lesson 1
What I Know
1. A 6. C
2. B 7. C
3. A 8. A
4. D 9. C
5. A 10. C
What’s In
Activity 1
1. 1.6 4. 0.84 7. 1.6 C.
2. 3.4 5. 0.84 8. 0.84
3. 1.6 6. 0.92 9. 0.92
What’s New
Activity 2
1. 2.8 4. 1.56
2. 9.4 5. 1.56
3. 2.8 6. 1.25
What’s More
Activity 3 Task 2
1. 𝜇 = 4.7 𝜎 2 = 3.81
2. 𝜇 = Php 20 𝜎 2 = Php 19, 600
3. 𝜇 = 0.6 𝜎 2 = 76.84
Lesson 2
What’s New
Activity 2
Task 1
A. (The same graph with the previous figure.
The only thing they differ in the previous
figure used frequencies, but this figure
used probabilities)
Answer Key
What’s More
1. Bell-shaped
2. 1
3. mode
4. Mean = 0 and standard deviation
=1
5. Touch the x-axis
6. proportion
7. 7. Equal
8. The center
Assessment
1. D 6. C
2. D 7. B
3. D 8. B
4. A 9. A
5. C 10. C

22
References
Alonzo, George A. 2017. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School. Salinlahi
Publishing House, Inc.

Bangon, Ricardo Jr. B., Maita G. Camilon, and Catalina B. Manalo. 2016. Statistics and
Probability for Senior High School. Cubao, Quezon City: Educational Resources
Corporation.

Belecina, Rene R., Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo. 2016. Statistics and Probability.
Manila, Philippines: Rex Publishing.

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