Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 5 Issue 01, January-2016

Load Flow Analysis of EHV Networks using

MiPower Software: A Case Study
V. P. Sonawane S. S. Dhamse
P. G. student Faculty
Govt. Engineering College Govt. Engineering College
Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

Abstract- In power system number of small scale B. Load Flow

generations/renewable generations are increasing day by day It is the important aspect of power system planning and
due to its numerous advantages and various policies adopted by operation [4]. The load flow provides the information
government. These generations are interconnecting to the regarding real power flow, reactive power flow, voltage
existing power grid. Hence the load flow of the existing systems magnitudes and its angle at different buses. It is very
is changing due to addition of this generation. In this paper a important to know the voltage magnitude and angles as it is
case study is carried out for load flow analysis of existing power required to keep in within limits for satisfactory performance.
system where 13 MW generations is interconnected to power
Once we find the voltage magnitude and its angle at each bus
grid. In this paper the load flow analysis of EHV network is
simulated by using MiPower software and analytical validation
in steady state, we can find out real and reactive power flows
of simulation results are discussed. between each bus. This power flow is important to know the
over-loadings of lines. From the power flow we can find out
Keywords—Load flow, Newton Raphson Method, Fast the losses between the each bus. These values are required to
Decoupled method, MiPower software, Small scale generations. keep the losses within acceptable limit [5]. The common
methods to find out the load flow are as follows:
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Gauss-Seildel method
Load flow studies are one of the most important aspects
2. Newton Raphson method
of power system planning and operation [1]. The load flow
3. Fast decoupled method
gives us the sinusoidal steady state of the entire system 
voltages, real and reactive power generated and absorbed and For load flow studies it is assumed that the loads are
line losses. The load flows between the lines are mainly constant and they are defined by their real and reactive power
depends on the magnitude of voltage and the power angle. consumption. It is further assumed that the generator terminal
When the generations are attached to the existing system voltages are tightly regulated and therefore are constant. The
its load flow changes accordingly [2]. The objective of this main objective of the load flow is to find the voltage
paper is to simulate the load flows of existing system where magnitude of each bus and its angle when the powers
13 MW of generation is interconnected to power grid at generated and loads are pre-specified. To facilitate this we
132kV level. The load flow studies are carried out by using classify the different buses of the power system as listed
MiPower software. The load flow is simulated by using fast below.
decoupled method. The same system is validated by solving 1. Load Buses: In these buses no generators are
the load flow with analytical method and compared with the connected and hence the generated real power PG and
simulation results. The main objective of this paper is to reactive power QG are taken as zero. The load drawn by these
analyze the load flow of existing system using MiPower buses are defined by real power  PL and reactive power  QL
software and to validate the simulation results analytically. in which the negative sign accommodates for the power
II. LITERATURE REVIEW flowing out of the bus. This is why these buses are sometimes
referred to as P-Q bus. The objective of the load flow is to
A. Issues and Challenges for interconnecting small scale find the bus voltage magnitude Vi and its angle i.
generations to power grid
It is very important to properly integrate the small scale 2. Voltage Controlled Buses: These are the buses
generation to the power grid as the small scale generations where generators are connected. Therefore the power
are intermittent in nature [3]. Particularly the challenges are generation in such buses is controlled through a prime mover
for integrating PV, solar and for wind generation are more. while the terminal voltage is controlled through the generator
Some of the challenges are as follows: excitation. Keeping the input power constant through turbine-
governor control and keeping the bus voltage constant using
1. Power Quality automatic voltage regulator, we can specify constant PG and
2. Power fluctuations Vi for these buses. This is why such buses are also referred
to as P-V buses. It is to be noted that the reactive power
3. Storages
supplied by the generator QG depends on the system
4. Protection Issues configuration and cannot be specified in advance.
5. Islanding Furthermore we have to find the unknown angle i of the bus
voltage.

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Vol. 5 Issue 01, January-2016

3. Slack or Swing Bus: Usually this bus is numbered 1 Bus number 4: 11 kV Bus is Voltage controlled (P-V)
for the load flow studies. This bus sets the angular reference bus.
for all the other buses. Since it is the angle difference The load flow is carried out by using MiPower software
between two voltage sources that dictates the real and with fast decoupled method.
reactive power flow between them, the particular angle of the
slack bus is not important. However it sets the reference
against which angles of all the other bus voltages are
measured. For this reason the angle of this bus is usually
chosen as 0. Furthermore it is assumed that the magnitude of
the voltage of this bus is known.
In this paper we have carried out simulation by using fast
decoupled method only.
1. Fast Decoupled method
Generally the power system have very high X/R ratio
[5]. Hence the real power changes are less sensitive to change
in voltage magnitude V but it is more sensitive for changes
in phase angle δ. Whereas the reactive power are more
sensitive to changes in voltage magnitude and less sensitive
for change in phase angle δ. Therefore it is reasonable to set
J2 and J3 of Jacobian matrix to zero. Hence the equation for
ΔP and ΔQ becomes:
= (1)

By solving this we get two decoupled equations which

require less time to solve as compared with N-R method.
Hence finally after solving the above equations we get,
Δδ= - ⁻¹ (2)

Δ =- ⁻¹ (3)
Here B′ and B″ are the bus susceptance matrixes i.e.
it is imaginary part of admittance matrix Ybus. The bus Figure 1: Single Line Diagram
susceptance matrix is constant and required to evaluate only The realistic data is considered for the simulation using
once at beginning of the iterations. B′ is the order of (n-1). fast decoupled method and then the simulation results are
For voltage regulated buses the Qi are not specified and hence evaluated analytically.
the corresponding rows and columns of the Ybus matrix are
eliminated, hence we get B″ matrix of the order of (n-1-m) 1. System Data
where ‘n’ is the total number of buses and ‘m’ is the number The realistic system data are considered.
of voltage controlled buses.
The fast decoupled method requires more iteration TRANSFORMER DATA
than N-R method, but the time required is considerably less
and we get rapidly the power flow solutions. Transformer Numbers:
1. 220/132 kV 100 MVA
III. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY Impedance: (0.00501+j0.10028) ohm
Figure 1 shows the single line diagram of the system 2. 220/132 kV 100 MVA
under study. A 220 kV substation is considered. A 220 kV Impedance: (0.00501+j0.10028) ohm
bus is connected to EHV grid. A two 220/132 kV 100 MVA 3. 11/132 kV 15.5 MVA
transformers are connected between 220 kV and 132 kV bus. Impedance: (0.01898+j0.37953)
At 132 kV bus, loads are connected through different 132 kV
lines, which are not shown in diagram. A small scale TRANSMISSION LINE DATA
generation of about 13 MW at 11 kV voltage level is Line 1: 132kV GAPS Bus to 132 kV Sawangi Bus
considered. The 11 kV voltage level is converted to 132 kV Impedance: 0.01899+j0.4521
level by using 11/132 kV, 25 MVA power transformer. At 11 Km: 20.40
kV voltage level the load of 4 MW are considered for
auxiliaries of small scale generation. The buses named as: GENERATOR DATA
Bus number 1: 220 kV Bus (connected to power grid) 1. At 220 kV Sawangi Bus connected to Power grid.
taken as slack bus. 2. At 11 kV GAPS Bus 13 MW, 11 kV Generator is
Bus number 2: 132 kV Bus is Load (P-Q) bus. connected.

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Vol. 5 Issue 01, January-2016

3. LOAD DATA The summary result diagram is as shown in figure 2.

132 kV Sawangi Bus: 120 MW, 50 MVAr.
11kV GAPS Bus: 4 MW, 1 MVAR for station auxiliaries
and lighting load.
IV. RESULTS
The load flow is simulated by using MiPower
software and simulation results are validated analytically.
The summary of result obtained by MiPower
software is as follows-

A. Load Flow simulation by Fast Decoupled method

The system is simulated in MiPower software by using
Fast decoupled method. In Fast decoupled method the bus
susceptance matrix are evaluated from Ybus and the
simulation is carried out.
In the system under study, the load flow solution
converges into 5 iterations. The iterations required are
normally more than Newton Raphson method but the
calculation for fast and decoupled method is more easier than
Newton-Raphson method as only bus susceptance matrix is
evaluated only once at first iteration whereas for Newton
Raphson method the Jacobian matrix are required for every
iteration and becomes complicated to calculate.

The simulation result by using MiPower software is

obtained as below-
1. BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

Ang. In
Node V-Mag MW MVAr Remarks
Degrees
1 (220kV
1.0 0.00 111.443 52.271 Gen
Sawangi)
2 (132 kV Figure 2: Summary result diagram of FD Load Flow
0.9237 -3.56 120 50.00 Load
Sawangi)
3 (132 kV
0.9283 -3.36 0.00 0.00 -
GAPS)

4 (11 kV 13.00 6.749 Gen

GAPS)
1.0 -1.21
4 1 Load
B. Analytical solution by Fast Decoupled Method
The same system is solved analytically by fast decoupled
method. The analytical solution is as below-
2. TRANSFORMER FLOWS AND TRANSFORMER From the given impedances of lines, transformers and
LOSSES generators the Ybus is formed.
FROM- Forward Power Loss %
Sr. TO Loadin
MW MVAr MW MVAr  0.9023  j18.04  0.95  j18.948 0 0 
(Node) g  0.95  j18.948 8.894  j 38.69 
  7.89  j18.80 0 
Ybus 
1 1-2 55.72 26.13 0.20 4.18 61.5  0  7.89  j18.80 8.95  j 40.01  1.028  j 20.57
 
2 1-2 55.72 26.13 0.20 4.18 61.5  0 0  1.0286  j 20.5711 0.9974  j19.94 

3 4-3 8.998 5.749 0.02 0.47 68.9

In our system bus 1 is considered as Slack bus. Hence the
corresponding row and column of Ybus is neglected.
3. LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES
Therefore for B′ matrix taking only imaginary values of Ybus,
we get Bus susceptance matrix as
Forward Power Loss %
Sr. Node Loadin
MW MVAr MW MVAr g
132 kV B 
Sawangi to
1 -8.967 -6.104 0.0250 -0.832 13.0
132 kV GAPS
Bus

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Vol. 5 Issue 01, January-2016

The inverse of the above matrix is Hence from equation 3, we get,

= =-

By solving this equation we get the phase voltage for first

From the expression of real power given, at bus 2 to 4 and iteration.
reactive power, at bus 3 and 4 are calculated. The process is continued until the power residuals are
within a specified accuracy.
Pi   Yij Vi Vj cos  ij   i   j 
n
(4) The final results are as below:
j 1
1. BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS
Ang. In
Node V-Mag MW MVAr Remarks
Degrees
Qi   Yij Vi Vj sin  ij   j   i 
n
(5) 1 (220kV
1.0 0.00 110.24 51.2 Gen
j 1 Sawangi)
2 (132 kV
The load and generation expressed in pu are 0.922 -3.26 120.00 50.00 Load
Sawangi)
3 (132 kV
S₂(sch) = = 1.2+j0.5 pu GAPS)
0.928 -2.69 0 0 -

4 (11 kV 13 5.9 Gen

S4(sch) Load = = 0.04+j0.01 pu 1.0 2.34
GAPS) 4 1 Load

S₄(sch) Generation = =0.13 pu 2. TRANSFORMER FLOWS AND TRANSFORMER LOSSES

FROM- Forward Power Loss
Sr.
Hence, S4(sch)=0.13-0.04-j0.01=0.09+j0.01 TO % Loading
N. MW MVAr MW MVAr
(Node)

The slack bus voltage is V₁ = 10° and magnitude of 1 1-2 54.12 27.20 0.25 5.18 61
voltage of bus 4 is 1 pu. Starting with initial estimates of 2 1-2 54.12 27.20 0.25 5.18 61
=0 pu and δ2°=0, δ3°=0, the power residuals
3 4-3 10.01 6.749 0.42 0.87 69
computed as
0  0 
ΔPᵢ = Pᵢ(sch)- Pᵢ
3. LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES
0  0 
ΔQᵢ = Qᵢ(sch)- Qᵢ Sr Forward Power Loss %
Node
.N. MW MVAr MW MVAr Loading
Hence the power flow algorithm given by equation 2
becomes as- 132 kV
Sawangi to
1 -16.51 -9.80 0.0807 -0.707 24
132 kV
GAPS Bus
=-
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper the case study is carried out by using
By solving this eq. we get the voltage phase angles. MiPower software. Then the simulation results are validated
analytically.
Since bus 4 is Voltage controlled bus, the corresponding The fast decoupled method is more superior to N-R
row and column of B bus susceptance matrix are method for the system having high X/R ratio. The number of
eliminated, then we get iteration required is more for fast decoupled method but the
calculations are easier than NR method.
=
After comparing the results obtained from MiPower
software with analytical solution, it is found that the results
The inverse of above matrix is are nearly equal. There is having little difference in the load
flow values which may be due to decimal values used in
= software. Also the MiPower software adjusts the Y bus
matrix for calculation purposes as it is the part of the
software.
It will help system operator for forecasting of load flow
data in the EHV networks.

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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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Vol. 5 Issue 01, January-2016

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