018 ISO-8044-2020 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys - Vocabulary

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8044
Fifth edition
2020-02
Corrosion of metals and alloys —

Vocabulary
Corrosion des métaux et alliages — Vocabulaire
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ISO 8044:2020
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Reference number
ISO 8044:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
ISO 8044:2020(E)


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ISO 8044:2020
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ISO 8044:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms related to corrosion in general............................................................................................................................................ 1
4 Terms related to types of corrosion.................................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Terms related to corrosion protection........................................................................................................................................... 9
6 Terms related to corrosion testing..................................................................................................................................................11
7 Terms related to electrochemical matters..............................................................................................................................12
7.1 The electrochemical cell............................................................................................................................................................... 12
7.2 Reaction rates........................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.3 Passivation................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
7.4 Electrochemical protection........................................................................................................................................................ 19
7.5 Electrochemical corrosion tests............................................................................................................................................. 20
Annex A (informative) Graphical representations of certain terms..................................................................................22
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Index.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
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ISO 8044:2020
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ISO 8044:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys, in
collaboration with the European Committee forISO 8044:2020
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 262, Metallic and other inorganic coatings, including for corrosion protection and corrosion testing of
metals and alloys, in accordance with the Agreement
226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 8044:2015), which has been technically
revised to include additional terms and definitions.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO 8044:2020(E)

Introduction
The definitions in this document have been drawn up with the objective of achieving a proper balance
between precision and simplicity. The main objective of this document is to provide definitions that
can be understood to have the same meaning by all concerned. Some corrosion terms in present use
have developed through common usage and are not always logical. It has not, therefore, been possible
to define certain terms in the form they are used in some countries. Because of the occasional conflicts
between tradition and logic, some definitions inevitably represent a compromise.
An example of this kind of conflict is the term “corrosion”. This has been used to mean the process,
results of the process and damage caused by the process. In this document, corrosion is understood
to mean the process. Any detectable result of corrosion in any part of a corrosion system is termed
“corrosion effect”. The term “corrosion damage” covers any impairment of the function of the technical
system of which the metal and the environment form a part. Consequently, the term “corrosion
protection” implies that the important thing is to avoid corrosion damage rather than to prevent
corrosion, which in many cases is impossible and sometimes not necessary.

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ISO 8044:2020
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ISO 8044:2020
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8044:2020(E)
Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms relating to corrosion that are widely used in modern science and
technology. In addition, some definitions are supplemented with short explanations.
NOTE 1 Throughout the document, IUPAC rules for electrode potential signs are applied. The term “metal” is
also used to include alloys and other metallic materials.
NOTE 2 Terms and definitions related to the inorganic surface treatment of metals are given in ISO 2080.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms related to corrosion in general

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— (standards.iteh.ai)
IEC Electropedia: available at http://w ww.electropedia.org/
3.1 ISO 8044:2020
corrosion https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/df5c915c-e6ff-4cfc-b323-
physicochemical interaction between a metallic material and its environment that results in changes in
226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
the properties of the metal, and that may lead to significant impairment of the function of the metal, the
environment or the technical system, of which these form a part
Note 1 to entry: This interaction is often of an electrochemical nature.
3.2
corrosive agent
substance that will initiate or promote corrosion (3.1) when in contact with a given metal
3.3
corrosive environment
environment that contains one or more corrosive agents (3.2)
3.4
corrosion system
system consisting of one or more metals and those parts of the environment that influence corrosion (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: Parts of the environment may be, for example, coatings, surface layers or additional electrodes
(7.1.2).
3.5
corrosion effect
change in any part of the corrosion system (3.4) caused by corrosion (3.1)
3.6
corrosion damage
corrosion effect (3.5) that causes impairment of the function of the metal, the environment or the
technical system, of which these form a part
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 8044:2020(E)

3.7
corrosion failure
corrosion damage (3.6) characterized by the total loss of function of the technical system
3.8
corrosion product
substance formed as a result of corrosion (3.1)
3.9
scale
solid layer of corrosion products (3.8) formed on a metal at high temperature
Note 1 to entry: The term “scale” is also used in some countries for deposits from supersaturated water.
3.10
rust
visible corrosion products (3.8) consisting mainly of hydrated iron oxides
3.11
corrosion depth
distance between a point on the surface of a metal affected by corrosion (3.1) and the original surface
of the metal
3.12
corrosion rate
corrosion effect (3.5) on a metal per unit time
Note 1 to entry: The unit used to express the corrosion rate depends on the technical system and on the type of
(standards.iteh.ai)
corrosion effect. Thus, corrosion rate is typically expressed as an increase in corrosion depth (3.11) per unit time,
or the mass of metal turned into corrosion products (3.8) per area of surface and per unit time, etc. The corrosion
effect may vary with time and may not be the sameISO at all points of the corroding surface. Therefore, reports
8044:2020
of corrosion rates are typically accompanied by information on the type, time dependency and location of the
corrosion effect. 226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
3.13
corrosion resistance
ability of a metal to maintain serviceability (3.16) in a given corrosion system (3.4)
3.14
corrosivity
ability of an environment to cause corrosion (3.1) of a metal in a given corrosion system (3.4)
3.15
corrosion likelihood
qualitative and/or quantitative expression of the expected corrosion effects (3.5) in a defined corrosion
system (3.4)
3.16
serviceability
<corrosion> ability of a corrosion system (3.4) to perform its specified functions without impairment
due to corrosion (3.1)
3.17
durability
<corrosion> ability of a corrosion system (3.4) to maintain serviceability (3.16) over a specified time
when the specified requirements for use and maintenance have been fulfilled
3.18
service life
<corrosion> time during which a corrosion system (3.4) meets the requirements for serviceability (3.16)
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 8044:2020(E)

3.19
critical humidity
value of the relative humidity of an atmosphere above which there is a sharp increase in the corrosion
rate (3.12) of a given metal
3.20
corrosion attack
corrosion effect (3.5) that is detrimental but has not progressed to the point of impairment of the
function of the metal, the environment or the technical system, of which these form a part
3.21
pickling
removal of oxides or other compounds from a metal surface by chemical or electrochemical action
3.22
pitting resistance equivalent number
PREN
indication of the resistance of stainless steels and nickel-based alloys to pitting in the presence of
chloride-containing water
Note 1 to entry: An example formula for PREN is given by
PREN = % Cr + 3 , 3 [( % Mo ) + 0 , 5 ( % W )] + 16 ( % N )
Note 2 to entry: In general, the higher the PREN the higher the resistance to pitting corrosion (4.15).
3.23
trap (standards.iteh.ai)
micro structural site at which the residence time for a hydrogen atom is long compared to the residence
time in an interstitial lattice site ISO 8044:2020
3.24 226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
time of wetness
period when a metallic surface is covered by adsorptive and/or liquid films of electrolyte (7.1.1) to be
capable of causing atmospheric corrosion (4.4)
3.25
threshold stress
<stress corrosion cracking> tensile stress above which stress corrosion cracks initiate and grow for
specified test conditions
3.26
threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking
KISCC
stress intensity factor above which stress corrosion crack propagation is sustained
Note 1 to entry: The threshold stress intensity factor is a concept of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)
and is applicable when the plastic zone size is large compared with the microstructure, the crack is sufficiently
long, and a high constraint to plastic deformation prevails, i.e. under plane strain predominant conditions. For
growing stress corrosion cracks, LEFM is not necessarily applicable in all detail but is adopted as a pragmatic
tool that is commonly used.
Note 2 to entry: Stress corrosion cracks may initiate at a surface or a surface defect and grow in the “small crack”
regime at stress intensity factor levels below the apparent threshold stress intensity factor. Therefore, LEFM is
not applicable in the “small crack” regime.

ISO 8044:2020(E)

4 Terms related to types of corrosion

4.1
electrochemical corrosion
corrosion (3.1) involving at least one anodic reaction (7.1.9) and one cathodic reaction (7.1.6)
4.2
chemical corrosion
corrosion (3.1) not involving an electrochemical reaction
4.3
gaseous corrosion
corrosion (3.1) with dry gas as the corrosive environment (3.3) and without any liquid phase on the
surface of the metal
4.4
atmospheric corrosion
corrosion (3.1) with the earth’s atmosphere at ambient temperature as the corrosive environment (3.3)
4.5
marine corrosion
corrosion (3.1) with sea water as the main agent of the corrosive environment (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: This definition includes both immersed and splash zone conditions.
4.6
underground corrosion iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
corrosion (3.1) of buried metals, soil being the corrosive environment (3.3)
(standards.iteh.ai)
Note 1 to entry: The term soil includes not only the naturally occurring material but also any other material, such
as ballast and backfill, used to cover a structure. ISO 8044:2020
4.7 226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
bacterial corrosion
microbiologically influenced corrosion (4.37) due to the action of bacteria
4.8
general corrosion
corrosion (3.1) proceeding over the whole surface of the metal exposed to the corrosive environment (3.3)
4.9
uniform corrosion
general corrosion (4.8) proceeding at almost the same rate over the whole surface
4.10
localized corrosion
corrosion (3.1) preferentially concentrated on discrete sites of the metal surface exposed to the corrosive
environment (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Localized corrosion can result in, for example, pits, cracks or grooves.
4.11
galvanic corrosion
corrosion (3.1) due to the action of a corrosion cell (7.1.13)
Note 1 to entry: The term has often been restricted to the action of bimetallic corrosion cells, i.e. to bimetallic
corrosion (4.12).
4.12
bimetallic corrosion
DEPRECATED: contact corrosion
galvanic corrosion (4.11) where the electrodes (7.1.2) are formed by dissimilar metals

ISO 8044:2020(E)

4.13
impressed current corrosion
electrochemical corrosion (4.1) due to the action of an external source of electric current
4.14
stray-current corrosion
impressed current corrosion (4.13) caused by current flowing through paths other than the intended
circuits
4.15
pitting corrosion
localized corrosion (4.10) resulting in pits, i.e. cavities extending from the surface into the metal
4.16
crevice corrosion
localized corrosion (4.10) associated with, and taking place in or immediately around, a narrow aperture
or clearance formed between the metal surface and another surface (metallic or non-metallic)
4.17
deposit corrosion
localized corrosion (4.10) associated with, and taking place under or immediately around, a deposit of
corrosion products (3.8) or other substance
4.18
water-line corrosion
corrosion (3.1) along, and as a consequence of the presence of, a gas/liquid boundary
4.19
selective corrosion
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dealloying
corrosion (3.1) of an alloy whereby theISO 8044:2020 react in proportions that differ from their
components
proportions in the alloy
226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
4.20
dezincification of brass
selective corrosion (4.19) of brass resulting in the preferential removal of zinc
4.21
graphitic corrosion
selective corrosion (4.19) of grey cast iron resulting in the partial removal of metallic constituents and
leaving graphite
4.22
intergranular corrosion
corrosion (3.1) in or adjacent to the grain boundaries of a metal
4.23
weld corrosion
corrosion (3.1) associated with the presence of a welded joint and taking place in the weld or its vicinity
4.24
knife-line corrosion
corrosion (3.1) resulting in a narrow slit in or adjacent to the filler/parent boundary of a welded or
brazed joint
4.25
erosion corrosion
process involving conjoint corrosion (3.1) and erosion
Note 1 to entry: Erosion corrosion can occur in, for example, pipes with high fluid flow velocity and pumps and
pipe lines carrying fluid containing abrasive particles in suspension or entrained in a gas flow.

ISO 8044:2020(E)

4.26
cavitation corrosion
process involving conjoint corrosion (3.1) and cavitation
Note 1 to entry: Cavitation corrosion can occur, for example, in rotary pumps and on ships’ propellers.
4.27
fretting corrosion
process involving conjoint corrosion (3.1) and oscillatory slip between two vibrating surfaces in contact
Note 1 to entry: Fretting corrosion can occur, for example, at mechanical joints in vibrating structures.
4.28
wear corrosion
process involving conjoint corrosion (3.1) and friction between two sliding surfaces in contact
4.29
corrosion fatigue
process involving conjoint corrosion (3.1) and alternating straining of the metal, often leading to
cracking
Note 1 to entry: Corrosion fatigue can occur when a metal is subjected to cyclic straining in a corrosive
environment (3.3).
4.30
stress corrosion
process involving conjoint corrosion (3.1) and straining of the metal due to applied or residual stress
4.31 (standards.iteh.ai)
stress corrosion cracking
cracking due to stress corrosion (4.30) ISO 8044:2020
4.32
226e729e858f/iso-8044-2020
hydrogen embrittlement
process resulting in a decrease of the toughness or ductility of a metal due to absorption of hydrogen
Note 1 to entry: Hydrogen embrittlement often accompanies hydrogen formation, for example, by corrosion (3.1)
or electrolysis, and can lead to cracking.
4.33
blistering
process resulting in a dome-shaped defect visible on the surface of an object and arising from localized
loss of cohesion below the surface
Note 1 to entry: For example, blistering can occur on coated metal due to loss of adhesion between coating and
substrate, caused by accumulation of products from localized corrosion (4.10). On uncoated metal, blistering can
occur due to excessive internal hydrogen pressure.
4.34
spalling
fragmentation and detachment of portions of the surface layer or scale (3.9)
4.35
tarnishing
dulling, staining or discoloration of a metal surface, due to the formation of a thin layer of corrosion
products (3.8)
4.36
aqueous corrosion
corrosion (3.1) with water or a water-based solution as the corrosive environment (3.3)

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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Corrosion of metals and alloys —

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iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

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Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary

3 Terms related to corrosion in general

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4 Terms related to types of corrosion

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