Scribd
Upload
14 views15 pages

Civil Military Relations

Uploaded by

hurairabaig37
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views15 pages

Civil Military Relations

Uploaded by

hurairabaig37
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Civil Military Relations

Rohail Nazir
44th CTP, Commerce & Trade Group
Pillars of a State
State

Legislature Executive
(Parliament, (Implementation of
President and Judicature the laws enacted by
Governors, legislature)
(Supreme
Provincial Court, High
Assemblies) Courts, FSc and
Other Courts) Civil Services
(Article 240, 241, 242
of the Constitution of
Pakistan)

Armed Forces
(Article 243, 244, 245 of
the Constitution of
Pakistan)
How and when they tasted the blood
Governor Generals of Pakistan Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (11 Sep. 1948) Liaqat Ali Khan (1951)
Khawja Nazimudin (1951) Khawja Nazimuddin (1953)
Malik Ghulam Muhammad (1955) Muhammad Ali Bogra (1955)
Maj. General Iskandar Mirza (1956) Ch. Muhammad Ali (1956)
Presidents of Pakistan Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy (1957)
Maj. Gen Iskandar Mirza ( 958) I.I Chundrigar (1957)
General Muhammad Ayub Khan (1969) Malik Feroz Khan Noon (1958)

Cabinet of Talent:
Muhammad Ali Bogra on the orders of Governor General appointed a 15 members cabinet on April 24, 1954.
General Ayub Khan and Major General Iskandar Mirza were also in this Cabinet and this was appointed in the
absence of legislature. It was the beginning of Military taking over civilian responsibilities. One Unit
http://www.na.gov.pk/en/content.php?id=75#:~:text=The%20final%20draft%20of%20the,Ghulam%20Muham
mad%20on%2024th%20October1954.
Palace Intrigues
• Ghulam Muhamamd and Nazimuddin Tussle
• Prime Minister office Vs Governor Generals Office
• Article 10 and 68 of Gov. of India Act, 1935
• Ghulam Muhammad used his discretionary powers under the
Provisional Constitution (Interim Constitution, 1947), which provided
that the Prime Minister held office during the pleasure of Governor
General, and dismissed Nazimuddin’s Ministry.
• Moulvi Tamizuddin Case in Sindh High Court
• http://thelawstudies.blogspot.com/2017/01/maulvi-tamizuddin-
khan-case.html
Why did Jinnah go for Governor Generalship of Pakistan?
Proclamation of Martial Law on October 7, 1958
https://www.dawn.com/news/664894/flashback-the-martial-law-of-1958
Points to be pondered
• Ayub was granted extension by the President of Pakistan
• Political Instability
• Non-elected members in Cabinet
• Playing to the gallery

• Question
In Pakistan, Civil-Military relations define politico-economic and
social stability. Discuss.
Common Themes of Military Governments
i. Weakening of political parties
i. Non-party elections in 1962, 1984
ii. Creation of new political parties i.e. PML, PPPP, MQM, PML (Q), MMA, IPP
ii. Presidential Form of Governments
iii. Cross border tensions, insurgencies and war hysteria (Conspiracy
Theories)
i. War of 1965
ii. Border Tension in 2001
iii. Kargil, 1999
iv. Accountability Drives
i. Elected Bodies Disqualification Order (1959)
https://www.dawn.com/news/1349715
Common Themes of Military Governments…2
i. McCarthyism
(A practice of making accusations of subversion / treason without
proper regard of evidence)
ii. Censorship
iii. Propaganda (Self-glorification campaigns, commandment notes,
claims to Muslim Ummah’s leadership etc)
iv. The Religion card
Inviolable Military’s Interests by Hasan Askari
i. National Security
i. Nuclear Policy / matters
ii. Relations and policies on Afghanistan
iii. India relations / policies
iv. Kashmir policies
v. Balochistan, Pak China Relations, Pak-US relations
ii. Weapon’s procurement
iii. Autonomy of the Institution (Non-interference from outside)
iv. Defense Budget / expenditures
v. Perks and privileges
vi. Oversight on (Guardian of the state)
i. Economy
ii. Social Stability
iii. Political Stability
Way Forward
I. Supremacy of the Constitution
II. Meritocracy in General’s promotion and appointment of COAS
III. Inter-Institutional Dialogue (Raza Rabbani)
IV. Jinnah’s guiding principle
(Do not forget that the armed forces are the servants of the people. You do not make
national policy; it is we, the civilians, who decide these issues and it is your duty to carry
put these tasks which with you are entrusted – Staff College Quetta, June 14, 1948)
I. Participatory Democracy (not majoritarian rule)
II. Strong political Parties
III. Strong Civilian Institutions
IV. Implementations of the decisions of SCP in Islamabad Dharna
case’s
Proxy Wars
• An international conflict between two powers, fought out on a soil of the third country, disguised
as a conflict over an international issue of that country; and using sources of that country’s
manpower, resources and territory as a means of achieving foreign goals / strategies
• Proxies
• State proxies
• Non-state proxies
• “In recent decades, modes of intervention have changed, forcible
intervention has tended to give place to non-forcible direct to
indirect, open to clandestine” (Headley Bull)
Advantages of Proxy Wars over Direct Wars
• Time bound
• Need based
• Limited / restricted
• Outsourcing
• Oblique / Covert warfare
• Cheap (Cheapest insurance in the world – Eisenhower)
• Arm’s length, effect based operations
• War on the cheap – Andrew Mumford

You might also like