Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Physical Science
First Quarter - Module 3
General Types of
Intermolecular Forces

Ronald E. Escorpiso
Christine Ann G. Faraon

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the general types of intermolecular forces of attraction and explain its
effects on the properties of substances. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.

Learning Competencies
 Describe the general types of intermolecular forces. (S11/12PSIllc-d-17)
 Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of
substances. (S11/12PS-Illd-e-19)

Specifically, at the end of this lesson, you are expected to

 differentiate the general types of intermolecular forces of attraction;
 give examples of each type of intermolecular force; and
 discuss how the intermolecular forces affect the properties of substances
and cite specific examples of these.

What I Know

Read the question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which among the following is an intermolecular force of attraction?

A. Covalent bond C. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Metallic bond

2. What type of IMFA is present between polar molecules?

A. Dipole-dipole force C. London dispersion force
B. Ion-dipole force D. Metallic bond

3. What IMFA exists between two nonpolar molecules?

A. Dipole-dipole force
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ion-dipole force
D. London dispersion force

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4. Which sequence of IMFA is correctly arranged by increasing force of
attraction?
A. Dipole-dipole  London dispersion  ion-dipole hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond  ion-dipole  London dispersion  dipole-dipole
C. Ion-dipole  hydrogen bond  dipole-dipole  London dispersion
D. London dispersion  dipole-dipole  hydrogen bond  ion-dipole

5. What type of IMFA exists between iron II (Fe2+) and oxygen gas in the blood?
A. Dipole-dipole interaction
B. hydrogen bond interaction
C. ion-dipole interaction
D. London dispersion interaction

6. Which compounds can form a dipole-dipole interaction?

A. Ammonia (NH3) dissolved in water
B. Table salt (NaCl) dissolved in water
C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water
D. Potassium iodide (KI) dissolved in water

7. Which is TRUE about nitrogen gas (N2)?

A. It is polar and has a permanent dipole.
B. It is non-polar and has a permanent dipole.
C. It is polar and may have a momentary dipole.
D. It is non-polar and may have a momentary dipole.

8. If the given compounds are in their respective containers, which among

them can produce hydrogen bond when interacting with one another?
A. CH4 B. HCl C. H2O D. NaCl

9. Based on their viscosity, which has the strongest IMF?

A. Cooking oil C. Mayonnaise
B. Ketchup D. Water

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For items 10 – 11. There are four types of liquids with the following boiling
points:
Bottle 1 – 25.0°C
Bottle 2 – 40.0°C
Bottle 3 – 75.0°C
Bottle 4 – 100.0°C

10. Which bottle has the strongest IMFA?

A. Bottle 1 C. Bottle 3
B. Bottle 2 D. Bottle 4
11. If placed in the same condition, which liquid would have the highest vapor
pressure?
A. Bottle 1 C. Bottle 3
B. Bottle 2 D. Bottle 4

12. Which property of water is exhibited by the absorption and distribution of

water by plants?
A. Boiling point C. Surface tension
B. Capillary action D. Vapor pressure

13. Water striders and Jesus Christ lizards are two organisms that can walk on
water. Which property of liquid makes them capable of doing this?
A. Capillary action C. Surface tension
B. Melting point D. Viscosity

14. Which property of liquid is described as the amount of gas in equilibrium

with the liquid and solid phases?
A. Boiling point C. Vapor pressure
B. Melting point D. Viscosity

15. Which among these properties decreases when IMFA increases?

A. Capillary action
B. Surface tension
C. Vapor pressure
D. Viscosity

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 General Types of Intermolecular
Lesson
Forces

What’s In

In the previous module, you have learned about the difference between polar
and nonpolar covalent compounds.

Activity 1
Below are structures of some molecules. Analyze each given molecule and classify
it as polar or nonpolar. Then, write a brief justification for your answer.

1.
O C O

2. O
H H
3. H Cl

4.
N N

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5.
H N H

Your skills in drawing the Lewis structure of molecules and ideas about its
polarity are very substantial for you to deeply understand the next lesson.

What’s New

Here are some of the important terms used throughout this module.

 Intramolecular forces of attraction are the forces of attraction

within molecules.

 Intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) are the forces of

attraction between neighboring molecules.

 Dipole moment happens when there is a separation of charges due

to difference in the electronegativity.

 Induced dipole moment is a temporary dipole created due to

distortion in the electron cloud of an atom or a molecule.

As of this moment, you already knew that compounds and molecules are
formed from the bonding of atoms. The bonding is formed as a result of an
attractive force known as intramolecular forces of attraction. This includes ionic
bond, covalent bond, and metallic bonding. Some examples of molecules are water
(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and glucose (C6H12O6).

Think of three (3) more examples of molecules.

But why do molecules attract one another?

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 For you to easily visualize it, get a glass of water (H 2O) and put one teaspoon
of table salt (NaCl) in it. Then, stir it up for one minute. Observe what will happen.
After dissolving the salt in water, what do you think happened to the sodium (Na)
and chlorine (Cl) compositions of the table salt (sodium chloride)?

Figure 1. At molecular level view of sodium chloride dissolved in water.

Source: “Universal Solvent.” Digital Image. mHarned 8B. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://mharned8b.wixsite.com/schmidt/universal-solvent

The illustration above shows what happened at molecular level when you
are dissolving salt in water.

What Is It
The important concepts to understand from the example are:

1. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. It is composed of a cation (Na+)

and an anion (Cl-).

2. Water (H2O) is a polar molecule. It means it has uneven distributions of

electrons; oxygen atom is partially negative (δ−) while hydrogen atoms
are partially positive (δ+). This happens because of the difference in
their electronegativities.

3. When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, its cation which is Na +

attracts the partially negative side of the water, which is the oxygen
atom. While its anion which is Cl- attracts the partially positive side of

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 water which are the hydrogen atoms. This leads to their separation
which is called dissociation.

4. This attraction between and are examples of intermolecular `force of

attraction.

Here are the different types of Intermolecular forces of attraction, and some
of their examples.

MAJOR TYPES OF IMFA

1. Ion-Dipole Interaction

Ion-dipole interaction happens when an ion comes across a polar

molecule. The best example of this type of interaction is the simple
experiment you conducted wherein you dissolved table salt in water.

The ions (Na+ and Cl-) interacted with water molecules that are polar
(having partially negative and partially positive sides) leading to its
dissociation.

2. Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Dipole-dipole interaction is happening between two polar molecules

interacting to one another. An example of this is when you
have a bottle of ammonia (NH3).

Figure 2. Interaction of ammonia (NH3) molecules

A molecule of ammonia is a polar molecule. It means it has uneven

sharing of electrons leading to the formation of partially positive side which
is hydrogen and partially negative side which is nitrogen.

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 When they interact with one another inside the bottle, H (δ+) is
attracted with N (δ-) of the neighboring NH3 molecule and vice versa. This
interaction is an example of dipole-dipole, which is represented by broken
lines as shown in Figure 2.

2.1. Hydrogen bond

The interaction of NH3 – NH3 molecules in Figure 2 is also an
example of one special type of dipole-dipole interaction is called the
hydrogen bond. It is true to cases wherein H is interacting with highly
electronegative elements such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F).

N H

O H

F H
Figure 3. Molecules forming H-bond
3. London Dispersion Interaction

This type of IMFA is exhibited by interactions happening among non-

polar molecules and noble gases.

When there is a distortion in the electron clouds of atoms or

molecules creating the so-called induced dipole. This is a temporary shift of
electrons causing one end of an atom or molecule becomes more positive
than the other.
Example of this is interaction between oxygen gas (O 2) and nitrogen
gas (N3) in a container. These two molecules are both nonpolar.

δ- δ+ δ- δ+

Figure 4. Molecules of nitrogen gas interacting with oxygen gas

exhibiting London dispersion.

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ORDER OF STRENGTH OF IMFA

You must bear in mind that the strength of the intermolecular forces of
attraction varies depending on its type. The arrangement below shows the order of
their strength.

ion-dipole > H-bond > dipole-dipole > London dispersion

NOTE: The attractive forces increase with increasing molar mass and size of
the molecule.

What’s More

Intermolecular force of attraction between the molecules of a substance

affects its physical properties. Some of the physical properties are:

A. Viscosity

On a movable, smooth surface, pour same amount of water,

ketchup, oil, and mayonnaise. Then, slowly put it on a slanting position
and observe which among the liquid reach the ground first.

All these samples are liquid. But why do they not flow in the
same rate? It is because they vary in terms of viscosity. Viscosity is the
resisting ability of a liquid to flow. From the activity, the liquid that
reached the ground first is described as less viscous and the one that
moved very slowly and reached the ground last is the most viscous.

More viscous substances have stronger intermolecular forces.

As the IMFA gets stronger, the viscosity of a substance increases.

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B. Surface tension

Waking up in a very cold

morning, have you seen droplets of
water on surfaces of leaves or
vehicles? Or do you observe these
droplets formed on the surface of a
cold bottle or a pitcher full of ice?
How come water is formed into
round droplets?
Figure 5. Water droplets on leaves
showing surface tension.

Source: “Lotus leaf with water drop.” Digital Image. Ninithi. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://ninithi.wordpress.com/2015/07/30/how-lotus-leaf-make-water-droplet-dance-on-its-
surface/

This phenomenon is due the physical property called surface

tension. Surface tension is the ability of a liquid surface to be stretched
forming an elastic sheet or membrane.

Aside from the spherical shape of water droplets, this property

explains how some insects or animals can walk on water.

Figure 6. Water strider walking on Figure 7. Jesus Christ lizard running

the water. on water.
Sources:
(1) “Water springer.” Digital Image. Springer link. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63607-8_1
(2) “The Jesus Christ lizard.” Digital Image. Blueridge. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://blueridgechristiannews.com/2019/09/17/the-jesus-christ-lizard/

Surface tension is also determined by the IMFA between the

molecules of the given substance like in this case, molecules of water.

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 As the IMFA gets stronger, the surface tension of a substance
increases.

C. Capillarity action/ Capillarity

When you throw an object upward, you can infer that it will go
down. It is because of gravity. If everything is pulled by gravity, haven’t
you ever wondered how do trees sip water from the ground and
distribute it to all its parts including those on top?

This phenomenon is called capillary action or capillarity. This

is described as the rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tubes or absorbent
material.

For the capillary action to take place, it involves to two types of

forces: the cohesive force (cohesion) and the adhesive force (adhesion).

 Cohesion is an attractive force between same substances in which

they are sticking together. Example of this is a water molecule
interacting with another water molecule.
 Adhesion is an attractive force between different substances
wherein they are clinging to one another. Example of this is a water
molecule interacting with the surface of the tube.

Figure 8. Visual representations of cohesion and adhesion.

Source: “Capillary Rise.” Digital Image. Toppr. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/problems-on-capillary-rise-
25049/

As these two forces combined together, the water from the ground
that is absorbed by plant’s roots is capable of climbing to the stem going
up to different leaves, fruits, or flowers growing on the top of it. This is
how plants are capable of sipping their water and cultivate.

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 The strength of attraction present in the cohesion and adhesion
defining how strong the capillary action of a substance is determined by
the IMFA they have.

As the IMFA gets stronger, the capillarity action increases.

Vapor pressure
Many people enjoy hot
beverages in the morning, such as
coffee or hot chocolate. In to
prepare this, you have to boil
water in the kettle. However,
before you can understand
boiling, you must first understand
the concept of vapor pressure

Vapor pressure is the

tendency of a substance to turn
into vapor (gaseous) state when its
rate of evaporation is equal to its
rate of condensation in a closed
Figure 9. Illustration showing how vapor
container. pressure is attained.
Source: “Vapor Pressure.” Digital Image. Cengage Learning. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/16413391/
Evaporation is the turning of liquid into gas while condensation
is the process where gas turns into liquid. To attain vapor pressure, the
rates of these two processes must be equal or reaching equilibrium.

If the IMFA of a substance is strong, the molecules of a substance

are difficult to break or separate, thus, slowing down the attainment of
vapor pressure. With this, they have an inverse relationship.

As the IMFA gets stronger, the vapor pressure of a substance

decreases.

D. Boiling point and Melting point

Boiling point is the temperature at which the atmospheric

pressure (outside) is equal to the vapor pressure (inside) of a gas in a

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 closed container. Water boils at 100.0°C which is very high. It implies
that the IMFA existing among water molecules is strong.

Melting point is the temperature at which a solid substance

melts. Ice has melting point of 0°C, which is still relatively high as
compared to solid oxygen (-218.4°C), methane (-182°C), and carbon
dioxide (-78.5°C). This indicates that IMF of solid water is stronger.

Figure 10. Illustration showing the difference between melting point

and boiling point.
Source: “Melting point and boiling point.” Digital Image. eSchool Today. Accessed August 8,
2020. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ 21728850@N02/ 12089681666/

As the IMFA gets stronger, the boiling point and melting point of
a substance increases.

Activity 2
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. As the IMFA increases, the surface tension increases.

2. As the IMFA decreases, the capillarity increases.
3. As the IMFA gets stronger, the vapor pressure decreases.
4. As the IMFA gets stronger, the melting point decreases.
5. As the IMFA stronger, the viscosity increases.
6. IMFA has an inverse relationship with surface tension.
7. IMFA has an inverse relationship with vapor pressure.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 3
Complete the table below by filling each blank with the appropriate term or concept
from the box of choices provided.

Types of IMFA Relative Strength Interacting molecules

Ion-dipole interaction ______________ ______________________

Hydrogen bonding ______________ ______________________

Dipole-dipole
______________ ______________________
interaction
London dispersion
______________ ______________________`
interaction

Choices:
weakest strong weak

polar molecules nonpolar molecules and ions and polar molecules

noble gases
polar molecules with medium
partially positive H

What I Can Do

Activity 4
Do thefollowing tasks in connection with the listed substances.
A. Draw the molecular structure of the given compound.
B. Classify the compound as polar or nonpolar.
C. Identify the type of the intermolecular forces of attraction of the
substances.
D. Rank them according to their relative strength (1 as the strongest, and so).

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 (A) (B) (C) (D)
Substance
Lewis Structure Polarity IMFA Rank

Bromine gas
(Br2)

Hydrogen
fluoride (HF)

Hydrogen
sulfide (H2S)

Methane (CH4)

Methanol
(CH3OH)

Read the question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What IMFA exists between two nonpolar molecules?

A. Dipole-dipole force C. Ion-dipole force
B. Hydrogen bond D. London dispersion force

2. Which sequence of IMFA is correctly arranged by increasing force of

attraction?
A. Dipole-dipole  London dispersion  ion-dipole hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond  ion-dipole  London dispersion  dipole-dipole
C. Ion-dipole  hydrogen bond  dipole-dipole  London dispersion
D. London dispersion  dipole-dipole  hydrogen bond  ion-dipole

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3. What type of IMFA exists between iron II (Fe2+) and oxygen gas in the blood?
A. Dipole-dipole interaction
B. Hydrogen bond interaction
C. Ion-dipole interaction
D. London dispersion interaction

4. Which among the following is an intermolecular force of attraction?

A. Covalent bond C. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Metallic bond

5. What type of IMFA is present between polar molecules?

A. Dipole-dipole force
B. Ion-dipole force
C. London dispersion force
D. Metallic bond

6. Which is TRUE about nitrogen gas (N2)?

A. It is polar and has a permanent dipole.
B. It is non-polar and has a permanent dipole.
C. It is polar and may have a momentary dipole.
D. It is non-polar and may have a momentary dipole.

7. If the given compounds are in their respective containers, which among

them can produce hydrogen bond when interacting with one another?
A. CH4 B. HCl C. H2O D. NaCl

8. Which compounds can form a dipole-dipole interaction?

A. Ammonia (NH3) dissolved in water
B. Table salt (NaCl) dissolved in water
C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water
D. Potassium iodide (KI) dissolved in water

9. Based on their viscosity, which has the strongest IMF?

A. Cooking oil
B. Ketchup
C. Mayonnaise
D. Water

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For items 10 – 11. There are four types of liquids with the following boiling
points:
Bottle 1 – 25.0°C
Bottle 2 – 40.0°C
Bottle 3 – 75.0°C
Bottle 4 – 100.0°C

10. Which bottle has the strongest IMFA?

A. Bottle 1 C. Bottle 3
B. Bottle 2 D. Bottle 4

11. If place in the same condition, which liquid would have the highest vapor
pressure?
A. Bottle 1 C. Bottle 3
B. Bottle 2 D. Bottle 4

12. Which property of liquid is described as the amount of gas in equilibrium

with the liquid and solid phases?
A. Boiling point C. Vapor pressure
B. Melting point D. Viscosity
E.

13. Which among these properties decreases when IMFA increases?

A. Capillary action C. Vapor pressure
B. Surface tension D. Viscosity

14. Which property of water is exhibited by the absorption and distribution of

water by plants?
A. Boiling point C. Surface tension
B. Capillary action D. Vapor pressure

15. Water striders and Jesus Christ lizards are two organisms that can walk on
the water. Which property of liquid makes them capable of doing this?
A. Capillary action
B. Melting point
C. Surface tension
D. Viscosity

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 Additional Activities

Identify the most probable intermolecular force of attraction in the following:

1. KCl —— KCl _______________________

2. NH3 —— NH3 _______________________

3. Na2S —— Na2S _______________________

4. HF —— HF _______________________

5. MgS —— MgS _______________________

6. CH3OH —— CH3OH _______________________

7. H2 —— H2 _______________________

8. CuO —— CuO _______________________

9. SbH3 —— SbH3 _______________________

10. CO2 —— CO2 _______________________

References

Electronic Sources

(1) Department of Science and Technology (DOST). (2020, July 1). Department of
Science and Technology -STII Starbooks. Retrieved from Science and
Technology Academic and Reasearch-Based Openly Operated Kiosks:
www.starbooks.ph

(2) Carter, S. N.D. Lumen Learning. Accessed August 8, 2020.

http://wwww.courses.lumenlearning.com

(3) The Commision on Higher Education. 2020. Teaching Guide for Senior High
School: Physical Science. Quezon City, August 8.

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 Development Team of the Module
Writers: Ronald E. Escorpiso (MARISCI)
Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Editors: Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS)
Russel S. Berador (SEHS)
Maria Carmina R. Martin (MHS)
Emil Constantine P. Buguina
Shynne Izza F. Clemente
Jessica S. Mateo (EPS – Science)
Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Layout Artists: Ed-Angelo P. Tan (SEHS)
Jemwel Dela Paz (CISSL)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor – Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office - Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

Email Address: [email protected]

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