Contents

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Experimental Work ............................................................................................................................... 5
List of Equipment and Components ................................................................................................. 5
Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................................... 5
Part one: .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Part two: .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Results.................................................................................................................................................... 6
Observations and Discussion................................................................................................................. 8
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 8

1
Introduction
Theory
• KVL and KCL
Kirchhoff's and Ohm's laws provide bounds on the current and voltage in a circuit, giving crucial
information about these variables. Specifically, KVL and KCL provide restrictions on the total of
the voltages around a closed loop and the total of the currents at a circuit node, whereas Ohm's
Law establishes a link between the voltage and current connected to a resistor. Electrical circuit
analysis and design typically make use of Kirchhoff's and Ohm's laws. They may take on complex
forms in intricate circuits that conceal their simplicity, but they nonetheless serve as a foundation
for knowledge about almost all electrical systems. Given that these rules were used in the
construction and analysis of modern electronic circuits, it is difficult to dispute their applicability.
However, it makes sense to experiment to determine their correctness.
Since traveling around a closed loop, or circuit, will return you to the beginning potential of the
circuit and prevent any loss of voltage, this Kirchhoff concept is also known as the Conservation
of Energy. As a result, any voltage decreases inside the loop must match whatever voltage sources
they encounter.
According to Kirchhoff's voltage law, or KVL for short, the algebraic sum of all voltage differences
around any closed loop is zero as shown in figure 1.

∑ 𝒗𝒊 = 𝟎

Figure 1: Kirchhoff voltage law

When charge carriers move along a circuit, current flows through it. The pace at which a charge
moves across a circuit at any given location is called current. The principle that charges are always
conserved is a foundational idea of Kirchhoff current law. As current is the rate at which charge
flows across a circuit, this means that the current entering a place and the current exiting it must
be equal as seen in figure 2.
when a closed path is traversed to get the total. "The algebraic sum of all the currents i at any node
in a circuit equals zero," according to Kirchhoff's Current Law.

∑ 𝒊𝒊 = 𝟎

2
 Figure 2: Kirchhoff current law

• Resistors
An electrical component that limits the passage of current in a circuit is called a resistor. A resistor
may be thought of as a pipe restriction that restricts the flow of water, and current can be thought
of as water flowing in a hosepipe. This is a common example used to describe how it works.
The various parts of an electric circuit are linked in parallel or series to create various resistive
networks. Resistors can occasionally be linked in series and parallel across several loops in the
same circuit to create a more intricate resistive network.
When many resistors are wired in series, the current passes through each resistor one after the other
as shown below in figure 3. When the same number of current passes through each resistor in a set
of two or more, the resistors are said to be linked in series. The voltage across every resistor in
these circuits varies. If a defect or damaged resistor occurs in a series connection, the circuit is cut
off completely.

Figure 3: Resistors in series

The overall resistance for the circuit mentioned above is as follows:

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4

If the voltage is the same across all the resistors, then two or more resistors are said to be connected
in parallel. When branches in these circuits come together at a common location, the current
branches go out and recombine. In a parallel circuit, it is simple to connect or detach a resistor or
any other component without affecting the other components.

Figure 4: Resistors in parallel

3
The overall reciprocal resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of resistance
for each individual resistor:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4

• Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) equivalent circuits

Equivalent circuits like Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) are the conversion between the two frequently
results in a circuit analysis that is easier to understand than a full-fledged node or mesh study.
Based just on the terminal connections, it is feasible to determine the correct resistor values
required to create a network type (delta or wye) that acts exactly like the other kind. That is, the
resistors could be sized for the two networks so that it would be impossible to distinguish one from
the other electrically if we had two distinct resistor networks, one delta and one wye, each with its
resistors hidden from view and only the three terminals (A, B, and C) exposed for testing. Stated
differently, comparable wye and delta networks exhibit the same behavior.

Figure 5: delta, wye, pi, and tee circuits

To convert one network to another, several equations are used as seen in the figure below:

Figure 6: circuits converting equations.

4
Objectives
The experiments help verify both the Kirchhoff voltage law as well as the Kirchhoff current law,
as well as measuring the equivalence resistance of the series and parallel combination in circuits
and verifying the Delta-to-Wye equivalent circuits.

Experimental Work
List of Equipment and Components
The equipment and materials listed below were utilized to carry out the experiment:
• DC voltage source
• Digital multimeter (DMM)
• Breadboard
• Discrete resistors
o 2x 1kΩ
o 2x 2kΩ
o 4x 3.9kΩ
o 2x 5.1kΩ
o 2x 10 kΩ

Experimental Procedure
There were two sections to the experiment. KVL and KCL were used in the first section to study
voltage and current flowing through a circuit, while the second portion covers the delta-to-wye
equivalent circuits.
Part one:
1. Using the color-coded datasheet as a guide, choose six resistors. Then, using the Digital
Multimeter (DMM)'s Ohmmeter function, measure each resistor's resistance value and note
the results in table 1-1.
2. Attach the breadboard circuit seen in Figure 7 and adjust the voltage supplies as needed.
3. Using the Digital Multimeter's Voltmeter (DMM) function, get the voltage across each
resistor in relation to the polarities depicted in Figure 7.
4. Using the Digital Multimeter's (DMM) Ammeter function, measure the currents in the
direction shown in Figure 7.
5. Fill in the measured values in the datasheet's Tables 1-2 and 1-3.

Figure 7: circuit diagram

5
Part two:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 8.
2. Using the Digital Multimeter's Ohmmeter function, get the equivalent resistance 𝑅’
(between the terminals 𝐴 and 𝐵).
3. Fill in the measured value in the datasheet's Table 2-1.

Figure 8: circuit diagram

Results
This section provides a summary of the experiment's findings from both the simulation and the
real world. The OrCAD simulation for part one is shown in figure 9.

Figure 9: KVL and KCL experiment OrCAD simulation

Table 1-1: Resistance values of each resistor

Resistor 𝑅1 (kΩ) 𝑅2 (kΩ) 𝑅3 (kΩ) 𝑅4 (kΩ) 𝑅5 (kΩ) 𝑅6 (kΩ)

Simulated 5.1 3.9 10 10 3.9 5.1
Measured 5.01 3.84 9.96 9.87 3.83 5.03
Error (%) 1.7 1.5 0.4 1.3 1.7 1.3

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Table 1-2: Voltage values across each resistor

Voltage 𝑉𝑅1 (𝑉) 𝑉𝑅2 (𝑉) 𝑉𝑅3 (𝑉) 𝑉𝑅4 (𝑉) 𝑉𝑅5 (𝑉) 𝑉𝑅6 (𝑉)
Simulated 4.25 -3.25 7.5 7.5 3.25 -4.25
Measured 4.37 -3.35 7.73 7.39 3.19 -4.19

Table 1-3: Current values as indicated in the circuit.

Current 𝐼1 (𝑚𝐴) 𝐼1 (𝑚𝐴) 𝐼1 (𝑚𝐴)

Simulated 0.833 0.75 1.583
Measured 0.872 0.77 1.64

The second part of the experiments OrCAD simulation in shown in figure 10 below:

Figure 10:Delta-to-wye equivalent circuit OrCAD simulation

Table 2-1: Equivalent resistance Value

Resistance 𝑅𝐴𝐵 (kΩ)

Simulated 3.94
measured 3.90

7
Observations and Discussion
In table 1-1 a slight error can be calculated to be less than 2%. The equivalent resistance for part
one can be calculated as:
5.1 + 3.9 = 9, 9 // 10 = (9*10) // (9+10) =4.73 kΩ
4.73 // 10 = (4.73*10) // (4.73+10) = 3.21 kΩ
3.21 // 5.1 + 3.9, 3.21 // 9 = (3.21*9) // (3.21+9) = 2.36 kΩ

Conclusion
By calculating the total voltage over several closed pathways, we have verified the predictions of
Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws. In summary, we find that Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current
Laws correctly forecast the total of the currents at a node and the sum of the voltage drops along
a closed channel in the resistive circuits under investigation.