Model 4300C

Programmable Digital µ-Ohmmeter

Operation Manual

Need Help? Call 800-548-9806.

VA L H A L L A
S C I E N T I F I C
www.valhallascientific.com

©2015 Valhalla Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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 4300C Programmable μ-Ohmmeter - User & Maintenance Manual
Edition 1
Copyright © 2009 Valhalla Scientific, Inc. All rights reserved

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 Certification

Valhalla Scientific Inc. certifies that this instrument was thoroughly tested, inspected, and
found to meet published specifications when shipped from the factory. Valhalla Scientific,
Inc. further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the National Institute
of Standards and Technology to the extent allowed by N.I.S.T.’s calibration facility.

Due to continuing product refinement and due to possible parts manufacturer change,
Valhalla Scientific, Inc. reserves the rights to change any or all specifications without notice.

Warranty Statement

The warranty period for this instrument is stated on your invoice and packing list. Please
refer to these to determine appropriate warranty dates.

Valhalla Scientific, Inc. will repair the instrument during the warranty period provided it is
return to our repair and calibration facility freight prepaid. No other warranty is expressed
or implied.

Valhalla Scientific, Inc. is not liable for consequential damages.

Permission and a Return Material Authorization number (RMA) must be obtained directly
from the factory for warranty repairs. No liability will be accepted if returned without such
permission.

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 Document History

All Editions and Updates of this manual and their creation date are listed below. The first edition
of the manual is 1. The edition number increases by 1 whenever the manual is revised. Updates,
which are issued between editions, contain replacement pages to correct or add additional
information to the current Edition of the manual. Whenever a new Edition is created, it will
contain all of the update information for the previous Edition. Each new Edition or Update also
includes a revised copy of this documentation history page.

Edition 1 ................................................................................................................ June 2009

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 Safety Symbols

Instruction manual symbol affixed to product. Indicates that

the user must refer to the user manual for specific WARNING
or CAUTION information to avoid personal injury or damage
to the product.

Warning - Risk of Electrical Shock.

Procedure, Practice, or Procedure, Practice, or

Condition that could Condition that could
possibly cause bodily possibly cause damage to
injury or death! Equipment or permanent
loss of data.

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 Warnings

The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and
repair of this product. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in
this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the product. Valhalla
Scientific assumes no liability for the customer’s failure to comply with these requirements.

Ground the equipment: For Safety class 1 equipment (equipment having a protective earth terminal),
an interrupted safety earth ground must be provided from the main power source to the product input
wiring terminals or supplied power cable.

DO NOT operate the product in an explosive atmosphere or in presence of flammable gases or fumes.

For continued protection, replace the line fuse(s) only with fuse(s) of the same voltage and current
rating and type. DO NOT use repaired fuses or short-circuited fuse holders.

Keep away from live circuits: Operating personnel must not remove equipment covers or shields.
Procedures involving the removal of covers or shields are for the use of service-trained personnel only.
Under certain conditions, dangerous voltage may exist even with the equipment switched off. To avoid
dangerous electrical shock, DO NOT perform procedures involving cover or shield removal unless you
are qualified to do so.

DO NOT operate damaged equipment: Whenever it is possible that the safety protection features built
into this product have been impaired, either through physical damage, excessive moisture, or any other
reason, REMOVE POWER and do not use the product until safe operation can be verified by service-
trained personnel. If necessary, return the product to Valhalla Scientific for service and repair to ensure
that safety features are maintained.

DO NOT service or adjust alone: Do not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person,
capable of rendering first aid and resuscitation, is present.

DO NOT substitute parts or modify equipment: Because of the danger of introducing additional
hazards, do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modification to the product. Return
the product to Valhalla Scientific for service and repair to ensure that safety features are maintained.

Measuring high voltage is always hazardous: ALL multimeters input terminals (both front and rear)
must be considered hazardous whenever inputs greater than 42V (dc or peak) are connected to ANY
input terminal.

Permanent wiring of hazardous voltage or sources capable of delivering greater than 150VA should be
labeled, fused, or in some other way protected against accidental bridging or equipment failure.

DO NOT leave measurement terminals energized when not in use.

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 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INSPECTION & INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................... 1-1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1-1
INITIAL INSPECTION ............................................................................................................................ 1-2
SETTING THE LINE VOLTAGE ................................................................................................................. 1-3
FUSE SELECTION ................................................................................................................................ 1-3
RACK MOUNTING .............................................................................................................................. 1-4
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 1-5
CHAPTER 2 SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 2-1
STANDARD MEASUREMENT MODE SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................. 2-1
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATOR MODE SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................. 2-1
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 2-2
ENVIRONMENTAL ............................................................................................................................... 2-2
POWER REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2-2
PHYSICAL.......................................................................................................................................... 2-2
CHAPTER 3 GETTING STARTED ............................................................................................................................ 3-1
FRONT PANEL.................................................................................................................................... 3-1
On/Off Switch ................................................................................................................. 3-1
Display ............................................................................................................................ 3-2
Range Selection and Test Current Key ............................................................................ 3-2
Range Selection .............................................................................................................. 3-2
Test Current Key ............................................................................................................. 3-3
Function/Numerical Keys ................................................................................................ 3-3
TC Mode Key and Sensor Receptacle .............................................................................. 3-5
HLC LEDs ......................................................................................................................... 3-5
Cable Disconnect Status Indicators ................................................................................. 3-6
Charging Inductor Mode ................................................................................................. 3-6
Source and Sense Binding Post ....................................................................................... 3-6
REAR PANEL...................................................................................................................................... 3-8
Line Voltage Switch ......................................................................................................... 3-8
Fuse Holder ..................................................................................................................... 3-9
Power Connector............................................................................................................. 3-9
HLC Relay Terminal ......................................................................................................... 3-9
RS-232 Connector.......................................................................................................... 3-10
APPLYING POWER ............................................................................................................................ 3-11
POWER-ON DEFAULT SETTINGS .......................................................................................................... 3-11
CONNECTING A LOAD TO THE 4300C................................................................................................... 3-12
TAKING STANDARD MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................................... 3-14
Setting the Range.......................................................................................................... 3-14
Test Current .................................................................................................................. 3-14
Charging Inductor Mode ............................................................................................... 3-15
Cable Disconnect Status Indicators ............................................................................... 3-15
CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENT MODES AND FUNCTIONS ........................................................................................ 4-1
STANDARD MEASUREMENT MODE ........................................................................................................ 4-1
“TCM” - TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED MEASUREMENT MODE ................................................................ 4-1
Omni Compensator ......................................................................................................... 4-3
TCM ON ........................................................................................................................... 4-3
TCS – Temperature Compensator Setup ......................................................................... 4-3
TCC – Temperature Compensator Calibration ................................................................ 4-5
“HLC” – HI-LO COMPARATOR MODE ................................................................................................... 4-6
HLC Relay Terminal ......................................................................................................... 4-6

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 Setting the Limits ............................................................................................................ 4-7
HLC ON ............................................................................................................................ 4-8
UPDATE FUNCTION ............................................................................................................................ 4-8
Display Update Rate ....................................................................................................... 4-8
Display Intensity .............................................................................................................. 4-8
Setting the Display Update Rate and Intensity ............................................................... 4-9
RUN/HOLD FUNCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4-10
RUN/HOLD .................................................................................................................... 4-10
RUN/PKHI ...................................................................................................................... 4-10
RUN/PKLO ..................................................................................................................... 4-10
Configuring the Run/Hold Function .............................................................................. 4-10
PRINT/LOG FUNCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4-11
PRINT ............................................................................................................................ 4-11
LOG ............................................................................................................................... 4-11
LOG2 ............................................................................................................................. 4-11
Configuring the Print button function ........................................................................... 4-12
VIEW FUNCTION .............................................................................................................................. 4-13
Using the View function ................................................................................................ 4-13
CHAPTER 5 OPTIONAL FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES .......................................................................................... 5-1
OPTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 5-1
BCD: Data Output ........................................................................................................... 5-1
GPIB ................................................................................................................................ 5-1
USB.................................................................................................................................. 5-1
ACCESSORIES..................................................................................................................................... 5-1
Omni Compensator ......................................................................................................... 5-1
Option RX-3: Rack Mount Adapter.................................................................................. 5-1
TEST LEADS ....................................................................................................................................... 5-2
Alligator Clip Type Leads ................................................................................................. 5-2
Option K: Kelvin Lead Set ................................................................................................ 5-2
Option KK: Heavy-Duty Lead Set..................................................................................... 5-2
Option C: Banana-to-Clip Cable ...................................................................................... 5-2
Needle Type Probes......................................................................................................... 5-3
Option MP-1: Kelvin Micro-Probes ................................................................................. 5-3
Option MP-2: Kelvin Mini-Probes ................................................................................... 5-3
Option MP-S: Single Pointed Probe Set .......................................................................... 5-3
Surface Probes ................................................................................................................ 5-4
Option MP-4: Surface Probes ......................................................................................... 5-4
Option MP-5: Surface Probes ......................................................................................... 5-4
Other Lead Sets ............................................................................................................... 5-4
Option BBL: Banana-to-Banana Cable ............................................................................ 5-4
Option SL-48: Low Thermal Leads .................................................................................. 5-4
CHAPTER 6 REMOTE OPERATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 6-1
IEEE INTERFACE ................................................................................................................................ 6-1
THE PURPOSE OF IEEE STANDARD 488 .................................................................................................. 6-1
DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 6-2
BUS RESTRICTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 6-3
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF BUS OPERATIONS ......................................................................................... 6-4
SETTING THE IEEE ADDRESS................................................................................................................. 6-7
REMOTE AND LOCAL STATES ................................................................................................................ 6-8
Local State....................................................................................................................... 6-8
Remote State .................................................................................................................. 6-8
READING THE DISPLAY DATA ................................................................................................................ 6-8
4300C COMMAND SET FOR GPIB ...................................................................................................... 6-10
Voltage Range............................................................................................................... 6-10

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 Test Current Range ....................................................................................................... 6-11
SRQ's and Serial Polls .................................................................................................... 6-11
Output Data Terminator ............................................................................................... 6-12
Test Current Control ...................................................................................................... 6-12
Display Hold .................................................................................................................. 6-12
Temperature Compensation ......................................................................................... 6-12
Configuration Status Query .......................................................................................... 6-13
RS-232 INTERFACE .......................................................................................................................... 6-15
CONNECTING THE 4300C VIA RS232 INTERFACE ......................................................................... 6-15
The RS232 interface capabilities: .................................................................................. 6-15
Notes for RS232 installation ......................................................................................... 6-15
Connecting to a Computer ............................................................................................ 6-16
Checking Connections ................................................................................................... 6-16
INPUT AND OUTPUT QUEUE........................................................................................................ 6-17
COMMANDS AND SYNTAX .......................................................................................................... 6-17
RS232 message terminators ......................................................................................... 6-17
Entering Commands...................................................................................................... 6-17
Command Characters ................................................................................................... 6-17
Combining Commands .................................................................................................. 6-17
Synopsis of Commands ................................................................................................. 6-17
DETAILS OF COMMAND REFERENCE ........................................................................................... 6-18
COMMAND INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 6-18
BCD INTERFACE............................................................................................................................... 6-35
GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................ 6-35
BCD PIN ASSIGNMENTS .................................................................................................................... 6-35
Data .............................................................................................................................. 6-35
Ranges .......................................................................................................................... 6-36
Overload – Pin 12 .......................................................................................................... 6-36
Pin assignment .............................................................................................................. 6-36
CHAPTER 7 THEORY OF OPERATIONS .................................................................................................................. 7-1
4-WIRE CONFIGURATION .................................................................................................................... 7-1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUITS ...................................................................................................... 7-2
DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS .......................................................................................................... 7-5
Current Source ................................................................................................................ 7-5
Reference ....................................................................................................................... 7-5
Error Amplifier ................................................................................................................ 7-5
Output Stage................................................................................................................... 7-6
Range Switching.............................................................................................................. 7-6
Protection Circuitry......................................................................................................... 7-6
Power Supply .................................................................................................................. 7-6
Charging Inductor Mode ................................................................................................. 7-6
Micro-Controller Board ................................................................................................... 7-7
Micro-Controller ............................................................................................................. 7-7
Over-Voltage Protection ................................................................................................. 7-7
TCM ................................................................................................................................ 7-7
2.5V Reference ............................................................................................................... 7-8
RS-232/Display Switch and RS 232 Driver/Receiver ....................................................... 7-8
TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................................................ 7-8
Localizing the Problem .................................................................................................... 7-8
Component Replacement................................................................................................ 7-9
CHAPTER 8 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE .................................................................................................................. 8-1
GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 8-1
REQUIRED TEST EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................ 8-1
PRE-CALIBRATION PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 8-1

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 4300C CALIBRATION PROCEDURE......................................................................................................... 8-2
Standard Calibration ....................................................................................................... 8-2
Sense Calibration ............................................................................................................ 8-2
Current Source Calibration .............................................................................................. 8-3
Reference Adjustment .................................................................................................... 8-3
10 Amp Adjustment ........................................................................................................ 8-4
1 Amp Adjustment .......................................................................................................... 8-4
0.1 Amp Adjustment ....................................................................................................... 8-4
10mA Adjustment ........................................................................................................... 8-4
1mA Adjustment ............................................................................................................. 8-4
0.1mA Adjustment .......................................................................................................... 8-4
TCM Calibration .............................................................................................................. 8-5
CHAPTER 9 SPECIAL PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................................... 9-1
GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 9-1
CONNECTIONS AND SETTLING TIME ....................................................................................................... 9-1
NOISY READINGS ............................................................................................................................... 9-2
DISCONNECTING THE CABLES................................................................................................................ 9-3
CHAPTER 10 ADDENDUMS ................................................................................................................................ 10-1
CHAPTER 11 PARTS LIST .................................................................................................................................... 11-1
INDEX ............................................................................................................................................ 11-1
µCONTROLLER PC BOARD ASSEMBLY ................................................................................................... 11-2
4300C MAIN PC BOARD ASSEMBLY ................................................................................................... 11-5
4300C DISPLAY PC BOARD ASSEMBLY ................................................................................................ 11-8
4300C OUTPUT PC BOARD ASSEMBLY ................................................................................................ 11-9
CHAPTER 12 SCHEMATICS ................................................................................................................................. 12-1
INDEX ............................................................................................................................................ 12-1
µCONTROLLER BOARD SCHEMATICS ..................................................................................................... 12-2
(DWG#: 834U-071) PG 1 of 3 ........................................................................................ 12-2
(DWG#: 834U-071) PG 2 of 3 ........................................................................................ 12-3
(DWG#: 834U-071) PG 3 of 3 ........................................................................................ 12-4
4300C MAIN BOARD SCHEMATICS ..................................................................................................... 12-5
(DWG#: 4300C-070) PG 1 of 2 ...................................................................................... 12-5
(DWG#: 4300C-070) PG 2 of 2 ...................................................................................... 12-6
4300C DISPLAY BOARD SCHEMATICS .................................................................................................. 12-7
(DWG#: 4300C-071) PG 1 of 2 ...................................................................................... 12-7
(DWG#: 4300C-071) PG 2 of 2 ...................................................................................... 12-8

List of Tables
Table 1 – Ranges Parameters and Accuracies ............................................................................... 2-1
Table 2 - Temperature Compensation Mode Accuracy ................................................................ 2-1
Table 3 – Range Selection Table ................................................................................................... 3-2
Table 4 - Function/Numerical Keys Description ............................................................................ 3-4
Table 5 – RS-232 Pin out ............................................................................................................. 3-10
Table 6 - Power-Up Defaults ....................................................................................................... 3-11
Table 7 – Range Selection Table ................................................................................................. 3-14
Table 8 – TCM Setup Ref. Table ................................................................................................... 4-4
Table 9 – HLC Truth Table ............................................................................................................. 4-7
Table 10 – HLC Default Limits....................................................................................................... 4-7
Table 11 – HLC Truth Table ........................................................................................................... 4-8
Table 12 - ASCII Character Codes .................................................................................................. 6-5
Table 13 - IEEE ............................................................................................................................. 6-14
Table 14 – RS-232 Connector Pin Configuration ....................................................................... 6-16

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 Table 15 – BCD Measurement Data ............................................................................................ 6-33
Table 16 – BCD Range Data ......................................................................................................... 6-34
Table 17 – BCD Pin Assignment Reference Table........................................................................ 6-34

List of Figures
Figure 1 - Rear Panel Configuration .............................................................................................. 1-2
Figure 2 – Rack Mount Kit ............................................................................................................. 1-4
Figure 3 - Front Panel Layout ........................................................................................................ 3-1
Figure 4 - Display Windows .......................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 5 - Voltage Setting .............................................................................................................. 3-2
Figure 6 - Ohms Setting ................................................................................................................. 3-3
Figure 7 - Test Current .................................................................................................................. 3-3
Figure 8 – Function/Numerical Buttons ...................................................................................... 3-3
Figure 9 - Temp. Comp. Mode Key and Receptacle ..................................................................... 3-5
Figure 10 - HLC LEDs ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 11 - Disconnect Status & Charging Inductor LEDs .............................................................. 3-6
Figure 12 - Binding Post ................................................................................................................ 3-6
Figure 13 – Banana Plugs to Binding Post ..................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 14 - 4300C Rear Panel ........................................................................................................ 3-8
Figure 15 – HI-LO Comparator Relay Pins ..................................................................................... 3-9
Figure 16 – 9 Pin RS-232 Connector ............................................................................................ 3-10
Figure 17 – Display ...................................................................................................................... 3-11
Figure 18 – Alligator .................................................................................................................... 3-12
Figure 19 – Surface...................................................................................................................... 3-13
Figure 20 – Dual .......................................................................................................................... 3-13
Figure 21 - Voltage Setting .......................................................................................................... 3-14
Figure 22 - Ohms Setting ............................................................................................................. 3-14
Figure 23 – Test Current.............................................................................................................. 3-14
Figure 24 – Omni Compensator Temperature Sensor .................................................................. 4-3
Figure 25 - HLC LEDs ...................................................................................................................... 4-6
Figure 26 - HLC Relay Pins ............................................................................................................. 4-6
Figure 27 – Display Function Window......................................................................................... 4-10
Figure 28 –Omni Compensator ..................................................................................................... 5-1
Figure 29 – “K” Kelvin Lead Set ..................................................................................................... 5-2
Figure 30 – “KK” Heavy Duty Lead Set .......................................................................................... 5-2
Figure 31 – “C” Banana/Clip Cable ................................................................................................ 5-2
Figure 32 – “MP-1” Micro Probes ................................................................................................. 5-3
Figure 33 – “MP-2” Mini Probes ................................................................................................... 5-3
Figure 34 - “MP-S” Single Pointed Probes .................................................................................... 5-3
Figure 35 – “MP-4” Surface Probes ............................................................................................... 5-4
Figure 36 – “MP-5” Surface Probes ............................................................................................... 5-4
Figure 37 – “SL-48” Low Thermal Leads ....................................................................................... 5-4
Figure 38 – 4-Wire Configuration.................................................................................................. 7-1
Figure 39 – 4300C Block Diagram ................................................................................................. 7-2
Figure 40 – Current Source Block Diagram ................................................................................... 7-5
Figure 41 – µ-Controller Block Diagram ........................................................................................ 7-7
Figure 42 – Drawing № 4300C-700 ............................................................................................... 8-6

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 Chapter 1 INSPECTION & INSTALLATION
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the world of low resistance measurement!

The Model 4300C is a unique instrument capable of handling even the

toughest resistance measurement applications. The 4300C is designed to
measure the low resistance of such items as coils, transformers, ballasts,
heater elements, etc. Some features of the 4300C that give it an edge
over competitive products are:

• "Charging Inductor" mode for reduced settling times.

• "Disconnect Status" indicators designed with safety in mind.

• Full 4-wire Kelvin terminal configuration.

• Fully selectable test currents up to 10A.

• Temperature Compensation.

• Internal Hi-Lo Limit Comparator.

• Available locking rear Bendix connectors.

• Available data outputs and remote programming capability.

Please read this manual thoroughly and all accompanying addendums

before attempting to operate this ohmmeter.

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 4300C User Manual

INITIAL INSPECTION
If the shipping carton is damaged, request that the carrier's agent be
present when the unit is unpacked. If the instrument appears damaged,
the carrier's agent should authorize repairs before the unit is returned to
the factory. Even if the instrument appears undamaged, it may have
suffered internal damage in transit that may not be evident until the unit
is operated or tested to verify conformance with its specifications. If the
unit fails to operate or fails to meet the performance specifications of
Chapter 2, notify the carrier's agent and the nearest Valhalla Sales Office.
Retain the shipping carton for the carrier's inspection. DO NOT return
equipment to Valhalla Scientific, Inc. or any of its sales offices prior to
obtaining authorization to do so.

Figure 1 - Rear Panel Configuration

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 Chapter 1 – Inspection & Installation

SETTING THE LINE VOLTAGE

The line voltage selection is preconfigured according to the country to
which it is shipped or as specified by the customer.

To change this setting, follow the steps below:

1. Remove the power cord from the instrument.

2. With a small flat head screwdriver, slide the “Line Voltage Selector”
switch to the appropriate position.

3. Replace the line power fuse accordingly.

Before connecting the device to an AC

power source, verify that the line voltage
selection switch is set to match the AC line
voltage and that the proper line fuse is
installed. These topics are discussed in the
following sections.

FUSE SELECTION
The line power fuse must match the line voltage selection as follows:

• 105-125VAC – 3A SLO-BLO

• 210-250VAC – 1.5A SLO-BLO

The fuse holder is located on the rear panel (see Figure 1). To install a
fuse, first disconnect the Ohmmeter’s power cord. Insert one end of the
fuse into the fuse cap. Insert the fuse cap into the fuse holder. With a
small flathead screwdriver, push in on the fuse cap and rotate it
clockwise.

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 4300C User Manual

RACK MOUNTING
Optional brackets are available for mounting the ohmmeter in a standard
19" equipment rack. The rack mount kit consists of two brackets plus 4
flat head screws. The brackets are easily installed on the front end of
each side rail (see Figure 2). The kit is listed in chapter 5 as Option RX-3

Figure 2 – Rack Mount

Kit

The size of the ohmmeter and the location of its center of gravity dictate
that it must be supported on both sides along its entire length through
the use of trays or slides. If it is to be transported while mounted in a
rack, it should be supported so as to prevent upward or downward
movement.

It is recommended that blank panels at least 1.75 inches high be installed

between this and any other units in the rack to ensure freedom of air
flow. Under no circumstances should the ambient air temperature
around the unit exceed 50°C while the unit is in operation or 70°C when
power is removed.

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 Chapter 1 – Inspection & Installation

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The power plug must be a three-contact device and should be inserted
only into a three-contact mating socket where the third contact provides
a ground connection. If power is provided through an extension cable,
the ground connection must be continuous. Any discontinuity in the
ground lead may render the unit unsafe for use!

The Model 4300C utilizes forced air cooling of the internal components.
This operates continuously and care must be taken to ensure that the
intake and exhaust ports remain clear. Blocked vents may cause a
dangerous overheating condition!

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 4300C User Manual

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 Chapter 2 SPECIFICATIONS
This section contains accuracy and operational specifications for the
Model 4300C. The accuracy specifications are valid for a period of one
year from the date of calibration at a temperature of 22°C to 28°C.
Outside this range, the temperature coefficient specification applies.

STANDARD MEASUREMENT MODE SPECIFICATIONS

Test Current Accuracy2 Temperature 1
Current source is ±1%
# Range Voltage Full Scale Resolution Source1 (±% of Reading ±Ω) Coefficient3 absolute accuracy
1) 2mΩ 20mV 2.0000mΩ 100nΩ 10A ± .06 ± .0006m ±50ppm/°C
2) 20mΩ 20mV 20.000mΩ 1µΩ 1A ± .04 ± .006m ±50ppm/°C 2
Accuracy specifications
3) 200mΩ 20mV 200.00mΩ 10µΩ .1A ± .04 ± .06m ±50ppm/°C are valid following a 30
4) 2Ω 20mV 2.0000Ω 100µΩ 10mA ± .04 ± .0006 ±50ppm/°C minute warm-up at an
5) 20Ω 20mV 20.000Ω 1mΩ 1mA ± .04 ± .006 ±50ppm/°C ambient temperature
6) 200Ω 20mV 200.00Ω 10mΩ .1mA ± .04 ± .16 ±50ppm/°C between 22°C and 28°C,
7) 20mΩ 200mV 20.000mΩ 1µΩ 10A ± .06 ± .003m ±50ppm/°C and include the effects of
8) 200mΩ 200mV 200.00mΩ 10µΩ 1A ± .04 ± .03m ±50ppm/°C line voltage variations
9) 2Ω 200mV 2.0000Ω 100µΩ .1A ± .04 ± .0003 ±50ppm/°C within the allowed range.
10) 20Ω 200mV 20.000Ω 1mΩ 10mA ± .04 ± .003 ±50ppm/°C
11) 200Ω 200mV 200.00Ω 10mΩ 1mA ± .04 ± .03 ±50ppm/°C 3
Temperature coefficient
12) 2kΩ 200mV 2.0000kΩ 100mΩ .1mA ± .04 ± .0013k ±50ppm/°C Specified for temperature
13) 200mΩ 2V 200.00mΩ 10µΩ 10A ± .06 ± .03m ±50ppm/°C ranges from 5°C to 21°C
14) 2Ω 2V 2.0000Ω 100µΩ 1A ± .04 ± .0003 ±50ppm/°C and 29°C to 50°C.
15) 20Ω 2V 20.000Ω 1mΩ .1A ± .04 ± .003 ±50ppm/°C
16) 200Ω 2V 200.00Ω 10mΩ 10mA ± .04 ± .03 ±50ppm/°C
17) 2kΩ 2V 2.0000kΩ 100mΩ 1mA ± .04 ± .0003k ±50ppm/°C
18) 20kΩ 2V 20.000kΩ 1Ω .1mA ± .04 ± .003k ±50ppm/°C
Table 1 – Ranges Parameters and Accuracies

TEMPERATURE COMPENSATOR MODE SPECIFICATIONS

Accuracy4 Accuracy4 4
Accuracy
# Range Range Settings (±% of Reading ±Ω) # Range Range Settings (±% of Reading ±Ω) specifications valid
1) 2m 10A/20mV ± .11 ± .0006m 10) 20 10mA/200mV ± .09 ± .003 following a 30
2) 20m 1A/20mV ± .09 ± .006m 11) 200 1mA/200mV ± .09 ± .03 minute warm-up at
3) 200m .1A/20mV ± .09 ± .06m 12) 2k .1mA/200mV ± .09 ± .0003k an ambient
4) 2 10mA/20mV ± .09 ± .0006 13) 200m 10A/2V ± .11 ± .03m temperature
5) 20 1mA/20mV ± .09 ± .006 14) 2 1A/2V ± .09 ± .0003 between 21°C and
6) 200 .1mA/20mV ± .09 ± .06 15) 20 .1A/2V ± .09 ± .003 29°C.
7) 20m 10A/200mV ± .11 ± .003m 16) 200 10mA/2V ± .09 ± .03
8) 200m 1A/200mV ± .09 ± .03m 17) 2k 1mA/2V ± .09 ± .0003k
9) 2 .1A/200mV ± .09 ± .0003 18) 20k .1mA/2V ± .09 ± .003k
Table 2 - Temperature Compensation Mode Accuracy

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 4300C User Manual

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Display: .......................................................................................................Multi Section VFD 140px x 32px

Overload Indication: ........................................................................................Display flashes “OVERLOAD”

Terminal Configuration: ..................................................................................................... Four-wire Kelvin

ADC Conversion Rate: ............................................................................................45 conversions / second

Display Update: ................................ 5 user selections (100msec, 200msec, 300msec, 400msec, 500msec)

Maximum Kick-Back Protection: ...................................................................... 500A Peak Induced Current

Compliance Voltage (Normal Mode): ...................................................... 7.5 VDC nominal at 10A resistive

Compliance Voltage (Charging Inductor Mode): ........................................... > 20 VDC when indicator is lit

Open Circuit Voltage (Test Current Off) : ....................................... < 20mV between IHI and ILO terminals

ENVIRONMENTAL
Operating Temperature Range: ..................................................................................................... 0 to 50°C

Humidity: ................................................................................................... 70% RH at 40°C non-condensing

Storage Temperature Range: .................................................................................................... -30°C to 70°

POWER REQUIREMENTS
Power Supply Voltage: .......................................................................................... 105-125 or 210-250 VAC

Power Supply Frequency: .............................................................................................................50 - 60 Hz

Power Supply Consumption: ............................................................................................. 200VA Maximum

PHYSICAL
Dimensions: ................................................................................ 17"(43cm) W x 17"(43cm) D x 4"(10cm) H

Weight: .....................................................................................9.1Kg (20 lbs) Net; 11.8Kg (26 lbs) Shipping

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 Chapter 3 GETTING STARTED
Chapter 3 covers the fundamentals of ohmmeter operation. This chapter
will demonstrate how to use the ohmmeter's front & rear panel, how to
make connections, and also describes the display sections and messages.
Before explaining how to make measurements, it is useful to describe the
sections of the front and rear panel of the 4300C

FRONT PANEL
The front panel of the 4300C can be broken down into nine parts. Figure
3 depicts the regions indicated by their name.

Figure 3 - Front Panel Layout

On/Off Switch
The power switch is a two position ON/OFF rocking switch, used to apply
(ON position) or disconnect (OFF position) the AC power source from the
internal circuitry of the ohmmeter.

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 4300C User Manual

Display
During measurements, the display presents 3 windows described in the
table below.

Figure 4 -
Display Windows

The display is also used to prompt the user with alerts and messages

Range Selection and Test Current Key

Range Selection
The 4300C has 3 voltage settings and 6 current ranges. The combination
of the two result in 16 possible resistance measurement ranges. (See
table 3).

Table 3 – Voltage Setting

Range Selection Table 20mV 200mV 2V
10A 1) 2mΩ 7) 20mΩ 13) 200mΩ
Current Range

1A 2) 20mΩ 8) 200mΩ 14) 2Ω

.1A 3) 200mΩ 9) 2Ω 15) 20Ω
10mA 4) 2Ω 10) 20Ω 16) 200Ω
1mA 5) 20Ω 11) 200Ω 17) 2kΩ
.1mA 6) 200Ω 12) 2kΩ 18) 20kΩ

The two keys labeled F.S. Voltage are used to change the voltage setting.
The  key is used to increase the voltage setting and the  key is used to
decrease the setting.
Figure 5 - Voltage Setting

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 Chapter 3 – Getting Started

Within a voltage setting there are six possible Ohms Ranges. The two
keys labeled Ω Range are used switch between the ranges. The  key is
used to increase the range and the  key is used to decrease the range.
As the Ohms range increases, the current range decreases and vice versa.
Figure 6 - Ohms Setting
Test Current Key
The Test Current key is used to turn the current source ON and OFF. A
red LED within the Test Current key indicates the status of the current
source.
Figure 7 - Test Current
The current source may also be turned on and off via a command from
one of the interfaces, or by a remote foot switch Option "RS".

Function/Numerical Keys
There are sixteen Function/Numerical keys which are used to trigger the
standard and/or optional ohmmeter functions and for data entry. Figure
8 depicts the key arrangement while table 4 lists a brief description of the
keys and their use. The Remote Led indicates the remote/local state of
the instrument. If the LED is on, the instrument is in remote state and can
only receive commands through one of its remote interface ports. If the
LED is off, the ohmmeter is in local state will receive commands only from
the front panel keys.

Figure 8 –
Function/Numerical
Buttons

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 4300C User Manual

Table 4 - Key # Description

Function/Numerical Keys
The “FUNC.” key is used in combination with other keys to change stored
Description Func. -
settings. This key is also used as a “Forward” key to skip through screens.
The “VIEW” key is used in combination with other function keys. It is
View 0
used to view stored settings.
The “UPDATE” key is used to set and/or view display update rate and
Update 1
intensity.
The “HLC” key is used to enable or disable the 4300C’s internal “Multi-
HLC 2 Range Dual Limit Comparator. Also used to set and/or view the limits
used.
The “ADDR.” key is used to view the setting information for all of the
Addr. 3
standard or optional remote interfaces.
The “RUN/HOLD” key is used to switch between run and hold state. Also
Run/Hold 4
used to select the hold configuration.
The “PRINT” key is used to trigger the output of a print or log package to
Print 5
the RS- 232 port. Also used to select the print/log setting.
- 6 -
- 7 -
The “CAL” key is used to initiate the standard and TCM calibration
Cal 8
procedure.
The “BCD” key enables the binary coded decimal output on models
BCD 9
where the BCD option is installed.
The “CLEAR” key functions like a backspace when entering values. The
Clear
key is also used to return to the previous screen.
Reset - The “RESET” key resets the ohmmeter returning it to Start-Up state.
Local - The “LOCAL” key is used to return from a remote to a local state.
Enter - The “ENTER” key is the user confirmation to a display prompt.
Store - The “Store” key is used to store the active range as default.

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 Chapter 3 – Getting Started

TC Mode Key and Sensor Receptacle

Figure 9 - This portion of the front panel is
Temp. Comp. Mode Key
and Receptacle
utilized only during temperature
compensated type measurements
(TCM). TCM mode is described in
detail in the next chapter.

Critical to this measurement mode is precise temperature sensing, which

entails solid and reliable connections between the sensing device and the
instrument. The temperature sensor receptacle is designed so that the
mating connector/sensor, the Valhalla Scientific Omni Compensator 1, can
be inserted only in the proper mating position. A red dot on the Omni
Compensator and a red tab on the receptacle are met to guide you in the
insertion of the connector in the receptacle.

The TCM feature of the 4300C, arithmetically calculates the resistance

value to display utilizing the ambient temperature and other parameters
that will be present in later chapters. It is solemn for the user to be aware
if the TCM mode is enabled or disabled so that the display reading may
be interpreted correctly.

The green LED located within the TCM key is the visual indication that the
TCM mode is on. A “Fault” message on the display indicates a missing
sensor or that the sensor is not properly inserted in the receptacle.

The TCM key is used to enable or disable the TCM mode.

HLC LEDs
This portion of the front panel is designated to give the user a visual
indication of the HLC results. HLC mode is described in detail in the next
chapter. The HLC LEDs are active only when the Hi-Lo comparator mode
Figure 10 - HLC LEDs (HLC) is in use. The green LED, labeled “GO”, is on if the measured
resistance value is between the limits 2 set by the user. The yellow LED,
labeled “XLO”, is on if the measured resistance value is less than the
lower limit. The red LED, labeled “XHI”, is on if the measured resistance
value is greater than the upper limit.

1
The Omni Compensator is an optional accessory to the 4300C. See Chapter 4-3 for more detail.
2
See Chapter 4-8 for detail on how to set the Hi-Lo limits.

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 4300C User Manual

Cable Disconnect Status Indicators

The SAFE and UNSAFE LED's indicate whether or not
it is safe to disconnect the test leads from the load
or from the instrument. When a highly inductive
load is being measured, a potentially lethal back-
EMF is induced when the test current is removed.
The 4300C provides a discharge path for this back-
EMF and monitors the voltage. The SAFE LED is
illuminated when the back-EMF is less than five
volts.
Figure 11 - Disconnect
Although the 4300C is protected against up to 500 Status & Charging
Inductor LEDs
Amps of inductive kickback, it is not
advisable to remove test leads with the Test Current On, or with
the UNSAFE LED lit. In some extreme applications if leads are
removed or pull loose before the SAFE LED is lit, damage may occur to
the 4300C and/or injury to the operator!

The UNSAFE LED is also illuminated whenever a test current of .1A or

greater is selected and the Test Current is on, regardless of the load.

Charging Inductor Mode

The Charging Inductor mode LED indicates when the standard current
source compliance voltage of 7V is exceeded. In this situation the 4300C
provides a booster shot in excess of 20V to reduce the settling time when
a large inductive load is being measured. The display readings should be
ignored when this LED is illuminated.

Source and Sense Binding Post

Connections to the 4300C are made
via the front panel source/sense
terminals, which consist of two red
and two black heavy duty binding
posts with gold plated brass contact
material. The posts can accept
standard banana plugs, wires up to 12
AWG, or spade lugs. The four Figure 12 - Binding Post

terminals provide full 4-Wire Kelvin measurement capability. The right

posts are the current source terminals and provide the test current, while

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 Chapter 3 – Getting Started

the left posts are the positive and negative voltage sense terminals used
to monitor the voltage drop across the load.

When using Valhalla test

leads, the tabbed side of
each banana jack is
connected to the current
terminals. This ensures
that current is carried in
the largest conductor of
the cable, and that the
voltage input is shielded.
Figure 13 – Banana Plugs to Binding Post
The 4-Wire configuration
eliminates errors normally caused by test lead and contact resistances. In
many applications the contact resistance can exceed the value of the load
by several orders of magnitude. The 4300C bypasses this potential error
source by providing two terminals of constant current and an additional
two terminals for high impedance voltage sensing. The result is a fast,
accurate resistance measurement of the load, independent of the
resistance of the current carrying leads. The Theory of Operation in
Chapter 7 will illustrate how the 4-wire principle is used to eliminate lead,
wire, and contact resistances as potential error sources.

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 4300C User Manual

REAR PANEL
The rear panel of the 4300C may vary from unit to unit according to the
optional features installed. This section of the manual refers to the
standard model without any optional features or modifications. If the
4300C that you are using features terminals or connectors not described
in this section, please refer to Chapter 10 of this manual for addendums
that reference the particularities of your model. Here is an outline to the
use of each of the rear panel controls and connectors.

Figure 14 - 4300C Rear Panel

Line Voltage Switch

The line voltage switch allows the user to select the power settings
according to the local AC line voltage. By sliding the switch upwards, the
number 115 will appear on the switch. The instrument is now configured
for line voltages of 115VAC ± 10%. By sliding the switch downwards, the
number 230 will appear. The instrument can now be used with line
voltages of 230VAC ±10%. Prior to powering on the ohmmeter it is
important to verify that the switch is set for the correct line voltage.

Selecting the incorrect line voltage setting may cause damage to the
instrument!

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Fuse Holder
The line power fuse must match the line voltage selection as follows:

• 105-125VAC – 3A SLO-BLO

• 210-250VAC – 1.5A SLO-BLO

The fuse holder is located on the rear panel (see Figure 1). To install a
fuse, first disconnect the Ohmmeter’s power cord. Insert one end of the
fuse into the fuse cap. Insert the fuse cap into the fuse holder. With a
small flathead screwdriver, push in on the fuse cap and rotate it
clockwise.

Replace blown fuses with their exact equivalent only!

Power Connector
The 3-prong power connector on the rear panel of the ohmmeter is for
the application of AC power to the instrument. The mating power cord is
included with the instrument at time of purchase. Refer to Chapter 1 for
available voltages and safety precautions.

HLC Relay Terminal

The HLC relay terminal is internally Figure 15 – HI-LO Comparator Relay Pins
wired to three relays which are active
only when the HLC mode is selected.
According to the result of the
comparison, one of the relays will
have its contacts closed while the
remaining two relays will have
contacts open. The standard "relay contact closure" feature allows an
automated sorting process to be set up at an economical cost. The screw
type terminal allows connections to wires or spade lugs. Contacts are
rated at 100V, 100mA. The truth table of the contacts is located in
Chapter 4.

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 4300C User Manual

RS-232 Connector
The RS-232 serial interfacing is done through the 9 pin female D-Sub
connector located on the rear panel of the instrument. Knowledge of the
specific pin functions of the serial connector may be necessary for certain
applications; Table 5 lists the pin assignment for the RS-232 connector.

Pin # Pin Function

1 No connection
2 Receive Data (RxD) (input)
3 Transmit Data (TxD) (output)
4 No connection
5 Signal Ground (GND)
6 No connection
7 No connection
8 No connection
9 No connection Figure 16 – 9 Pin
Table 5 – RS-232 Pin out RS-232 Connector

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 Chapter 3 – Getting Started

APPLYING POWER
Before applying power, please refer to Chapter 1 for safety precisions.

Turn on the ohmmeter by placing the front panel power switch in the ON
position. If the ohmmeter does not turn on, verify that the instrument is
connected to the power line. If line power is not the problem, remove the
power cord and check the line power fuse and the line voltage selection
switch settings.

POWER-ON DEFAULT SETTINGS

Figure 17 – Display Once on, the ohmmeter performs its
Power-Up Messages power-on routine. On the display you
should see the messages in Figure 17.

When the power-on routine is

finished, the ohmmeter will beep
twice.

The power-on routine will default the

ohmmeter’s functions as described in
the following table.

Functions Setting
Standard Measurement Mode ON
Voltage Setting 2V
Range 20kΩ
TCM (Temperature Compensation Mode) OFF
HLC (Hi-Lo Comparator Mode) OFF
BCD (binary Coded Decimal Output) OFF
PIM (Printer/Log Mode) OFF
Table 6 - Power-Up Defaults

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 4300C User Manual

CONNECTING A LOAD TO THE 4300C

The next step in using the ohmmeter is to connect to a load. Valhalla
Scientific, Inc. offers a number of different test leads that can be used
with the Model 4300C and other Valhalla ohmmeter models (see Chapter
5 for a list of available test leads).

All ohmmeter test leads are composed of a pair of leads, both terminated
in a multi-stacking dual banana plug. It is important to notice the position
of the ground maker on the plug. Marked side of each banana jack is
connected to the source terminals.

• Connect the first lead between the SENCE HI and SOURCE HI

terminals, with the ground marker on the source side.

• Connect the second lead between the SENCE LO and SOURCE LO

terminals, with the ground marker on the source side.

This configuration ensures that current source is carried in the largest

conductor of the cable, and that the sense input is shielded.

The opposite end of the lead may vary in style of termination. Here is a
description of the three most common terminations used.

Figure 18 – Alligator The most common

Type clips termination is alligator
type clips (Figure 18).

If this is your choice of

leads, simply connect
one clip to one end of
your load and the other
clip to the opposite side
of the load.

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 Chapter 3 – Getting Started

Figure 19 – Surface For flat surfaces, you can

Type clips
use between two
different spring loaded
surface probes.

If this is your choice of

leads, simply press one
probe against one side of
the surface of your load,
making sure that the
surface of the probe is in
full contact with the
surface of the load. Press the second probe against the surface at the
oppose side of your load making sure that the surface of the probe is in
full contact with the surface of the load.

Figure 20 – Dual For hard to reach

Needle type probes
surfaces, Valhalla
Scientific offers three
different sets of spring
loaded dual needle
probes that differentiate
in overall size and
distance between the
needles.

If this is your choice of

leads, simply press both
the needles of one probe
against one end of the surface of your load, press both needles of the
second probe against the surface at the oppose end of your load.

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 4300C User Manual

TAKING STANDARD MEASUREMENTS

To make a measurement, select to proper range and engage the Test
Current. Always be sure to disengage the Test Current after each
measurement or before disconnecting the load and/or leads from the
instrument.

Setting the Range

The 4300C has 3 voltage settings and 6 current ranges. The combination
of the two result in 16 possible resistance measurement ranges. (See
table 7).

Table 7 – Voltage Setting

Range Selection Table 20mV 200mV 2V
10A 1) 2mΩ 7) 20mΩ 13) 200mΩ
Current Range

1A 2) 20mΩ 8) 200mΩ 14) 2Ω

.1A 3) 200mΩ 9) 2Ω 15) 20Ω
10mA 4) 2Ω 10) 20Ω 16) 200Ω
1mA 5) 20Ω 11) 200Ω 17) 2kΩ
.1mA 6) 200Ω 12) 2kΩ 18) 20kΩ

The two keys labeled F.S. Voltage are used to change the voltage setting.
The  key is used to increase the voltage setting and the  key is used to
decrease the setting.
Figure 21 - Voltage
Setting Within a voltage setting there are six possible Ohm Ranges. The two keys
labeled Ω Range are used switch between the ranges. The  key is used
to increase the range and the  key is used to decrease the range. As the
Ohms range increases, the current range decreases and vice versa.
Figure 22 - Ohms Setting

Test Current
To engage or disengage the Test Current press the Test Current key
located on the front panel. A red LED within the Test Current key
indicates the status of the current source.
Figure 23 – Test Current
The current source may also be turned on and off via a command from
one of the interfaces, or by a remote footswitch using Option "RS".

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Charging Inductor Mode

The Charging Inductor mode LED indicates when the standard current
source compliance voltage of 7V is exceeded. In this situation the 4300C
provides a booster shot in excess of 20V to reduce the settling time when
a large inductive load is being measured. The display readings should be
ignored when this LED is illuminated.

Cable Disconnect Status Indicators

The SAFE and UNSAFE LED's indicate whether or not it is safe to
disconnect the test leads from the load. When a highly inductive load is
being measured, a potentially lethal back-EMF is induced when the test
current is removed. The 4300C provides a discharge path for this back-
EMF and monitors the voltage. The SAFE LED is illuminated when the
back-EMF is less than five volts.

Although the 4300C is protected against up to 500A of inductive

kickback, it is not advisable to remove test leads with the Test
Current On, or with the UNSAFE LED lit. In some extreme
applications if leads are removed or pulled loose before the
SAFE LED is lit, damage may occur to the 4300C and/or injury to
the operator!

The UNSAFE LED is also illuminated whenever a test current of .1A or

greater is selected and the Test Current is turned ON, regardless of the
load.

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 4300C User Manual

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 Chapter 4 MEASUREMENT MODES AND FUNCTIONS
The main characteristic of the 4300C is the 4-wire resistance
measurements. In addition to standard measurements, the 4300C
includes the TCM and HLC modes. These features may significantly ease
time and cost of temperature sensitive and automated selection
applications.

STANDARD MEASUREMENT MODE

In the standard measurement mode, the instrument simply measures the
value of the applied load using a 4-wire configuration. This configuration
eliminates errors normally caused by test lead and contact resistances. In
many applications the contact resistance can exceed the value of the load
by several orders of magnitude. The 4300C bypasses this potential error
source by providing two terminals of constant current and an additional
two terminals for high impedance voltage measurement. The result is a
fast, accurate resistance measurement of the load, independent of the
resistance of the current carrying leads.

“TCM” - TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED MEASUREMENT MODE

Valhalla Engineers are pioneers in the technology of accurate measuring
devices using recognized formulas that compensate for measurement
inaccuracies as a result of environmental changes. The TCM feature
simulates a constant ambient temperature chamber for materials which
are normally subject to varying ambient temperatures. When in the TCM
mode, the temperature sensor (Omni Compensator), automatically
senses the ambient temperature and compensates the reading to
indicate what the actual resistance value should be in a controlled
environment (usually 20°C). The compensated value is calculated with
the following equation:

∆R
= α∆T
𝑅𝑅0

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 4300C User Manual

The variation of resistance (ΔR) divided by the initial resistance (R0), is

equal to the temperature coefficient of the material (α) multiplied by the
variation of temperature (ΔΤ).

Expressed in terms of the resistance:

𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅0
= 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇0 ) or 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇0 )]
𝑅𝑅0

To better understand our uses of the equation, we will now express it in

terms of our application.

𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 [1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 − 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 )]

Where RC is the compensated value, RM is the measured resistance, TA is

the ambient temperature and TR is the temperature reference. The
compensated resistance is therefore calculated as follows:

𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 =
1 + 𝛼𝛼(𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 − 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅 )

The user can select from a list of temperature coefficients and

temperature references. The list is based on the most commonly used
values. The user can also customize these settings with unique values.

Once the temperature coefficient and the temperature reference are set,
the instrument’s task is to measure the load resistance and the ambient
temperature. After all the variables are determined, the 4300C
automatically calculates the compensated resister value.

Here is an example of the equation.

Let’s assume that we are measuring a copper wire, and we wish to know
the resistance value at a temperature of 20°C. The temperature
coefficient of copper is 0.003931Ω/°C.

If the load measures 1.0000Ω and the ambient temperature is 22.5°C:

1
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = = 0.9903Ω
1 + 0.003931(22.5 − 20)

The value of the load at 20°C would be 0.09903Ω.

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 Chapter 4 – Measurement Modes and Functions

Omni Compensator
The 4300C measures the ambient Figure 24 – Omni Compensator
Temperature Sensor
temperature through a removable
external sensor, the Omni Compensator.
This item does not come standard with
the ohmmeter, and must be purchased
separately. If the 4300C and the Omni Compensator are purchased at the
same time, the pair will be calibrated together. Each instrument should
have a dedicated sensor. The user cannot interchange sensors between
different ohmmeters without prior calibration. Calibration will also be
necessary if the sensor is purchased as a single item. The TCM calibration
routine is describe later in the chapter.

TCM ON
The TCM mode can be selected from the front
panel by pressing the TCM function key.

The display will briefly read “TCM ON”. The

instrument will continuously notify the user that the TCM mode is active
by lighting the green LED within the TCM button.

If the TCM mode is turned ON without an Omni Compensator connected

to the instrument, the screen will displays “SENSOR REMOVAL RESTART
TCM SYSTEM”. Press “TCM” to turn the mode OFF. Check if the Omni
Compensator in properly connected to the front panel and turn TCM
back ON.

To return to the standard measurement mode, repress the TCM key. The
display will briefly read “TCM OFF”.

TCS – Temperature Compensator Setup

As earlier mentioned in this chapter, the 4300C needs to reference a
temperature coefficient and a temperature reference to calculate the
compensated value. Stored in the instruments memory are six
configurations that can be selected. Table 8 illustrates the values
associated to each of the configurations.

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Table 8 – Temperature Temperature

TCM Setup Ref. Table Material Configuration
Coefficient Reference
CU20 20°C
Copper 3931ppmΩ/°C
CU20 25°C
AL20 20°C
Aluminum 4030ppmΩ/°C
AL25 25°C
AG20 20°C
Gold 3000ppmΩ/°C
AG25 25°C

The following procedure illustrates how to select one of these

configurations and how to setup a customized configuration. This
procedure does not need to be repeated every time the TCM mode is
selected. The configuration that is selected or the custom values inputted
will be set as default.

• Press “FUNC. + TCM + 1” to bring up the first selection

screen.

• Press the number associated with one of the

configurations, and press “ENTER” or go to the next
selection screen by pressing “FUNC.”

• Press the number associated with one of the

configurations, and press “ENTER” or go to the next
selection screen by pressing “FUNC.”. (Press “CLEAR” to
return to the previous screen.)

• Press “7 + ENTER” to enter the custom configuration screen.

(Press “CLEAR” to return to the previous screen.)

• Using the numeric keys input a value for the temperature

coefficient. (Use “CLEAR” as a backspace to correct errors.)

• Press “ENTER” to confirm the value.

• Using the numeric keys input a value for the reference

temperature. (Use “CLEAR” as a backspace to correct
errors.)

• Press “ENTER” to confirm the value.

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 Chapter 4 – Measurement Modes and Functions

• The screen will display the values entered.

• Press “ENTER” to confirm the values or “CLEAR” to return to

the previous screen.

• The screen will display a brief message and the instrument

will return to the standard measurement mode.

TCC – Temperature Compensator Calibration

This procedure is used to match a 4300C with its Omni Compensator.

• Verify that the instrument is in a temperature controlled

area.

• Press “FUNC. + TCM + 2” to initiate the process.

• Connect the Omni Compensator to the TCM receptacle on

the front panel of the Ohmmeter.

• Allow the Omni Compensator to reach ambient

temperature. (Wait 5 to 10 minute before proceeding.)

• Press “ENTER” to continue.

• Using the numeric keys input a value for the ambient

temperature. (Use “Clear” as a backspace to correct errors.)

• Press “ENTER” to confirm the value.

• Press “ENTER” to confirm the value or “CLEAR” to return to

the previous screen.

• Once the calibration values are stored, press “TCM” and

verify that the temperature displayed matches the ambient
temperature. If the values do not match, repeat the
procedure.

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 4300C User Manual

“HLC” – HI-LO COMPARATOR MODE

Figure 25 - HLC LEDs Another useful feature of the
4300C is the Dual Limit
Comparator (HLC). This feature
helps eliminate operator
interpretation of ohmmeter
readings. Operator error and fatigue are drastically reduced while
significantly increasing testing efficiency.

A common application is receiving inspection of precision resistors by

unskilled operators using the HLC mode. If, for example, the resistors to
be inspected and tested are 1 KΩ ± 0.1%, the 4300C would be set on the
2kΩ range; the upper limit would be set at 1.0010kΩ, and the lower limit
to 0.9990kΩ. If measured resistance is within these limits, the GREEN
indicator will remain illuminated, indicating a within tolerance condition.
If either RED or the YELLOW indicator is illuminated, that respective limit
has been exceeded and the test sample should be rejected.

HLC Relay Terminal

Figure 26 - HLC Relay Pins The 4300C provides relay closure
outputs which can be used to
implement an automated batch
sorting system for components or
products, operate counters, sound
alarms or shut off a process.
Resistors, transformers, strain
gauges, thermocouples and
thermistors are a few items which could be individually toleranced in this
manner for matching purposes.

The HLC relay terminal is internally wired to three relays which are active
only when the HLC mode is selected. According to the result of the
comparison, one of the relays will have its contacts closed while the
remaining two relays will have contacts open. The standard "relay
contact closure" feature allows an automated sorting process to be set
up at an economical cost. The screw type terminal allows connections to
wires or spade lugs. Contacts are rated at 100V, 100mA. Truth table of
the contacts is listed in Table 9. Ω’s symbol represents the load measured
value, UL is the upper limit and LL is the lower limit set by the user.

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 Chapter 4 – Measurement Modes and Functions

Table 9 – HLC Truth Table HLC State HLC Result XLO GO XHI
ON LL≤Ω≤UL OPEN CLOSED OPEN
ON Ω<LL CLOSED OPEN OPEN
ON UL<Ω OPEN OPEN CLOSED
OFF X OPEN OPEN OPEN
OFF X OPEN OPEN OPEN
OFF X OPEN OPEN OPEN

Setting the Limits

Each range has a different set of limits that can be programmed by the
user. Table 10 lists the default values programmed for each range. Once
the user sets new values, the default settings will be overwritten and the
user settings will be stored in memory.

Table 10 – HLC Default Range Lower Limit Upper Limit

Limits 2mΩ 1.0000mΩ 2.0000mΩ
20mΩ 10.000mΩ 20.000mΩ
200mΩ 100.00mΩ 200.00mΩ
2Ω 1.0000Ω 2.0000Ω
20Ω 10.000Ω 20.000Ω
200Ω 100.00Ω 200.00Ω
2kΩ 1.0000kΩ 2.0000kΩ
20kΩ 10.000kΩ 20.000kΩ

To set your custom readings, simply select the range that better fits your
load and follow this procedure.

• Press “Func. + HLC” to bring-up the first input screen.

• Using the numeric keys input a value for the upper limit.
(Use “CLEAR” as a backspace to correct errors.)

• Press “ENTER” to continue.

• Using the numeric keys input a value for the lower limit.
(Use “CLEAR” as a backspace to correct errors.)

• Press “ENTER” to continue.

• The screen will display a brief message and the instrument

will return to the standard measurement mode.

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 4300C User Manual

HLC ON
To start working with the HLC mode, simply select the correct range for
your load and press the “HLC”. The screen will briefly display “HLC ON”.
The instrument will also perform an LED check-sequence. Make sure that
all three of the HLC LEDs illuminate. After the LED check-sequence, only
one of the three HLC LEDs will remain illuminated.

It is always good practice to check if the limits set for the range in use
meet your specifications. To view the set limits:

• press “VIEW+ HLC”

• The screen will display the both the upper and lower limit
set for that range.

UPDATE FUNCTION
The Update function is designed to allow the user to set the display
update rate and the display intensity. The user can choose from a list of
five possible display update rates and eight levels of display intensities.

Display Update Rate

The display update rate indicates the time interval in-between every
display update. Table 11 lists these values and the equivalent in updates
per second.

Table 11 – HLC Truth Table Display Update Rate Display Updates/second

.1s 100msec 10
.2s 200msec 5
.3s 300msec 3.3
.4s 400msec 2.5
.5s 500msec 2

Display Intensity
The intensity of the display is broken
down into 8 levels, where level 1 is the
least intense and level 8 is the most
intense.

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 Chapter 4 – Measurement Modes and Functions

Setting the Display Update Rate and Intensity

To change the display update rate and the display intensity:

• Press “FUNC. + UPDATE”

• Select an update rate using the numerical keys from 1 thru

5 and press “ENTER”.

• Select an intensity level using the numerical keys from 1

thru 8 and press “ENTER”.

• The screen will display a brief message. The values are

stored in memory and the instrument automatically returns
to the previous mode.

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 4300C User Manual

RUN/HOLD FUNCTION
The Run/Hold function
of the 4300C can be
configured in three
different ways:

RUN/HOLD Figure 27 – Display Function Window

• When configured for Run/Hold, pressing
the “RUN/Hold” key will freeze the readings on the display.
The function window displays “HOLD”. To exit the hold
state, press “RUN/HOLD” again, the function window
displays “RUN”.

RUN/PKHI
When configured for Run/PeakHi, pressing the “RUN/HOLD” key will
activate the Peak-Hi state, the readings on the display will only increment
therefore showing the maximum value measured. The function window
displays “PKHI”. To exit the PKHI state, press “RUN/HOLD” again, the
function window displays “RUN”.

RUN/PKLO
When configured for Run/PeakLo, pressing the “RUN/HOLD” key will
activate the Peak-Lo state, the readings on the display will only decrease
therefore showing the lowest value measured. The function window
displays “PKLO”. To exit the PKLO state, press “RUN/HOLD” again, the
function window displays “RUN”.

Configuring the Run/Hold Function

To configure the Run/Hold function:

• Press “Func. + Run/Hold”

• Select one of the three options by pressing keys 1, 2, or 3

and press “Enter”.

• The screen will display a brief message, the selection is

stored in memory and the instrument automatically returns
to the previous mode.

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 Chapter 4 – Measurement Modes and Functions

PRINT/LOG FUNCTION
The Print/Log function allows the user to receive the measurements
through the instrument’s RS-232 or USB interface. A thermal
printer/labeler or the HyperTerminal of a PC can be used to capture the
readings. The measurements can also be log to an Excel spreadsheet by
using a Data Sources Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) to access data
from ohmmeter

The Print/Log function can be configured in three different ways:

PRINT
When configured for Print, pressing the “PRINT” key transmits one
reading as it is displayed on the ohmmeter’s screen.

LOG
When configured for Log, pressing the “PRINT” key continuously transmits
the measurements at a rate equal to the display update rate 1. Pressing
the print key once again will terminate the transmission. The
measurements are transmitted in the same format in which they are
displayed on the ohmmeter’s screen.

LOG2
When configured for Log, pressing the “PRINT” key continuously transmits
the measurements at a rate equal to the display update rate1. Pressing
the print key once again will terminate the transmission. The
measurements are transmitted in engineering format.

For example:

10.000𝑘𝑘Ω = 1.00𝐸𝐸 + 04

1
See Display Update Rate page 4-8

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 4300C User Manual

Configuring the Print button function

To configure the Print/Log function:

• Press “FUNC. + PRINT”

• Select one of the three options by pressing keys 1, 2, or 3

and press “ENTER”.

• The screen will display a brief message, the selection is

stored in memory and the instrument automatically returns
to the previous mode.

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 Chapter 4 – Measurement Modes and Functions

VIEW FUNCTION
The View function allows the user to view how the instrument’s functions
are configured. This function is easy to use and is very useful especially
for HLC and TCM users.

Using the View function

Press “VIEW” followed by one of the following keys:

UPDATE - The screen shows the display update rate

and intensity settings.

HLC - The screen displays the HLC limits for the

range that is selected at the time. In this mode, the
user can switch through the ranges to view all the
values set as limits.

RUN/HOLD – The screen will display the

configuration of the “RUN/HOLD” key.

PRINT – The screen will display the configuration of

the “PRINT/LOG” feature.

TCM – The screen will display the temperature

coefficient and temperature reference value set for
the TCM mode.

CAL – The screen displays the date of the last

calibration. This is update from the interface.

To exit the view function press “VIEW”.

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 4300C User Manual

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 Chapter 5 OPTIONAL FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES
The 4300C μ-Ohmmeters are shipped with a detachable power cord,
and an Operation Manual as standard equipment. This section lists
several items that may be desirable for special applications.

OPTIONS

BCD: Data Output

This option provides parallel BCD data on a rear-panel 50-pin connector.
All outputs are TTL compatible levels with a drive capability of 1 LS load.
Also refer to Chapter 6 Remote Operations – BCD Interface.

GPIB
The Valhalla 4300C comes standard with a RS-232 interface. Also
available is an optional GPIB IEEE-488.2 compatible interface. The
interface is talk/listen, and provides range and ohmmeter function
control. Also refer to Chapter 6 Remote Operations – IEEE Interface.

USB
Another interface that is available is USB. The interface is talk/listen, and
provides range and ohmmeter function control. Drivers are provided.

ACCESSORIES

Omni Compensator
To be able to use the TCM feature of the
4300C, the user will need an Omni
Compensator temperature sensor. This
item allows the ohmmeter to Figure 28 –Omni Compensator
compensate for temperature variations when testing any material.

Option RX-3: Rack Mount Adapter

The 4300C μ-ohmmeters may be mounted in a standard 19" equipment
rack using a set of optional rack ears. Option RX-3 comes with all the
necessary hardware for installation and mounting. An assembly diagram
on how to install to rack ears on to the instrument can be found in
Chapter 1.

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 4300C User Manual

TEST LEADS
This section details the different test lead sets and connectors available
for use with the 4300C μ-ohmmeters. All cables and test leads are
manufactured by Valhalla Scientific Inc. and are tested before shipping.

Alligator Clip Type Leads

Option K: Kelvin Lead Set
Option "K" is a shielded, 4-wire Kelvin
cable set, 48 inches in length terminated
in gold plated alligator clips (Option-
KCS). Option "K" is the recommended
general purpose lead set for most
applications.
Figure 29 – “K” Kelvin Lead Set

Option KCS: Gold-Plated Clips

Option "KCS" are gold-plated alligator clips used on the Option "K" lead
set for 4-wire measurements of smaller components and leads. Clips
open to 1/2 inch and accommodate test currents of up to 10A.

Option KK: Heavy-Duty Lead Set

Option "KK" is a 4-wire Kelvin cable set,
48-inches in length terminated in heavy-
duty gold-plated clamps (Option-JAWS).

Option JAWS: Gold-Plated Clamps

Option "JAWS" are gold-plated heavy-
duty clamps used to terminate Option Figure 30 – “KK” Heavy Duty Lead Set
"KK" lead set. Clamps open to 2 inches for
connection to large motors, bushings, etc.

Option C: Banana-to-Clip Cable

Option "C" is a 48" general purpose
shielded lead set terminated on one end
in dual banana plugs and on the other
end in red and black alligator clips.

Figure 31 – “C” Banana/Clip Cable

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 Chapter 5 – Optional Features and Accessories

Needle Type Probes

Option MP-1: Kelvin Micro-Probes
Option "MP-1" is a 48-inch shielded 4-wire
Kelvin cable set with a 1A test current
capacity employing a set of Kelvin Micro-
Probes. The probes are equipped with
spring-loaded stainless steel tips with
0.05" spacing. Figure 32 – “MP-1” Micro Probes

Option MP-2: Kelvin Mini-Probes

Option "MP-2" is a 48-inch shielded 4-
wire Kelvin cable set with a 1A test
current capacity employing a set of Kelvin
Mini-Probes. The probes are equipped
with spring-loaded stainless steel tips with Figure 33 – “MP-2” Mini Probes
0.18" spacing.

Option MP-S: Single Pointed Probe Set

Option “MP-S” is a 48-inch shielded cable
set with a 1A test current capacity
employing a set of single pointed
handheld pencil type probes. (2 wires to
each point)

Figure 34 - “MP-S” Single Pointed Probes

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 4300C User Manual

Surface Probes
Option MP-4: Surface Probes
These probes permit rapid, repeatable
bonding testing on a variety of screened
or flat surfaces. Test current is evenly
distributed through the probe base while
sensing is accomplished via a spring
loaded center contact. The target area is
Figure 35 – “MP-4” Surface Probes
1-inch in diameter.

Option MP-5: Surface Probes

These probes permit rapid, repeatable
bonding testing on a variety of screened
or flat surfaces. Test current is evenly
distributed through the probe base while
sensing is accomplished via a spring
loaded center contact. The target area is
Figure 36 – “MP-5” Surface Probes
½ inch in diameter.

Other Lead Sets

Option BBL: Banana-to-Banana Cable
Option "BBL" is a 48" shielded cable terminated on both ends in dual
stacking banana plugs. This cable may be used for voltage and current
connections to the ohmmeter.

Option SL-48: Low Thermal Leads

Option "SL-48" is a 48" shielded lead set
terminated in gold-plated spade lugs. This
lead set is designed to eliminate
problems caused by thermal EMF's and is
rated for the maximum output current of 1A. Figure 37 –
“SL-48” Low Thermal Leads

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 Chapter 6 REMOTE OPERATIONS
IEEE INTERFACE

THE PURPOSE OF IEEE STANDARD 488

The purpose of the IEEE Standard 488 is to allow for interconnection of
programmable instruments with minimum engineering. The intent is to
remove the need for adapters and the numerous types of patching cables
often encountered with other forms of interfaces. The IEEE-488 standard
defines a system configuration for programmable instruments such as
calculators, voltmeters and other types of peripheral devices produced by
various manufacturers. It provides a set of rules for establishing defined
communication links with a high degree of compatibility yet maintaining
flexibility between independently manufactured products.

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 4300C User Manual

DEFINITIONS
Listed below are definitions of the terms used to describe the IEEE-488
interface:

Bus: A data link which is usually a set of several parallel wires within a
multi-wire cable.

Bi-Directional Bus: A "highway" used for two-way communication, with

input and output data being carried on the same lines.

Bit-Parallel: A data transmission method in which all of the bits

composing an item of data are present simultaneously on a group of
wires in a bus.

Byte: A group of eight data bits which is treated as a single item of data.

Byte-Serial: A data transmission method in which information, in bit-

parallel bytes, is transferred sequentially between devices.

Device Dependent Message: A message containing commands or data

intended for a specific device.

Handshake: An exchange of signals between two devices which is used to

control the transfer of data between them.

Interface: The part of an instrument or system which enables it to be

connected to another via a bus.

Interface Message: A message intended for interface management.

Local Operation: Operation of a device by its front panel controls (also

referred to as Manual Control).

Remote Operation: Operation of device under the control of another via

the bus.

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (IEEE Interface)

BUS RESTRICTIONS
The IEEE-488 Interfacing Standard (also known as IEC DTC66 (WG3), ANSI
MC1-1, GPIB, HP-IB, etc.), defines a bidirectional bus for interconnecting
programmable instrumentation in a bit-parallel, byte-serial fashion. It
defines limitations as follows:

1. A maximum of 15 devices may be interconnected by a single bus.

2. The total bus length may not exceed 20 meters, with a maximum
interconnection length of 4 meters.

3. Maximum transmission rate is 1 megabyte per second.

4. All bus data is digital.

Of the devices on the bus, only one may be the controller which exercises
control over all other devices, and is also capable of operating as a talker
or listener. The other devices may be listeners (only able to receive data)
or talkers (only able to send data), or both. The model 4300C is capable
of talking and listening. The controller may address other devices and
command them to listen or talk. Only one device may talk at any one
time.

The interconnecting cable consists of sixteen signal wires and eight

ground returns linking devices into a complete system:

1. Eight data wires (DIO-0 thru DIO-7)

2. Five management wires (ATN, EOI, SRQ, IFC, and REN)

3. Three "handshake" wires (DAV, NRFD and NDAC)

Each cable connector is a plug/socket combination to permit "daisy-

chaining" of units. It should be noted that these wires use "inverse logic".
That is to say that a low level indicates the true (asserted) state and a
high level indicates a false (non-asserted) state.

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 4300C User Manual

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF BUS OPERATIONS

The five management wires are described as follows:

ATN: Asserted by the controller whenever an address or a command

is present on the bus.

EOI: May be asserted by the controller or any talker. With ATN true,
EOI indicates that the controller is polling devices. With ATN
false, EOI is asserted by the talker to indicate the end of data.

SRQ: May be asserted by any device. This indicates that the device
requires attention (e.g., a fault has occurred). Normally, the
controller will respond by polling to determine which device
requires service.

IFC: May be asserted only by the controller. This line initializes the
bus to a reset state.

REN: May be asserted only by the controller. This signal places the
addressed device into the remote mode.

The three handshake wires are described as follows:

DAV: May be asserted by any talker; indicates that a valid data byte is
present on the data wires.

NRFD: May be asserted by any listener. Indicates that the listener is

not ready to receive data.

NDAC: May be asserted by any listener. Indicates that the listener has
not yet finished reading the data byte.

The transfer of data on the bus is controlled by these three handshake

wires. It is important to note that the drivers for the handshake wires are
all connected for wired-on operation. That is, as long as any of the
devices on the bus asserts a handshake line, it will remain true. There
must be a complete consensus among the devices for any handshake
wire to be high (false).

The talker first waits for all devices to be ready to accept data (checks
that NRFD is false) then puts one byte of data on the bus and asserts
DAV. It waits for all devices to indicate that the data has been accepted

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (IEEE Interface)

(that is, NDAC to become false) before starting to transfer the next byte
of data. This handshake protocol assures that data on the bus is
transferred at the speed of the slowest device on the bus.

Data is sent in 8-bit bytes on the DIO wires, usually (as in the 4300C)
using the ISO-7 standard ASCII characters. Table 12 lists each ASCII
character and the bus messages applicable to each.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ←COLUMN
ISO BIT & 7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ROW
DIO LINE 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ↓
NUMBER 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
4 3 2 1 ASCII MSG ASCII MSG ASCII MSG ASCII MSG ASCII MSG ASCII MSG ASCII MSG ASCII MSG
0 0 0 0 NUL DEL SP 00 0 16 @ 00 P 16 ‘ p 0
0 0 0 1 SOH GTI DC1 LLO ! 01 1 17 A 01 Q 17 a q 1
0 0 1 0 STX DC2 “ 02 2 18 B 02 R 18 b r 2
0 0 1 1 ETX DC3 # 03 3 19 C 03 S 19 c s 3
0 1 0 0 EOT SDC DC4 DCI $ 04 4 20 D 04 T 20 d t 4
0 1 0 1 ENQ PCC 1 NAK PPU % 05 5 21 E 05 U 21 e u 5
0 1 1 0 ACK SYN & 06 6 22 F 06 V 22 f v 6
0 1 1 1 BEL ETB ` 07 7 23 G 07 W 23 g w 7
1 0 0 0 BS GET CAN SPE ( 08 8 24 H 08 X 24 h x 8
1 0 0 1 HT TCT EM SPD ) 09 9 25 I 09 Y 25 i y 9
1 0 1 0 LF SUB * 10 : 26 J 10 Z 26 j z 10
1 0 1 1 VT ESC + 11 ; 27 K 11 [ 27 k { 11
1 1 0 0 FF FS , 12 < 28 L 12 \ 28 l | 12
1 1 0 1 CR GS - 13 = 29 M 13 ] 29 m } 13
1 1 1 0 SO RS . 14 > 30 N 14 ^ 30 n ~ 14
1 1 1 1 SI US / 15 ? UNL O 15 _ UNT o DEL 15
ADDRESSED UNIVERSAL LISTEN TALK
COMMAND COMMAND ADDRESS ADDRESS
GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
(ACG) (UCG) (LAG) (TAG)

PRIMARY COMMAND GROUP SECONDARY COMMAND GROUP

(PCG) (SCG)

Table 12 - ASCII Character Codes

Notes: 1 Devices Address messages shown in decimal

2 Messages codes are:

DCI Device Clear LLO Local Lockout SDC Selected Device Clear

GET Device Trigger PPC Parallel Poll Configure SPD Serial Poll Disable

GTI Go to Local PPU Parallel Poll Unconfigure SPE Serial Port Enable

Note that the table is divided into two main groups; the primary
command group and the secondary command group. The secondary
command group is not utilized in the 4300C.

1
Requires Secondary Command

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 4300C User Manual

The primary command group is further divided into four subgroups as

follows:

1. Addressed Command Group - applied only to addressed devices.

2. Universal Command Group - applied to all devices.

3. Listen Address Group - set of device listen addresses.

4. Talk Address Group - set of device talk addresses.

Data in the above command groups is sent with ATN "true". These type of
commands are understood by all devices using the IEEE-488 standard.
When data is sent with ATN "false", it is referred to as a device dependent
command. A device dependent command is specific to a particular
device, and may or may not be understood by other devices.

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (IEEE Interface)

SETTING THE IEEE ADDRESS

The IEEE "address" is the method by which the system controller distinguishes
one device on the bus from another. The address of the 4300C is determined by
the setting of a binary-weighted switch on the rear of the instrument. Here are
two examples to help you set the address.

Example 1: Switches 1, 2, and 16 are OFF (or

0) and switches 4 and 8 are ON (or 1).

The resulting address is:

(1 × 0) + (2 × 0) + (4 × 1) + (8 × 1) + (16 × 0) = 4 + 8 = 12

Example 2: Switches 2 and 4 are OFF (or 0)

and switches 1, 8, and 16 are ON (or 1).

The resulting address is:

(1 × 1) + (2 × 0) + (4 × 0) + (8 × 1) + (16 × 1) = 1 + 8 + 16 = 25

The address you choose is entirely dependent on your application and by the
type and quantity of devices on your IEEE bus. Some guidelines to follow are:

1. Each device on the bus must have its own unique address. Operating
two devices at the same address will produce undefined results and is
not recommended.

2. Avoid setting the 4300C to address 0 (all switches off) or to address 31

(all switches on) as this may interfere with the system controller.

3. If the setting of the switches is changed, power must be cycled in order

to place the new address into memory.

Note: In all future examples, we will assume that the address is set to "12".

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 4300C User Manual

REMOTE AND LOCAL STATES

Local State
When the 4300C is in the "local" state the REMOTE indicator on the front panel
is extinguished and full manual control as described in Chapters 3 and 4 may be
performed. The user should also note that the 4300C will ignore commands
from the GPIB while in the local state.

The 4300C automatically powers-up in the local state. Other methods for
placing it in the local state are by cycling power or by sending a return to local
(RTL) command over the bus. This is done in HP Basic using the command:
LOCAL 712

To ensure compatibility with all controllers, the 4300C may also be returned to
the local state by sending it the code: L

Remote State
In this state the REMOTE indicator on the front panel is illuminated and all
controls on the front panel are disabled except the power switch.

The remote state may only be entered via the bus. If the 4300C receives its
listen address while the REN line is asserted, it will enter the remote state.
Placing the instrument into remote is an easy way of verifying that all
connections and address selections have been done properly. This may be
accomplished in HP Basic using the command: REMOTE 712 The 4300C should
enter the remote state and illuminate the REMOTE indicator. Verify that no
other device on the bus was affected by execution of this command.

READING THE DISPLAY DATA

The resistance data on the 4300C's display is always available to be read by the
system controller. The 4300C does not require that a query or any other
command be issued in order to retrieve it. Also, the 4300C does not need to be
in REMOTE in order for the display to be read. Retrieving the data will clear the
reading buffer. The controller must then wait until the next update of the A-to-D
converter before a new value becomes available. Data may be read at the rate
of 2½ readings per second for a 4300C.

The fact that the readings are always available simplifies measurement retrieval.
Every time the system controller polls the 4300C's address, an instantaneous
resistance value is returned corresponding to the displayed value.

The following program shows an example of retrieving a resistance

measurement from the 4300C. The program is written in HP Basic. If you are
using a programming language or package other than HP Basic, consult your

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (IEEE Interface)

Programmer's Manual for the correct command syntax. The 4300C is assumed
to be at address 12.

 
 
 
 

The execution of this program results in a continuous display of the resistance

measurement, updated at the conversion rate of the instrument's A-to-D
converter.

The result is returned in scientific notation, in ohms. As an example, assume

that the 4300C is in the 2V and .1mA ranges and the front panel display
indicates "10567" which is 10,567Ω. The program above is executed.

The 4300C responds with the following number (contained in A$):

+1.0567E+4

This is the measurement in scientific notation, in ohms. The "E" signifies a

power of 104, or 10000. This means that the significant digits of the response
should be multiplied by 10000.

In another example, assume that the 4300C is in the 20mV and 10A ranges, and
the front panel display indicates "1.9095" which is equal to 1.9095mΩ. The
program is executed.

The 4300C responds with the following number (contained in A$):

+1.9095E-3

This is the measurement in scientific notation, in ohms. The "E" signifies a

power of 10-3, or 0.001. This means that the significant digits of the response
should be multiplied by 0.001.

An over-range condition is indicated by:

+2.0000E±?

Each response is terminated with an "output data terminator" which is used to

signal the end of the transmission to the controller.

The default terminator is a CRLF (carriage-return and line-feed). The terminator

may be changed using the "D" command. Refer to Output Data Terminator
section of this chapter.

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 4300C User Manual

4300C COMMAND SET FOR GPIB

This section contains a description of all commands that are recognized by the
4300C using it’s IEEE-488 interface (Option TL-488). As noted earlier in this
chapter, the 4300C does not need to be queried in order to retrieve the
measured resistance data. The commands listed in this section are used to set
ranges, turn the test current on and off, and to setup internal communication
protocol.

A condensed listing of the 4300C command set is given in Table 13.

When sending commands to the 4300C, an "input data terminator" must be

used to signal the end of the command line. The 4300C recognizes a _ (carriage-
return) or EOI asserted with the last character as valid input terminators.

Commands must be sent using upper case characters. Multiple commands may
be sent on the same line provided that they are separated by a comma (,).

The following program shows an example of setting the ranges of the 4300C.
The program is written in HP Basic. If you are using a programming language or
package other than HP Basic, consult your Programmer's Manual for the correct
command syntax. The 4300C is assumed to be at address 12.









The result of this program is to set the 4300C to the 2V, 100mA ranges and turn
on the test current. The controller waits for 2 seconds (for settling), then
retrieves the measured value. The 4300C is then returned to local mode.

Voltage Range
The "V" command is used to set the full scale voltage range of the internal
voltmeter. The 4300C interprets this command as follows:

V0 - Selects the 20mV range

V1 - Selects the 200mV range
V2 - Selects the 2V range

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (IEEE Interface)

Test Current Range

The "I" command sets the value of test current that will be used to make the
resistance measurement. The 4300C interprets this command as follows:

I0 - Selects .1mA
I1 - Selects 1mA
I2 - Selects 10mA
I3 - Selects .1A
I4 - Selects 1A
I5 - Selects 10A

SRQ's and Serial Polls

The IEEE-488 bus incorporates a serial line that may be used by a device on the
bus to alert the controller if problems are encountered or if it requires
attention. This method draws attention to a device without disrupting normal
bus operation. The controller may then choose to ignore or act upon the
request.

The "SRQ" or "service request" line may be asserted to alert the controller. The
4300C may be setup using the "Q" command to assert SRQ if the controller
sends data to it that is not decodable by the 4300C.

Q0 - 4300C will not assert SRQ (default)

Q1 - 4300C will assert SRQ if it receives a command that it does not understand

If the SRQ line is asserted, the controller should then perform a serial poll to
determine which device requires service. The 4300C will return an ASCII zero (0)
in response to a serial poll if it did not generate the SRQ. A non-zero number will
be returned if it was responsible for asserting SRQ. A serial poll is performed in
HP Basic using the command: SPOLL(712) which would poll the device at
address 12.

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 4300C User Manual

Output Data Terminator

The "D" command determines the type and quantity of terminators that will be
used to signal the end of any data that the 4300C returns to the controller. This
includes measured resistance data as well as the response to the "configuration
status" query. The 4300C interprets this command as follows:
C L
D0 R F (default)
C L
D1 R F with EOI asserted
C L
D2 R F
C L
D3 R F with EOI asserted

The D1 selection is preferred by IEEE-488.2 systems such as National

Instruments®.

Test Current Control

The "C" command is used to enable or disable the output of the current source.
This command is decoded as follows:

C0 Turns the test current off

C1 Turns the test current on

Display Hold
The display of the 4300C may be frozen from the GPIB bus using the commands
listed below. While in the "hold" mode the A-to-D converter is still performing
measurements, but the results are not sent to the 4300C's display or to the IEEE
output buffer. Therefore once a trigger is sent or tracking is resumed, the
display will instantly reflect the latest measurement. The 4300C interprets these
commands as follows:

T selects continuous tracking mode (default)

S selects hold mode; also used to trigger a single reading while holding

Temperature Compensation
The automatic temperature compensation mode (TCM) feature of the 4300C
may be enabled or disabled from the GPIB. If TCM mode is enabled the readings
are automatically adjusted by the temperature sensor attached to the front of
the 4300C (refer to Chapter 4).

N selects normal mode; TCM off

A selects TCM on

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (IEEE Interface)

Configuration Status Query

This advanced command may be used to verify the results of sending the
commands mentioned previously. It may also be used to check for faults in the
TCM system or to check the present setting of the manual controls on the front
panel.

The charge and discharge of inductive loads may be monitored to determine

when valid readings are available and also to check the cable disconnect status
indicators.

Upon receiving the code E the 4300C will place into its output buffer a
"configuration status word". The status word is made available for the next read
by the controller. No measurement data is available until this word is read.

The word is in the format:

Q?V?I?SND?C?UHF

Where:

Q? reflects the present value of the SRQ command

V? reflects the present voltage range setting

I? reflects the present test current setting

S is the letter "S" if hold mode has been selected, or "T" if tracking mode
is selected

N is the letter "N" if normal mode has been selected or "A" if TCM is
enabled

D? reflects the present value of the output data terminator command

C? reflects the test current status

U is the letter "U" if the 4300C senses that it is UNSAFE to disconnects

cables; an ASCII space character indicates SAFE

H is the letter "H" if the 4300C's charging inductor mode has been
activated; an ASCII space character indicates no charging inductor

F is the letter "F" if a fault is detected in the TCM sensing mode; an ASCII
space character indicates no faults

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 4300C User Manual

Table 13 - IEEE ASCII

Commands VX IX QX DX CX
CODE:
Quick Reference
X= 0 20mV 0.1mA No SRQ C L
R F Test Current OFF
SRQ on Input
1 200mV 1mA C L
R F w/EOI Test Current ON
Error
2 2V 10mA C
R

3 100mA C
R w/EOI

4 1A

5 10A

S Selects hold mode / Triggers single reading

T Selects continuous reading mode

N Selects normal mode (TCM OFF)

A Selects TCM mode ON

L Returns 4300C to Local

E Configuration Status Word Query

( Q?V?I?SND?C?UHF )

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

RS-232 INTERFACE

CONNECTING THE 4300C VIA RS232 INTERFACE

The RS232 interface capabilities:

The RS232 interface provides a point-to-point connection between two
items of equipment such as a computer and the 4300C. There are some
parameters you need to set on both sides. Once you have set these
parameters, you can control the 4300C through the RS232 interface.

• Baud rate: 9600 baud.

• Parity bit: none.

• Data bit: 8 bits.

• Stop bit: 1 stop bit.

• Data flow control: none.

Notes for RS232 installation

The 4300C is a DCE (Data Channel Equipment) device with a 9-pin D-type
shell RS232 connector located on the rear panel. Table 14 shows the 9-
pin connector (Female) with its pin number assignments. When the
4300C is set up with a RS232 interface, please check the following points:

• Many devices require a constant high signal on one or more input

pins.

• Ensure that the signal ground of the equipment is connected to

the signal ground of the external device.

• Ensure that the chassis ground of the equipment is connected to

the chassis ground of the external device.

• Do not use more than 15 meters of cable to connect devices to a

PC.

• Ensure the same baud rate is used on the device as the one used
on PC terminal.

• Ensure the connector for both sides of cable, and the internal
connection lines meet the demands of the instrument.

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 4300C User Manual

Table 14 – Pin # Pin Function

RS-232 Connector 1 Not Connected
Pin Configuration 2 Receive Data (RxD) (input)
3 Transmit Data (TxD) (output)
4 Not Connected
5 Signal Ground (GND)
6 Not Connected
7 Not Connected
8 Not Connected
9 Not Connected

Connecting to a Computer
A personal computer with a COM port is essential in order to operate the
4300C via RS232 interface.

The connections between 4300C and computer are as follows:

I. Connect one end of a RS232 cable to the computer.

II. Connect the other end of the cable to the RS232 port on the
4300C.

III. Turn on the 4300C.

IV. Turn on the computer.

Checking Connections
If you want to test whether the RS232 connection is working or not, you
can send a command from the computer. For instance, using a terminal
program send the query command

*idn?

Should return the Manufacturer, model number, serial number and

firmware version in the following format:

VALHALLA SCIENTIFIC 4300C,1.81,0"

If you do not receive a proper response from the 4300C, please check if
the power is on, and all cable connections are active.

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

INPUT AND OUTPUT QUEUE

The design of 64 bytes input queue and 128 bytes output queue for
storing the pending commands or return messages is to prevent the
transmitted commands of remote control and return messages from
missing. As the maximum stored capacity for Error/Event

Queue is 20 groups of messages, it should be noted that input data

exceeding the capacity by using these buffers will cause data missing.

COMMANDS AND SYNTAX

RS232 message terminators

As there is no signal of end message on RS232 bus, therefore, use LF, CR,
or CR/LF as message terminator. After the 4300C processes a command a
CR/LF is placed in the output buffer and delivered. As for query
command, the return message of the instrument is also added a LF for PC
to judge message terminator.

Entering Commands
The standards that govern the command set for the 4300C allow for a
certain amount of flexibility when you enter commands. The 4300C does
not adhere to any friendly listening standards so the commands and
queries must be typed as specified.

Command Characters
The 4300Cs are not sensitive to the case of command characters. You can
enter commands in either uppercase or lowercase.

You can execute any command with preceding white space characters.
You must use at least one space between the parameter and the
command header. Subsequent parameters are separated by commas.

Combining Commands
You can use a semicolon (;) to combine commands, but not queries.

Example:

RANGE 4; HLCHI 14.999<LF>

Synopsis of Commands
The tables in this section summarize the commands of the programmable
4300C Ohmmeter.

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 4300C User Manual

DETAILS OF COMMAND REFERENCE

Each command in this chapter will give a detailed description. The
examples of each command will be provided and what query form might
return.

Syntax and return values for each are explained in the function header.
The “*STB?” gives the status of the command.

Remote mode is entered when a valid printable character is received and

is exited with the LOCAL front panel key or LOCAL command.

COMMAND INDEX
*RST COMMAND .................................... 6-32 IDN? QUERY ........................................... 6-24
*STB? QUERY ......................................... 6-33 KEY COMMAND...................................... 6-25
*TST? QUERY .......................................... 6-34 KEY? QUERY ........................................... 6-26
BCD COMMAND ..................................... 6-19 LOCAL COMMAND ................................. 6-27
BCD QUERY............................................. 6-19 LOG COMMAND ..................................... 6-27
CALDATE QUERY .................................... 6-20 OHMS? QUERY ....................................... 6-28
CLS COMMAND ...................................... 6-20 OPT? QUERY ........................................... 6-28
CNFG COMMAND................................... 6-20 RANGE? QUERY ...................................... 6-29
CNFG QUERY .......................................... 6-20 RDNG? QUERY ........................................ 6-31
CURRENT RANGE COMMAND................ 6-29 RESET COMMAND .................................. 6-31
CURRENT RANGE COMMANDS .............. 6-30 SAVSETUP COMMAND ........................... 6-32
FAULT COMMAND ................................. 6-21 SAVSETUP? QUERY................................. 6-32
FAULT QUERY ......................................... 6-21 SYST:ERR? ............................................... 6-19
HLC COMMAND ..................................... 6-22 TCM COMMAND .................................... 6-34
HLC QUERY ............................................. 6-22 TCM QUERY ............................................ 6-34
HLCHI COMMAND .................................. 6-22 TEST CURRENT COMMAND.................... 6-30
HLCHI? QUERY ........................................ 6-23 TEST CURRENT QUERY ........................... 6-30
HLCLO COMMAND ................................. 6-23 VOLTAGE RANGE COMMAND ................ 6-28
HLCLO? QUERY ....................................... 6-23 VOLTAGE RANGE QUERY ....................... 6-29

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

:SYST:ERR?

QUERY Sends the System Error value to the remote host.

Cleared with *CLS<crlf>

Syntax: :SYST:ERR?

Example: :SYST:ERR?<crlf>

Response: 1F<crlf>

Power-on default = 0

BCD COMMAND

Selects BCD mode on or off

Syntax: BCD <ON or OFF>

Example: BCD ON<crlf>

BCD?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

Power-on default = OFF

Note: BCD mode on puts the logic level BCD on the rear panel connector and the ranges
on the relays outputs. See the BCD Interface section of this chapter for BCD connector
pin-outs and relay descriptions.

BCD QUERY

Responds with BCD mode on or off

Syntax: BCD?

Example: BCD?<crlf>
ON<crlf>
Response: <"ON" or "OFF">

Power-on default = OFF

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 4300C User Manual

CALDATE QUERY

Request the last calibration date and technician initials.

Syntax: CALDATE?

Response: "00-00-04 VSI"

Power-on default = "00-00-00 VS####"

*CLS COMMAND

Sets buffers to power on default.

Syntax: *CLS<crlf>

CNFG COMMAND

Turns on and off system configuration items. Alarms, key beeps, other features.

Syntax: CNFG <item number>, <ON or OFF>

Example: CNFG 1, ON<crlf>

CNFG? 1<crlf>
ON<crlf>

1 - Suppress Alarms
2 - Suppress Key Beeps

Power-on defaults = OFF

CNFG QUERY

Responds with CNFG mode on or off

Syntax: CNFG?

Example: CNFG? 2<crlf>

ON<crlf>

Response: <"ON" or "OFF">

1 - Suppress Alarms
2 - Suppress Key Beeps

Power-on defaults = OFF (pleasantly noisy)

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

FAULT COMMAND

Sets an alarm fault to watch the system react.

Syntax: FAULT <Hexadecimal number>

FAULT_ALARM_NO_FAULT 00
FAULT_ALARM_OVER_TEMP 01 Internal temperature too high
FAULT_ALARM_CAL_LIMIT 02 Input level for calibration exceeded limit
FAULT_ALARM_TCM 04 Input level for TCM calibration exceeded limits
FAULT_ALARM_CMD_CHAR 08 Unprintable characters received / cmd too long
FAULT_TXBUF_SPACE 10 Low on space in transmit buffer
FAULT_ALARM_TXBUF_FULL 20 Serial transmitter buffer full
FAULT_ALARM_RCVBUf_FULL 40 Serial receiver buffer full
FAULT_ALARM_NVRAM 80 NV RAM fault
Power-on default = 00

FAULT QUERY

Returns the alarm bit mapped byte.

Syntax: FAULT?

Response: 2 digit Hexadecimal number

FAULT_ALARM_NO_FAULT 00
FAULT_ALARM_OVER_TEMP 01 Internal temperature too high
FAULT_ALARM_CAL_LIMIT 02 Input level for calibration exceeded limit
FAULT_ALARM_TCM 04 Input level for TCM calibration exceeded limits
FAULT_ALARM_CMD_CHAR 08 Unprintable characters received / cmd too long
FAULT_TXBUF_SPACE 10 Low on space in transmit buffer
FAULT_ALARM_TXBUF_FULL 20 Serial transmitter buffer full
FAULT_ALARM_RCVBUf_FULL 40 Serial receiver buffer full
FAULT_ALARM_NVRAM 80 NV RAM fault

Power-on default = 00

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 4300C User Manual

HLC COMMAND

Selects HLC mode on or off

Syntax: HLC <ON or OFF>

Example: HLC ON<crlf>

HLC?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

Power-on default = OFF

Note: HLC mode on puts the logic level HLC relays on the rear panel connector and the
ranges on the relays outputs. See Chapter 4 for HLC relay contact descriptions.

HLC QUERY

Responds with HLC mode on or off

Syntax: HLC?

Example: HLC?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

Response: <"ON" or "OFF">

Power-on default = OFF

HLCHI COMMAND

Sends the Hi-Lo Comparator High Limit for current range.

Syntax: HLCHI <value>

Where value = 1.0000 for 1Ω in the 3Ω range and 100.00 for 100mΩ in the 100mΩ
range, and 00.500 for .5kΩ in the 20kΩ range.

This command writes the value to RAM memory only. To store these values in non-
volatile memory follow with SAVSETUP. Send RANGE command before sending this
command. Must send all 5 digits with leading zeroes.

Power-on default = Depends on range.

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

HLCHI? QUERY

Reads the Hi-Lo Comparator high value from RAM for range.

Syntax: HLCHI?

Response: Floating (fixed) point Ohm value for current range.

"1.0000" for 1Ω in the 2Ω range and 100.00 for 100mΩ in the 200mΩ range.

This command reads the value from RAM memory only. If you have used the HLCHI
command to write a HLC value it will be different than the value stored in non-volatile
memory if the SAVSETUP command has not been sent.

Power-on default = Depends on range.

HLCLO COMMAND

Sends the Hi-Lo Comparator Low Limit for current range.

Syntax: HLCLO <value>

Where value = 1.0000 for 1Ω in the 1Ω range, 100.00 for 100mΩ in the 100mΩ range,
1.000 for 1k in the 1kΩ range.

This command writes the value to RAM memory only. To store these values in non-
volatile memory follow with SAVSETUP. Send RANGE command before sending this
command.

Power-on default = Depends on range.

HLCLO? QUERY

Reads the Hi-Lo Comparator low value from RAM for range.

Syntax: HLCLO?

Response: Floating (fixed) point Ohm value for current range.

"1.0000" for 1Ω in the 1Ω range and 100.00m for 100mΩ in the 100mΩ range, 1.0000k
for 1kΩ in the 1kΩ range. This command reads the value from RAM memory only. If you
have used the HLCLO command to write a HLC value it will be different than the value
stored in non-volatile memory if the SAVSETUP command has not been sent.
Send RANGE command before sending this command.

Power-on default = Depends on range.

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 4300C User Manual

*IDN? QUERY

Returns the IEEE or RS-232 identification string from non-volatile.

Syntax: *IDN?<crlf>

Response: ID string "VALHALLA SCIENTIFIC 4300C,1.01G,0"

Example: *IDN?<crlf>
"VALHALLA SCIENTIFIC 4300C,1.01G,0"<crlf>

ID_STRING : "VALHALLA SCIENTIFIC"

VERSION : "1.01G"
MODEL : "4300C"
HARDWARE_VER : "0"
OPTION_STRING : "Option(s) : GPIB(IEEE488.2)"

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

KEY COMMAND

Presses a key from the interface, use for macros when the command you desire is not
listed here.

Syntax: KEY <key number>

Response: <crlf> (only after the key has been processed)

Key number = 0 - 24

0 KEY_NO_KEY 19 KEY_1
1 KEY_0 20 KEY_RANGE_1
2 KEY_3 21 KEY_4
3 KEY_CLEAR 22 KEY_RANGE_0
4 KEY_9 23 KEY_7
5 KEY_LOCAL 24 KEY_RANGE_3
6 KEY_RESET
7 KEY_FUNC KEY_UPDATE KEY_1
8 KEY_ENTER KEY_HLC KEY_2
9 KEY_DP KEY_ADDR KEY_3
10 KEY_RANGE_4 KEY_RUNHOLD KEY_4
11 KEY_2 KEY_PRINT KEY_5
12 KEY_RANGE_5 KEY_TCM KEY_6
13 KEY_5 KEY_AUTO_RNG KEY_7
14 KEY_RANGE_6 KEY_CAL KEY_8
15 KEY_8 KEY_BCD KEY_9
16 KEY_6 KEY_VIEW KEY_0
17 KEY_NOTUSED KEY_DISPLAY KEY_1
18 KEY_RANGE_2 KEY_mk KEY_DP

Power-on default = 0

Note: The remote key macro command was developed so our customers can literally
perform any action from the remote available to the key press enthusiast. This
capability is not without restrictions. Illegal key sequences may get the machine in a
menu you do not expect or cause the meter to not process properly the keys you send.
Key presses are human interface and therefore not buffered.
Because of this key delays may be necessary as sending keys too quickly may lose keys.

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KEY? QUERY

Returns the decimal number of the key last key processed by the state machine. This
query returns any key in the remote mode even if the key is locked out by remote
mode, i.e. KEY_LOCAL is not locked out.

Syntax: KEY?<crlf>
21<crlf>

Response: Decimal Key value between 0-24, 0 = No key pressed

0 KEY_NO_KEY 19 KEY_1
1 KEY_0 20 KEY_RANGE_1
2 KEY_3 21 KEY_4
3 KEY_CLEAR 22 KEY_RANGE_0
4 KEY_9 23 KEY_7
5 KEY_LOCAL 24 KEY_RANGE_3
6 KEY_RESET
7 KEY_FUNC KEY_UPDATE KEY_1
8 KEY_ENTER KEY_HLC KEY_2
9 KEY_DP KEY_ADDR KEY_3
10 KEY_RANGE_4 KEY_RUNHOLD KEY_4
11 KEY_2 KEY_PRINT KEY_5
12 KEY_RANGE_5 KEY_TCM KEY_6
13 KEY_5 KEY_AUTO_RNG KEY_7
14 KEY_RANGE_6 KEY_CAL KEY_8
15 KEY_8 KEY_BCD KEY_9
16 KEY_6 KEY_VIEW KEY_0
17 KEY_NOTUSED KEY_DISPLAY KEY_1
18 KEY_RANGE_2 KEY_mk KEY_DP

Usage: Keys are polled every 25ms in a timer interrupt. This routine changes mode to
local and responds with the last key pressed. It can sense keys even in remote mode.
Keys are debounced but are not tested for each menu state.
In other words, sending KEY 4 in a state that does not accept that key will have no effect
to change the state. In addition if the KEY X commands are sent without enough interval
the key handler task will not have executed and the key press can be overwritten by the
next key command and the previous one is skipped. This is due to no buffering of
remote key presses.

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

LOCAL COMMAND

Returns meter to local mode, remote LED off, Goto Local.

Syntax: LOCAL

Returns: <crlf>

Power-on default = LOCAL mode

Notes: REMOTE mode is selected when the meter receives a valid character (not <crlf>.
Once selected, all keys are disabled and will not be scanned. Therefore no key beeps
with the exclusion of the LOCAL key at the top right of the key pad. This key is active in
REMOTE mode and will extinguish the REMOTE LED and transition the device to the
front panel local user mode.

LOG COMMAND - Selects LOG mode on or off

Syntax : LOG <ON or OFF>,0 (synonymous with OHMS?)

Example: LOG ON 0<crlf> (space or comma)

13.693<crlf>
13.664<crlf>

LOG ON,4 (default)

13.693<crlf>
13.664<crlf>

LOG ON,6
13.693,23.2,.0003931,13.699,20.0

Possible options, responses as if the following queries sent

===============
0 – OHMS?
1 – OHMS?,ATOD1?,RDNG?
2 – ATOD1?
3 – ATOD1?,RDNG?
4 – RDNG?
5 – RDNG?,RANGE?
6 – OHMS?,EXTEMP?,Setup.TC.Load_Coeff,COMPENSATED_OHMS,Ref_Degress
7 – EXTEMP?
8 – EXTEMP?,RDNG? (Run TCM ON first)
9 – LOG PENDING, starts when user presses PRINT

Power-on default = OFF

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 4300C User Manual

OHMS? QUERY

Responds with reading from the front panel display and causes an immediate update of
the conversion so repeated query requests gets most accurate data. Send range
command or AUTO prior to sending this to get the scaling factor.
The Ohms omega, milli and kilo characters are removed during remote formatting.

Syntax: OHMS?

Example: OHMS?<crlf>
20.000<crlf> (on 20m or 20k Ohm ranges)

Response: <20.000<crlf>>

Power-on default = 0.000

Note: For Scientific notation/Engineering format, use RDNG?

*OPT? QUERY

Returns the option text strings factory installed on meter from nonvolatile.

Syntax: *OPT?

Example: *OPT?<crlf>
Option(s) :
GPIB(IEEE488.2),BCD,PLC,HLC,TCM,AUTO,RS232,USB<crlf>

VOLTAGE RANGE COMMAND

Selects a voltage range

Syntax: VRANGE <range number>

Range number = 1 – 3

1 = 20mV
2 = 200mV
3 = 2V

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

CURRENT RANGE COMMAND

Selects a current range

Syntax: IRANGE <range number>

Range number = 1 – 6

1 = 10A 4 = 10mA
2 = 1A 5 = 1mA
3 = 0.1A 6 = 0.1mA

RANGE? QUERY

Returns the selected range.

Syntax: RANGE?

Response: Range number = 1 – 18

1 = RNG1 2.0000mΩ (I1+V3) 10 = RNG10 2.0000Ω (I-4+V3)

2 = RNG2 20.000mΩ (I1+V2) 11 = RNG11 20.000Ω (I4+V2)
3 = RNG3 200.00mΩ (I1+V1) 12 = RNG12 200.00Ω (I4+V1)
4 = RNG4 20.000mΩ (I2+V3) 13 = RNG13 20.000Ω (I5+V3)
5 = RNG5 200.00mΩ (I2+V2) 14 = RNG14 200.00Ω (I5+V2)
6 = RNG6 2.0000Ω (I2+V1) 15 = RNG15 2.0000kΩ (I5+V1)
7 = RNG7 200.00mΩ (I3+V3) 16 = RNG16 200.00Ω (I6+V3)
8 = RNG8 2.0000Ω (I3+V2) 17 = RNG17 2.0000kΩ (I6+V2)
9 = RNG9 20.000Ω (I3+V1) 18 = RNG18 20.000kΩ (I6+V1)

VOLTAGE RANGE QUERY

Returns the selected voltage range.

Syntax: VRANGE?

Response: Range number = 1 - 3

1 = 20mV
2 = 200mV
3 = 2V

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 4300C User Manual

CURRENT RANGE COMMANDS

Returns the selected current range.

Syntax: IRANGE?

Response: Range number = 1 - 6

1 = 10A 4 = 10mA
2 = 1A 5 = 1mA
3 = 0.1A 6 = 0.1mA

TEST CURRENT COMMAND

Selects TEST CURRENT on or off

Syntax: TCURRENT <ON or OFF>

Power-on default = OFF

TEST CURRENT QUERY

Responds with TEST CURRENT on or off

Syntax: TCURRENT?

Example: TCURRENT?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

Response: <"ON" or "OFF">

Power-on default = OFF

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

RDNG? QUERY

Responds with reading from the device in engineering notation. Query function also
uses an immediate update of the conversion so repeated query requests gets the most
accurate data.

Syntax: RDNG?

Example: RDNG?<crlf>
2.4321e+1<crlf> (on 20.000Ω ranges)

Response: <value in reduced engineering notation<crlf>>

Power-on default = 0.000e+0

CAUTION: Will not work if the transmit interrupt happens to be busy with a display
update and the following occurs:

Remote ->RANGE 6 <2kΩ)

System ->Places "REM^" in TX buffer (Tiny Display)
System ->Change to R6
System ->Places "2k^" in TX buffer (Tiny Display)
System ->Formats Display String "1.6543k^"
Remote ->READING?
System ->Places in TX buffer to VFD 'D' characters
Remote ->RANGE 4
System ->Change to R4
System ->Executes READING? query, uses Range=4 and last displayed value
System ->Places in TX buffer, next 'R' characters

RESET COMMAND

Executes a soft reset of the ADuC834 processor system.

Syntax: RESET
Response: Front panel display show soft reset initiation. "RESETTING" is displayed
flashing inverse mode for 300ms while all system configurations are
returned to power up default.

Example: RESET<crlf>

Response: <crlf>

Notes: Resetcpu() executes as soft reset of the system by "nicely" changing the return
stack function and popping it. Expect a 500ms delay after receiving the linefeed before
transmitting next command.

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 4300C User Manual

*RST COMMAND

Sets buffers to power on default.

Syntax: *RST<crlf>

Response: <crlf>

Remote command buffer, Serial I/O, history, statistics, stability

SAVSETUP COMMAND

Stores current RAM setup data in NV RAM.

Syntax: SAVSETUP<crlf>

SAVSETUP? QUERY

Refreshes the current Setup from NV-RAM and then sends it to the remote port.

Syntax: SAVSETUP?<crlf>

Response: FF EE DD CC BB AA 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 00<crlf>
FF EE DD CC BB AA 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 00<crlf>
FF EE DD CC BB AA 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 00<crlf>
. . . . . . . . . . . .BB AA 99 88<crlf>

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (RS-232 Interface)

*STB? QUERY

Returns the command status byte.

Syntax: *STB?

Response: Command status number = 0 - 0xFF

Example: *STB?<crlf>
01<crlf>

Fragment: TCM ON<crlf>

*STB?<crlf>
TCM AFF<crlf>
**STB?<crlf> (returns * ERROR)
03<crlf>
TCM?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

0 = CMD_LAST_COMPLETE
1 = CMD_UNKNOWN
2 = CMD_MISSING_PARAM
4 = CMD_INVALID_PARAM
8 = CMD_MODE_OFF
16 = CMD_INCORRECT_NUMBER_PARAMS
32 =
64 =
128 = CMD_CALLAREALPGMR

Power-on default = 0

Note: After a command or query with or without a response, the *STB? query responds
with hexadecimal number with bits mapped as above. The *STB? query clears the
command status byte as does any other correctly completed command. The bits are
"sticky" through the sending of the *STB? query response but are cleared after the data
is transmitted.

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 4300C User Manual

TCM COMMAND

Selects TCM mode on or off

Syntax: TCM <ON or OFF>

Example: TCM ON<crlf>

TCM?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

Power-on default = OFF

TCM QUERY

Responds with TCM mode on or off

Syntax: TCM?

Example: TCM?<crlf>
ON<crlf>

Response: <"ON" or "OFF">

Power-on default = OFF

Send this date after the calibration is complete followed by a SAVESETUP to store in EE
memory.

*TST? QUERY

Causes internal self-test to run and returns the result.

Syntax: *TST?

Response Format: %hd CAUTION:THIS FORMAT IS THE ONLY ACCEPTABLE BY IVI

DRIVER.

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 Chapter 6 – Remote Operations (BCD Interface)

BCD INTERFACE

GENERAL
Option "BCD" provides parallel Binary Coded Decimal data output that
corresponds to the display indication.

Signals are also provided for range information, and overload. A run/hold
line is also provided to halt the 4300C.

The signals are TTL compatible ( 0 ≤ .8V , and 1≥ 2.4V ) and will drive 1
LS TTL load.

BCD PIN ASSIGNMENTS

Option "BCD" provides parallel Binary Coded Decimal data output that
corresponds to the display indication.

Signals are also provided for range information, and overload. A run/hold
line is also provided to halt the 4300C.

The signals are TTL compatible (0 ≤ .8V, and 1≥ 2.4V) and will drive 1 LS
TTL load.

Data
This is the BCD coded data which is identical to that being displayed by
the 4300C.
Table 15 – BCD PIN # Function PIN # Function
Measurement Data 1 1 24 200
20 2 6 400
2 4 25 800
21 8 7 1000
3 10 26 2000
22 20 8 4000
4 40 27 8000
23 80 9 10000
5 100 28 20000

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 4300C User Manual

Ranges
This is a BCD exponent which indicates the present resistance range as
follows:

Table 16 – BCD Range PIN # Function Range R3 R2 R1 R0

Data 10 R0 2mΩ 0 0 0 0
29 R1 20mΩ 0 0 0 1
11 R2 200mΩ 0 0 1 0
30 R3 2Ω 0 0 1 1
20Ω 0 1 0 0
200Ω 0 1 0 1
2kΩ 0 1 1 0
20kΩ 0 1 1 1

Overload – Pin 12
This pin is set to logic 1 when the data on the lines above is an overload
indication. (Note: The Data is arbitrary during this condition.)

Pin assignment

Table 17 – BCD Pin PIN # Function PIN # Function

Assignment Reference 1 1 20 2
Table 2 4 21 8
3 10 22 20
4 40 23 80
5 100 24 200
6 400 25 800
7 1000 26 2000
8 4000 27 8000
9 10000 28 20000
10 R0 29 R1
11 R2 30 R3
12 Overlaod 31 NC
13 NC 32 AVDD
14 AVDD 33 AVDD
15 AVDD 34 AVDD
16 AGND 35 AGND
17 AGND 36 AGND
18 NC 37 NC
19 NC

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 Chapter 7 THEORY OF OPERATIONS
The information contained in this section describes the theory of
operation behind the Valhalla Model 4300C Digital Micro-Ohmmeter. The
theory is divided into two sections. The first is a general description
referring to the block diagrams of Figure 39. The second section is a
detailed description referring to the schematics and diagrams at the back
of this manual.

4-WIRE CONFIGURATION
Figure 38 on the
right, illustrates how
the 4-wire principle is
used to eliminate
lead, wire, and
contact resistances
as potential error
sources. The internal
current source
inherently overcomes
all series resistance
(within compliance
voltage limits) and Figure 38 – 4-Wire Configuration
delivers a precise
constant current. The internal high-impedance DVM senses the voltage
drop across the load. There is negligible contact and lead resistance error
created by the voltage measurement because the high input impedance
of the DVM limits current flow in the voltage leads.

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 4300C User Manual

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUITS

This section describes the general function of each section of the Model
4300C. The ohmmeter may be divided into four separate parts:

Figure 39 – 4300C Block

Diagram

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 Chapter 7 – Theory of Operations

o 4300C Main Board (4300C-700) – This portion of the ohmmeter contains

the power supply and the constant current source.

• Power Supply – This section converts the AC line power into the DC
levels necessary to power the ohmmeter’s circuitry.

• Constant Current Source – This section of the main board provides a

stable test current that is passed through the load to develop a
voltage across it. The value of this current for each range is indicated
on the front panel of the instrument.

 Current Source Reference – The current source reference voltage

is provided by an internally opened zener reference and its
associated components. The reference circuit provides a 1.0000
volt output to the error amplifier circuit.

 Error Amplifier – The error amplifier compares the reference

voltage with the signal from the range switching circuit to drive
the output stage. The ON/OFF signal from the control logic
commands the error amplifier to turn on or off the output stage.

 Output Stage – The output stage provides current gain capable of

driving +10 amps into the unknown resistance. The ON/OFF signal
from the control logic disables the current source output when
the test current is turned off.

 Range Switching – The range switching circuits provide six ranges

of precision current shunts to control the output current. The
current shunt values are selected so that 1V is dropped across the
shunt for each current range (e.g. 10A in, 1V out; 1A in, 1V out;
etc.). The operation of the current source is as follows: Current
from the power supply flows through the load, output stage and
current shunt. The voltage dropped across the shunt is compared
to the reference voltage by the error amplifier. The error amplifier
uses the voltage drop across the internal shunt to control the
amount of current passing through the load as necessary to
maintain a precise constant current.

 Protection Circuitry – The protection circuitry protects the output

stage from inductive kickback voltages. The UNSAFE signal
indicates the presence of back EMF from the load.

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 4300C User Manual

o Micro-Controller Board (834u-701) –This is the central processing unit of

the ohmmeter. The analog to digital conversion, the range selection, LED
indicator selection and all other decision making processes occur in this
portion of the instrument.

• CPU – The micro-controller processes the data received by the ADC’s

and sends a ohms reading to the display. Also from the data received
from the keypad, the micro-controller selects the current range,
activates the LEDs and sends data out from the rs-232 port.

• ADC – The micro-controller’s analog to digital converters sense the

voltage drop across the load.

• TCM ADC – The micro-controller’s analog to digital converter sense

the voltage across the temperature sensor (Omni Compensator).

• Current Range Selector – The current range selection occurs within

the microcontroller. According to the data received from the keypad,
a signal is sent to activate the appropriate relay on the current source
circuitry.

• RS-232 – The RS-232 data is also sent and received by the micro-
controller.

o Display – This is the visual interface to the user. The display receives its
data directly from the micro-controller.

o Keypad Board (4300C-701) – This section of the ohmmeter contains the

keypad and the LED indicators for the TCM and HLC function.

• Keypad – The keypad is used to send commands to the micro

controller.

• HLC LEDs – These LEDs indicate the result of the HLC comparison.

• TCM LEDs – These LEDs indicate the status of the temperature

compensation mode.

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 Chapter 7 – Theory of Operations

DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS

This section describes in detail the operation of the main circuits of the
Model 4300C. The reference designators used in this section refer to the
drawings included at the back of this manual.

Current Source
The operation of the Current Source is described in the following
paragraphs. All components in this section can be found on Schematic
4300C-070.

Figure 40 – Current
Source Block Diagram

Reference
IC103 along with resistors R116-R118 and RV101 form a temperature-
stabilized voltage reference. IC103 is a precision 4.1V precision reference
(LM4140ACM). The zener current is limited by resistor R116. A voltage
divider composed of R117, RV101 and R118 divide the zener voltage
down to 1.0000 VDC. Capacitor C103 removes any noise riding on the
reference output.

Error Amplifier
The error amplifier is composed of C102, IC101A, R104, R103, RLB-2 and
TR103. IC101A provides high DC gain to drive transistor TR103 via
resistors R104 and R103. C102 provides local AC feedback around IC101A
for stability. TR103 provides base current to the output stage. Relay
contact RLB-2 is closed when the test current is turned off which removes
the gate drive to TR103.

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 4300C User Manual

Output Stage
The output stage composed of TR101, TR102, R101, R102, R126 and RLB-
1 provides current gain capable of sourcing 10 amps. Base drive for
transistors TR101 and TR102 is provided by the error amplifier. Resistors
R101 and R102 equalize the emitter currents in the two output devices.
Relay contact RLB-1 is closed when the test current is turned off, which
connects resistor R126 across the output terminals to reduce the output
voltage to less than 20mV.

Range Switching
Range selection is accomplished by selecting one of the precision current
shunts R105, R107, R109, R111, R113 or R115. Relays RLC thru RLH select
the appropriate combination of shunts. Only one range relay is ever
energized at any one time. Resistors R106, R108, R110, R112, and R114
along with potentiometers RV102 through RV105 are used to trim the
shunts to produce a precise current output.

Protection Circuitry
The protection circuitry is composed of diodes D101, D102, opto-isolator
IC102-A, R123 and R124. The two diodes provide a discharge path for
inductive loads. D102 conducts when the back EMF from the load is
greater than 5V which turns on the opto-coupler through R123 and R124.
This circuitry is used to determine the Disconnect Status LED condition.

Power Supply
Relay RLA selects which secondary tap of transformer T1 is applied to the
bridge rectifier composed of diodes D103-D106. Capacitor C101 levels
the rectified AC voltage. Relay RLA is controlled by the comparator circuit
to provide a higher voltage to the output stage to reduce settling time
when an inductive load is being charged.

Charging Inductor Mode

The gate voltage of TR103 is compared to a reference voltage defined by
D107-D109. When the gate voltage exceeds the reference voltage, TR105
conducts which energizes relay RLA and opto-coupler IC102-B. Transistors
TR104 and TR105 form a Schmidt trigger circuit to reduce relay
chattering. Buffer IC101-B isolates the gate drive circuit from the
comparator to reduce rail injected noise.

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 Chapter 7 – Theory of Operations

Micro-Controller Board
Complete circuitry is shown on schematic 834u-071.

Figure 41 – µ-Controller
Block Diagram

Micro-Controller
The micro-controller executes the analog to digital conversion on the
voltage across the load. Also all other processes, such as range selection,
HLC relay switching, LEDs activation and so on. Refer to schematic 834u-
070 sheet 1.

Over-Voltage Protection
The resistor R9 and diode D1 thru D4, form the Over-Voltage protection
circuitry. This block limits the input voltage to only ±7V if an extreme
overload occurs. Refer to schematic 834u-070 sheet 1.

TCM
The zener diode D5 and its associated components create a +1.2V
reference. This voltage level plus AVDD are used to power the
temperature compensator if attached. Refer to schematic 834u-070
sheet 1.

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 4300C User Manual

2.5V Reference
U2 is a precision 2.5V reference used by the micro-controller during the
analog to digital conversion. Refer to schematic 834u-070 sheet 1.

RS-232/Display Switch and RS 232 Driver/Receiver

U17 is a digital switch that allows the micro-controller to send data to the
display or to the RS-232 port. U16 is a RS-232 Driver Receiver. This
component converts data to the RS-232 level. Refer to schematic 834u-
070 sheet 6.

TROUBLESHOOTING
Apparent malfunctions are often the result of misinterpretation of
specifications or due to an incomplete understanding of the instrument.
A thorough review of the operating instructions for this instrument is
recommended prior to any component replacement, etc. Check to be
sure that cables and other test equipment are in good working order
before attempting to troubleshoot the 4300C.

If the Model 4300C exhibits problems that cannot be eliminated by

reviewing chapters 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, or 9; the following guidelines have been
established to help solve the problem.

Localizing the Problem

The key to successful troubleshooting is to localize the problem as much
as possible before trying to pin the problem down to a specific
component. Certain questions should be asked such as "Does the
problem occur on all ranges or on a specific range only?". The power
supplies are also one of the first things that should be checked.

As it is not possible to anticipate all failure modes of the 4300C, servicing

personnel should become familiar with this chapter to gain a complete
understanding of the internal workings of this instrument.

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 Chapter 7 – Theory of Operations

Component Replacement
If the problem has been identified as a faulty component, the accuracy of
the 4300C can be maintained only if the following precautions are taken:

• Use only the specified component or its exact equivalent. Spare

parts can be ordered from your nearest Valhalla Scientific Service
Center or from the factory directly by referring to the Valhalla
Stock Number listed in the Parts Lists section at the back of this
manual.

• Use only 63/37 grade rosin core electronic grade solder with a
50W or lower maximum power soldering iron.

• When soldering, heat the terminal of the component, not the

solder. Apply solder smoothly and evenly. Do not move the
component until the solder has cooled. Bad solder joints can
cause additional problems!

• Static sensitive parts require special handling procedures. Always

treat an unknown part as if it were static sensitive.

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 4300C User Manual

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 Chapter 8 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
GENERAL
This Chapter provides general maintenance information and a procedure
for calibrating the ohmmeter. The Model 4300C μ-ohmmeter should be
calibrated on a routine basis (every 12 months is recommended) to
ensure continued accuracy.

Before performing the calibration procedure below, the ohmmeter

should be allowed to warm up at a stable temperature for at least 30
minutes with the covers in place.

REQUIRED TEST EQUIPMENT

The following equipment is required to perform calibration of the 4300C:

1) Precision resistors within ±0.005%, the following values:

0.1Ω 1Ω 10Ω 100Ω 1kΩ 10kΩ

2) DC voltage standard capable of outputting 10mV, 300mV, 1V and 2V.

Valhalla Model 2701C is suitable for the task.

3) Four wire test lead set.

4) Precision Digital Voltmeter.

Note: If this equipment is not available, the ohmmeter may be returned

to Valhalla Scientific for calibration traceable to NIST.

PRE-CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
The calibration adjustments are accessed by removing the top cover of
the instrument.

The locations of the adjustment potentiometers are shown in Figure 42

at the end of the chapter. Leave the cover in place as much as possible.
After each adjustment is made, the cover should be replaced and the
instrument allowed to stabilizing.

Dangerous AC line voltages exist inside the instrument. Use

caution when making adjustments to avoid contact with
these voltages.

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 4300C User Manual

4300C CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

Standard Calibration
The standard calibration consists of three parts: sense calibration, source
calibration and final adjustment. The sense calibration and the final
adjustment calibration is cover-on and automated; the instrument will
prompt the user throughout the steps. The source calibration is
performed by adjusting six potentiometers located on the 4300C main
board. All three calibrations must be performed for a complete
calibration of the 4300C.

Sense Calibration

I. Press the “FUNC. + CAL”.

II. Press “CAL” to choose the standard calibration.

III. Apply a short between the Sense Hi and the Sense Lo

binding post. Once the short is applied, press “ENTER”. The
ohmmeter will perform the zero calibration for all ranges.
Press “CLEAR” to return to the previous screen.

While zeroing the ranges, the screen will display the

following information:

Pass indicates the number of passing

values that have been measured.
15 passing values must be measured
before the timer reaches the 100
second limit for a successful
calibration.

IV. When prompted by the display, remove the short and

apply 10mV to the sense terminals. Press “ENTER” to
continue or “CLEAR” to return to the zero cal screen.
While calibrating the ranges, the screen will display the
following information.

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 Chapter 8 – Routine Maintenance

V. When prompted by the display, apply 300mV to the sense

terminals. Press “ENTER” to continue or “CLEAR” to return
to the 10mV cal screen. While calibrating the ranges, the
screen will display the following information:

VI. When prompted by the display, apply 2V to the sense

terminals. Press “ENTER” to continue or “CLEAR” to return
to the 300mV cal screen. While calibrating the ranges, the
screen will display the following information:

VII. When prompted by the display, press “ENTER” to save the

calibration values to memory, or press “CLEAR” to return to
the 2V cal screen.

VIII. When prompted by the display, press “ENTER” to exit the

calibration mode, or press TCM to continue with the TCM
Cal (see Chapter 4).

Current Source Calibration

The following procedure should be performed when calibrating the
current source section of the 4300C. In all steps the current source is
calibrated to the internal voltmeter therefore the sense calibration,
described earlier in the chapter, should be performed before proceeding.
Alternately, an external voltmeter of greater than ±0.005% accuracy may
be used.

Reference Adjustment
This adjustment should only be performed if components in the
reference section have been replaced and need not be performed on a
routine basis. A DC voltmeter with a minimum of ±0.03% accuracy is
needed to make the adjustment.

Connect the voltmeter low lead to 0V (front of R117) and the voltmeter
high lead to IC101 pin 5. Adjust RV101 for 1.0000V. Remove the
voltmeter leads.

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 4300C User Manual

10 Amp Adjustment
Connect the 0.1Ω standard resistor to the 4300C using four-wire
connections. Select the 2V and 10A ranges on the 4300C. Adjust RV102
for a reading of 100.00mΩ. Allow extra time for settling in this range.
Keep the cover on as much as possible to ensure proper cooling of
components.

1 Amp Adjustment
Connect the 1Ω standard resistor to the 4300C using four-wire
connections. Select the 2V and 1A ranges. Adjust RV103 for a reading of
1000.0mΩ.

0.1 Amp Adjustment

Connect the 10Ω standard resistor to the 4300C using four-wire
connections. Select the 2V and .1A ranges. Adjust RV104 for a reading of
10000mΩ.

10mA Adjustment
Connect the 100Ω standard resistor to the 4300C using four-wire
connections. Select the 2V and 10mA ranges. Adjust RV105 for a reading
of 100.00Ω.

1mA Adjustment
Connect the 1kΩ standard resistor to the 4300C using four-wire
connections. Select the 2V and 1mA ranges. Adjust RV106 for a reading of
1.0000kΩ.

0.1mA Adjustment
Connect the 10kΩ standard resistor to the 4300C using four-wire
connections. Select the 2V and .1mA ranges. Adjust RV107 for a reading
of 10.000kΩ.

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 Chapter 8 – Routine Maintenance

TCM Calibration
I. Remove the top cover of instrument.

IX. Verify that the Omni Compensator (Temp. Sensor) is not

connected to the ohmmeter. Press “ENTER” to continue.
The instrument will perform the TCM Zero Cal. The screen
will display the following information:

X. When prompted by the display, apply 1V to TP1 and TP2

(follow polarity). Press “ENTER” to continue or “CLEAR” to
return to the zero cal screen. While calibrating the full
scale TCM, the screen will display the following
information:

XI. When prompted by the display, press “ENTER” to save the

calibration values to memory, or press “CLEAR” to return to
the TCM full scale cal screen.

II. Connect an Omni Compensator to the TCM receptacle on

the front panel.

XII. Allow the sensor to settle for 2-3 minutes and press
“ENTER”.

III. Using a precision thermometer, record the ambient

temperature.

XIII. Using the numerical keys, enter the ambient temperature

recorded in the previous step. Press “ENTER” to continue.

XIV. Press “ENTER” to confirm the value or press “CLEAR” to

return to the previous screen.

XV. When prompted by the display, press “ENTER” to save the

TCM calibration values to memory, or press “CLEAR” to
return to the previous screen.

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 4300C User Manual

Figure 42 – Drawing №
4300C-700

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 Chapter 9 SPECIAL PROCEDURES
GENERAL
This section contains a number of useful tips that should be noted when
working with inductive loads.

Inductive loads include devices such as transformers, coils, ballasts, wire-

wound resistors, magnets and motors. These types of devices require
special consideration as described below.

CONNECTIONS AND SETTLING TIME

When connecting the cables to the inductive load, care should be taken
not to draw an arc. The Test Current should be turned Off and the cables
positively clamped onto the load before applying current.

When measuring highly inductive loads the settling time of the

ohmmeter is determined by the compliance voltage of the current
source. Typically, the compliance voltage of a 4300C in the Charging
Inductor mode is in excess of 20V. Thus, with an inductor of 1000 Henries
(an extremely large transformer) the unit will take approximately 10
minutes to settle. During settling, the unit will display overload and
should be ignored until the Charging Inductor indicator is extinguished.

The actual equation for determining settling time is as follows:

T = (L x I)/V

Where:

T = settling time in seconds

L = inductance in Henries

I = current range (in amps)

V = compliance voltage of 4300C (20V)

Note that the higher the test current, the longer the settling time.

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 4300C User Manual

NOISY READINGS
When measuring very low resistances of highly inductive loads, care
should be taken to reduce 60Hz pickup at the input to the 4300C. The
noise pickup is caused by the very high impedance of the load at 60Hz
given by the formula:

Z = 377 x L

Where:

Z = Impedance in ohms

L = Inductance in Henries

Thus, with a 1000 Henry transformer the impedance at 60Hz would be

377Kohm, across which many millivolts of noise may be induced by
movement or by interference from other devices.

This effect may be reduced by using fully shielded cables such as Valhalla
Option "K". It may also be helpful (and will cause the settling time to be
reduced) if the unused windings of the transformer can be short-circuited
during the measurement. This will significantly reduce the inductance of
the winding under test, and will also prevent the unused windings from
producing dangerous voltages during charging and discharging of the
transformer.

When using the 20mV voltage range, the measurement may be subject to
the effects of thermal EMF's. This effect is seen as noise on the display.
The best way to reduce this effect is to use a low-thermal lead set such as
Valhalla Option SL-48.

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 Chapter 9 – Special Procedures

DISCONNECTING THE CABLES

When disconnecting the test leads from the load or from the 4300C,
extreme care must be taken to ensure that the inductor has been
discharged to prevent an extremely high energy, high voltage "kick-back"
which can be LETHAL to the user and can certainly damage the 4300C.
There are two methods of discharging the energy in the inductor listed
below.

a) Using the "Flyback Diode" in the 4300C.

As discussed in Chapter 7, the 4300C has an internal diode which can sink
the excess current being discharged from the inductor. Therefore turning
off the test current and/or reducing the 4300C's current range from the
original test current to a low value (less than 10mA) will automatically
discharge the inductor into the Flyback diode. The cables should not be
disconnected until the SAFE cable disconnect status LED is illuminated.

The time required to discharge the inductor into the Flyback diode is
given by the formula:

T = (L x I)/V

T = Discharge time in seconds

L = Inductance in Henries

I = Current range (in Amps)

V = Flyback Diode voltage drop (typically 6V)

For example, a 1000 Henry inductor will take approximately 30 minutes

to discharge. During discharge the 4300C display will read overload until
the inductor has completely discharged. The reading will then return
close to zero.

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 4300C User Manual

b) Using a Shorting Switch

When using a shorting switch instead of the 4300C flyback diode, the
current stored in the inductor discharges through the cables and switch.
The current discharges with a time constant calculated from the formula
below which is dependent on the test current that was used to charge
the inductor:

Test Current Discharge Time

Range Used: (in Seconds):

10 Amps 7 x L ÷ R

1 Amp 5 x L ÷ R

.1 Amp 2 x L ÷ R

< .1 Amp Not required

Where:

L = Inductance in Henries

R =Total resistance of cables, switch and inductor (in ohms)

In a typical application R might be approximately 1 milliohm (.001Ω) and

L might be 1000 Henries. If the 10 amp range of the 4300C was used to
measure the inductor, 7,000,000 seconds are required (11½ weeks) to
discharge it. The 4300C may be disconnected at any time provided the
short circuit is maintained across the winding.

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