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Phy 111 Fluid at Rest and Fluid Dynamics

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9 views34 pages

Phy 111 Fluid at Rest and Fluid Dynamics

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ifeoluwaolatoye656
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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www.covenantuniversity.edu.

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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

PHY 111
MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
BY:

DR. AKINWUMI S. A.
OFFICE NO: RM 200D
CST BUILDING
TOPICS UNDER THE LECTURE
• Fluids at Rest and Fluid Dynamics
• Archimedes Principle
• SHM
• Law of Universal Gravitation
• Kepler’s Laws
• Motion of Satellite

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• Fluids at Rest and Fluid Dynamics

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Fluid at Rest
• Average Pressure
• Standard Atmospheric Pressure
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• Pascal Principle
• Archimedes’ Principle

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What parameters do we use to describe fluids?
Density
• Density – Mass per unit volume of a substance. It is
often represented by the Greek letter ρ (rho).

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Example 1
An object weighs 0.08N in air and 0.01N in a
liquid of density 700Kgm-3. Calculate the
(i) Upthrust of the liquid
(ii) Volume of the solid

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Solution
i. Upthrust = loss in weight
= (0.08 - 0.01)
= 0.07N
Mass =(1Kg = 10N)
• Amount of mass = 0.007kg = 0.007 x 1000 = 7g
• Density = 700kgm-3 = 700 = 0.7gcm-3
1000
ii. Volume of liquid displaced
V = m/ ƍ = 7 = 10cm3
0.7

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What parameters do we use to describe fluids?
Pressure
• Pressure is force acting on a unit area. Stated
mathematically,
Pressure = force/area
P = F/A

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• Average pressure of fluid is defined as the
force acting normally or perpendicularly
per unit area of surface.

Average Pressure =

The S.I unit is Pascal or N/m2.

Standard Atmospheric Pressure (Pa) is 1.01 x 105Pa.

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Hydrostatic Pressure
• The Hydrostatic Pressure due to a column of
fluid of height h and density ƍ.
Consider an imaginary fluid volume
(a cube, face area A).

The sum of all the forces on this volume must be


ZERO as it is in equilibrium:
F2 - F1 - mg = 0
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Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states that pressure
applied to a confined fluid increases
the pressure throughout the fluid by
the same amount.

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P1 = F1 /A1 = P2 = F2 /A2
F2 = F1 (A2 /A1)
• If the area A2 is much larger
than the area A1, then a small
force F1 can be applied to create a large force F2
at the output end.
This large force can be used to jack up a car or lift
heavy objects.
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Example 2
• The large piston of a hydraulic lift has a radius
of 20 cm. What force must be applied to the
small piston of radius 2.0 cm to raise a car of
mass 1,500 kg?

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Buoyant force
• Buoyant force is the upward force on objects that
are partially or completely submerged in fluids.
B = wfluid
• where B is the magnitude of the buoyant force
and Wfluid is the weight of the displaced fluid.
• So the pressure at the top of an object is less
than the pressure at the bottom of the object
which creates a net force.
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Archimedes’ Principle
• Archimedes’ principle can be States that “Any
object completely or partially submerged in a fluid
experiences an upward force equal in magnitude to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.”

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Example
• A bargain hunter purchases a "gold" crown at a flea
market. After she gets home, she hangs it from a
scale and finds its weight in air to be 7.84 N. She then
weighs the crown while it is immersed in water
(density of water is 1000kg/m3) and now the scale
reads 6.86 N. Is the crown made of pure gold if the
density of gold is 19.3 x 103 kg/m3?
(Note: mass of object = 0.80kg and volume =
0.0001m3).
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Solution

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Class-Work

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Solution

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Fluid dynamics

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Bernoulli‘s Principle

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Bernoulli’s Theorem (Horizontal Pipe)

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Bernoulli’s Theorem for Fluids at Rest

• For many situations, the fluid remains at rest so


that v1 and v2 are zero. In such cases we have:

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Example
• Water flowing at 4 m/s passes through a Venturi
tube. If h = 12 cm, what is the velocity of the
water in the constriction?

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Solution

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Torricelli’s Theorem
When there is no change of pressure, P1 = P2.

• Consider figure below. If surface v2 =0 and P1


= P2 and v1 = v we have:

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Example
• A dam springs a leak at a point 20 m below the
surface. What is the emergent velocity?

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Solution

• Given: h = 20 m, g = 9.8 m/s2

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