l?

- ~
fa-\ti~r Ot Tot i c.ol.ti~ - Para c..e.\sus
P..11 ttiin3-s aH!. poison and~a\hi"j_ i~ wi\\iout. poi'i.on, \he dosa~t.
a\one. ma.l<e., it. 60 a ~i"'i i,;, ncft 'poison. '2.0

B10t-\©LECUL£S
Biomo\.e.tule.s -a~ +ound ih Uvin9 or.jan\sms
Ne.9li9i'o\e.. e\.e.rne.n\:. in soil :: N
l'le~li9ib\e. e.\.e.men-\: in \ium?.ns -=- S't
t'\o5t f>..~ nda nt 1n \-h1rn an ~ \-\1. 0 le-a~\:.~'bun~anb - \on ~
\-\ 1. 0 > ~ -, N\Jt\e1e, ~c.i6 > Cat-bs' \j~~ > ions
r umiwth An~ 1
l Dtvcl,Qfm~nt

u~eriment Ino~ ~\c. ~ nh.n~ - As'n (~n-a\'j.se.d tot" lC) - De'n'jc\ ra\1011
P\am OR ~n1mal 1 1~!.ve
{

01;1anit. C..Onl-f.nt
~ "'-L\.e.
c." a"'.t!
0
~ p -\- T\1'in
l ll \- C.-+ \. wi I\ e.vay
I,, ora~
l- as C
--9_ 1. + \-\1.0 J lnot~anic. C.on\:.e.nt
I r-.1.inira\ion r. ) I\ UH.
,,ans ns'n

1~\•
., ' .

01::J•nice Canttnt - ~~ (Plan\; I P.11im at Ti ssu •)

(min.de.a in a mon:.<lr}e.s-\:\e a\on.3 w\-\h s\ow C!.dc\d:ian ~ (J;\..3 cooH (\'nch\orace\i c.aci ~)
~
Fi.\\:£.~d_\!l_a_hea¼e.r usin~ a 1'lnne.\.. anc\ J;\>tti:_'po~e.r

r--->------ ~
Re.sit\\Je (~.Jloop L _ _ F,\b-a\:e.. (1ca_:J3o_o...EJ
_ {jc.,oJnso\.\Jt>k ?oo\, , 2 9oJlp ___ ·- &cicLSo\\lbk PM~- , Etaclion
8 10
Bio .
Pohpac.c,'naride..s
,...;..:,.tt~......;;..:.;...:;c,;..;~ ..1
t:\\c.to_
•.
:____MoJ1osac.c.ha_ride.s
~n

t\aero. ~le'ln-5 I ~o\.~pe.p'cide..s' - - - --,t'ono~-

no\e.uru::.S - ~tnin.o_f\ci6S _:..'
Mo\e.CJJle.5 -
Po~rrte.~ . - ~\l_c.\ei.Gc_Jkid____________~\Jt\e.o\:idts -
- __u~il.~'rl_Oap J
s,l(ct\MOn - On -\he. 1:Si_p__Ot mo\ec..u\.iU" we~ ,- lipiaj5 biomiLtomo\.e.ui\.e._\:m\. i-\: \$_ in.sohi'o\.t il'I mi!\tra\. dc.iG.
and ·t\: is-fuun~ ui'i\h-\he te.Si~uelac.i&tr1so\ub\.~Jrat-\1on)__

Lon~ Chain Q l \i~t\11lph1\li C.

Of \l'j<110 QT~/I ] H'Jd10phobhic_

Hil e.\\t
C\urnp1,U'p anc\
----
~ 1
fon,'la\ioYl
t".(;1:,; J sta~s w,rn tt.S iU\J Q.
vesc;\e.
 R,c°iTI\I!>. - ca_
~ r o·,1 Pl,mt - Rit.il"I
~bt"V~~nus. - ~ - f\~n
I 10-iirnestoxic I '

l1
l
:- all

First Evo· Biomo\\e c.ule. ma c\e. in lab

~a11ic ~ Or~~i,ic

Me.\:abo\i\;e.s
- I' _ Pnma!'.IJ Me.t:abo\\\:e.s r Req,u~te.d . -fur ~e.- Basic._LF~ndame.nts.l, Ptti~~se:5-; e.:1- , Pn0Ul5~n\he.sis ,
elan-\-5. _ _ t_ Re.s'pircroon , li'p,cL&._e__i-tr\:e.m f'1_e-\:a'bo\,sm _ _ _ _ _

t
~

_ _ .!
_ __The.sJ~_a_\£._im,_o\v~~ \n ~rowth -and cte.v. .e.\.o\>'me.nt ·-
J. N0t_R~,i~g_-fur_-\h_e.J~a_skJfa,n.dcam e.n'ta\;,_{?_~~~ss e.& _
Se.con~ a~_t1et.aho1,te._
5_ _
_ tio.l: tn\Jo\..ve.d itL~YO_w:fu_ancLdt-. ,__e.\.o'p)'Tle.n::~ - - - -
- ..
I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _· ·· Us_e.d_foL -\he. 'numan_we.\fa~

e__\ an±. s~
. S. .eco.n.da ~_Mt\: a.b o\i.\·e.s E. ~am~\ es
'la c.vo\e.
P Pi~me.n±s , .· : 11 , ,. · ~clh~t'j.ao·~m,,. ."Larlenoi4;s~ - -
~·- - -~\\<.ato.ic\s_(J_M), __ __,____M.~'ot~~ine.-,_Ce.(fa_e._,_Hit0nM._,_&uit1,M...,_E.'pni~rihe._
T ___I~r\>!,no_i<b.__ _ __,__Moocn.et\:~ine. .,_Oi.-\:.e.r_p. .e.ne.s._ _ _ _ _ __
----'--------~ •- - -~ Es.s_e.nliaLO'i\...c:,._ _ _ _,__ _Lemon 9ras_$_O_iL,_ C1-o-..Je._oi_._..__ _ _ __
_Jo _ _ _1c~i~_Suhs\:an.c.es,___,___A.'orin ,_Ri.c.i' , _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
L _ Le dins ___C...o...ntanaY. .ahn,____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
C..i~ata~11s Rose.\JS l\lrff\uic. Rhi10T11e.
__o . _. _ Qniis- ___ \Jm.b\~shn. ., \lin_tri5bn_, C.u. rt_
. umin
_ _B_ _ _ Po\~manc_S_ub...5rance!:>__ , ___Ru.b'o_t.t....,- '}um....,_Ce\\\llo~e. _ _ _ _ __

_ Bj ornactom o\.£cule._LtnLin Re.sia\Je.)__

- - - --t~ mme.aiale._&ie.r» Jsesa\lr.t.e 9'e.n.era\\.~,------
,- ~C=oro'p.ofillA.LaT Cathont \-\~~~tn a'n4 a~~~en .
_ V\enf.t:aL Eonn\Jla_~ Cn C.\:\.-i,Cl1n
. ..
_ __ D. ue.10
. -1:\,t. ~e.Y)e.\'clL.fomrula_ Cn l\.\1.0) n , -\he.~e. C3K. ~e. ~ratts cf carbatt.s
\. e._,_c.aH)C)'n~ c\tatt.S .

- ·
 - ~J II c__ 11 1..•c.h I'- !.Wett \n ..\:;lslt. I:,. ,o\\i:,\t. in 1-b_g
s,ac..c\"lnoe..S . ~ Wnl

ose. - -kt. c..\.\O M'

[ Ulole. • -hf.._t. : O ) fP

(at-bo~rate..s

' Ont.'
1
hw'
Mcmo5ac..c..\,ri~e.~ onso sa c.chrit\e.5
1 Monome.r Su~ ;l ,\Q \ln1\-S ,oono~ae!.'nnde.
~,m'p\.t C.at\lo\\~oratt (n\~U>.S\C. Bono

~annalbe. fur\\\e-\!Jah'.l\i1..td Oii>&tahridc. tSvc.1-t1~e.

~os~s - k CHO Lac.tose
Kt\ose..s - .ft.c.e... C =0 MaH·os~
tlonosac.chric\es Con-tt-ie bas,~ of C No)

ciil T ~__:_(4_c)
e.~ , s~l:Os..e_(~\.\a04t

5 mttnb~d ~~ · E!!ran01i

- --

H <>rne.n:i_~ d Rin - P~ranose.

g___G,\\Jc.ose. :- 0H

I
1-1 ] On. Ci
Cn\uc.ose. c { _ ~-~ ·fTl
~
~norne.r : <;(_ - C...luc:.o!.e. and l3 - Ci\\\X:Dse ,n aq,. sol" -the. c.onfi~ ration of-a\-\ is ai-fttt(.nt 00 tSJ
Ei?!mtr: Domer of Cn\uwse. due. .\:o i~~ o-f \-\+at\0 Ojt" on C1. , c3 , C4-
 1 '3

►~ : . Ga\.ac.tose. (~ Oifft.Knt2.) I ' I • \~ .. ,\,,o se. ( c. 1 Difrerentel

C.\-\0\\ CHOI-I
H ' Ot\ '
'1. I OI~ 1. ,1-1, , , (

OH > H otl .L H
O\\ H
'I- 1-1- - o\l
\,\ ~
1-\
' C\.\10\-\ C.H 1 0\-\
~~ \01-\ ~ C:.IILO\.\

\~ s\ 0
oil
'1
1-1

)JI()\,\'
~ /, ~
~
·~
I . I ' 1 '1 \
1-,l 0\\ \-\ Ci~ / 0\1

\-1
l 1.
1v
QI-\ \.I ~

ft\ldO!ie _ 0
I (\-h_Q\-1
f!OC.\-1,._
<.

0\\ - "- ,- I-\

H- _ 'f__- . o\-1 II

H - 5- . - OH
I

D C\a ssiliCQ-\io h Cla_ssific..abo

C\-10 HO
- - - - -<- - - - -------=>
o C!lm?arini_w·nn_c~ af.~- -
\-\ e},.OS e.. • (n\\J (_Qs_e, 1 Eru._cio_5e_
OH o~-tt H -al-I
I\
C_\ass"rtie.d_as Lana O \-\~ose
CnAL 0,tuco\o., nvc.~se.

t 7.0_ll _ _

Joins wrth 4 <1i~1tnt func\iona\.. Gitoup - ~s~me.-nic, C-ar'oon (Chiral Ca~n) - opnc.llt~Adi'R..
/ J. if ~nt
~ 7 d _ (ri.\lC.OSC.
• C,\0~1..i'1se.

d & J. C\as~1hca\ion -<-.__, ~uuse.J

~'t<nti~ - d ,, Annc.\a\'-wise..l ._Q_ _ Fnidose.
O~ ~ F~c:\-ose Dam\l'\;ih-t
la vvo rotal\.o ~ · '-l Li<3'n\"
,0111.~ in a\\ Achy_e
di~.c.:lio~S ~
/osc:1\\~'rl~_in~\\\ Osc.ill.mn~ ·in "\
"'- pt.ane d\~-t,on ) ( °G. 'pla11.e. cl1~c.-tion)
 I~
1'1

\tJ~~n ~Pl }asse..s -\.\n11~q_b ti\\1J CDSt , Gi\uc.e.5e. s o\ubon ~\~s-\h~ \.i~ h\. to c\oc.Ylwise. dit"e.d:ion _
Q . •G-i\\JW,e.

\.Jhe.h ~L _passe.s ihhlu~h fhic:\:ose. So\.0 / rhJcloSe. Sol~ ti\b _.\ne. li~ht-ro armdoc.~wise. ditt~
f-\o\t. Otnta\. ln'ltmoh · -..Q.. - FY\Jc\11 s e.

~la\\~ f\c:hvt · U~h\- \,ass"tt,~ -\nttilJ~ h So\n ~~e.s ~\a11e, o~ ditt-c.-non

0_\ilit.a\\~ \trac\ive. - li~h\: ~a ssin~ -lhl'f>u3h 5oln does\\'\. c.'nal'lie. ~aM o'r ai~c.\ion .
O_}\jc..3\. In~er-sion · DeAhirota-to~ ld) chang\1{ La e.votot))\"j_ L-0.) -and. \/i'i> e ve.i,;a
Fl\lc.to~e. l -hi\lnd in miits -and hon<'.~
5 me.mbeied Rin~ - furanose
Li~e.r - s·1\Lot Biatranfu'r~-non _ - Chan~e.s mic.\ose. -\t> Ci\\uc.ose

- - _ ~osa_cc.\, lide. s
d.._:_\O Monosac.c.nriGe.S ,~ _MoMsacc.nndes_vnrc jo\he.~ b_}Jg_~c.osidic Bon~
. (_q G\l~c.o~idit Bone\)

o:G
- - - - - - - - - -·1-\"101\om.'nhd.e.s- ~
0- Cn\~ a> Sli\is._&on~LLs_-forme.d_'o-lJ-1kLka\e.asg._o.L.:L\\ 1~ lne.~d ta-\\!m 5.:J_rnk.s,s)

C\-assinc.rtion: _ O\.s_a~hario.e.s_ ~l':\onos.1_~h.riiks

Wm-. .So\ub\e. . . 1
Swut- -,- LCo\.~o..SLd1c._Bo1LC1_ (.= 0-)
susai-s - _ - iJ..\10 ._
.· _ _

e.~ , lad:.ose. = Cn\\lcose. * Cnaladose

f3 - 1.4
e.~., t1altti!>e -=- c( - Qi!i\uc.ose. k ~- pCsi\uc.o::e
(1(. -1, 1\

---------

- ~ Ci-i\1J<ost. fil) Fhlc.\"ose _ _

I _ 5\l C.\"05'!.
l
 '1. s

5 uc.~e. LTa 'bit Su ~ar I1nVlrt Su~ar

l Upon di.s!:>a\111n~ wi-11, wahr , q_pjjc.al ihW.rsion will b\<.e p\a(e [ ct - ~l
l] on · Re.duc.~3 suiir]
A\\ rnaneisatc.nlide.~ d~ ~vein~ sv3ar and a\l. dis.snc.thncle.. l e,\(tpt Svo·o se.) jjl-(_ ~ducin~
S\lrn--s . Cu H to C.u~·
I
Fe.n\in~ tBt11e.did S Soln - \lse.d -\::o cte.ttc.t -th t +nte. of- ~hicose in \lhl\e.
Sv~ar + FI 8 Re.a~ e.ht RtAute
_. Co\out'( Re..d)

<;n~(.!).soh·a - Cnluc_o~e. +nt.e in urine. ,

c ·,a'bt.~

\i\) Ma\\:o5e - Mi\\e\: Su~,n- I ~a\\: Su~r - o<. - I' - ~,,

liii1 .. Lac.tosc - ~\<. Sv~ar - ~ -1' - 411: , ,1 r. ;. , • ,, •

IO.~ .l~ .. ~

.. MoMsa.c.c.haMe.s_ -a_te._}o\l\e.t\_'oj- Cn\~c.osic\\c. Bonds l - H1 o) . - 10 - 3SOOO_monosac.c'nhd.e. units

\c;, non....=..~auc.in~ and \"\ah\: oM. is ~1v__c.,n.3
.. ln._a po\usac.c.hn.de.5-c.'n:iin ,.JhL\.e..fr.one
o e.n4 ----..+-~ deh4
.. ll\5o\ll b\e but not swe.e.t ..:. C.al'l_he. 5o\.u 'o\.e._oc.ta__ssioria\\~--

J._e.H: D-Q- 0-0-0-0--0-0- 0-0 Right (Re.d.uc:.inj)

(Non---=-R~lltinJ) - - - - - - - -=-0 jc 1-to grp")
(f-~e.

©n -\he. basis of 5:huctUte._of P-o~saccbtide

- ~
,r
~omo~~sacc'n~e ~>te-o'po~ac:c.hcie.
.. S atne- m onome.r_(mono.sacc.hnde.) 0 iife.Kt\t lrnonome.r) rnono sac.ch-noes
.. _u.1,-fu l{.peion~ cha\n wifu ~~e:aun~ chah-, .
t\a\t-11,.

e~, . Ce\\u\ose e_q , \-\~\uro\\\c. t\cid - ~nirna\. Ce.mtnt

<f ' l'\i~lt l.'lmdld
.. Starch ~ - ~ Ceme.nt c.c.a++ M~ Pe..cla-re.J
lhd,z,l1L C~\I.W~\L

.. Cn\~co~en Pe.½~~~can - ~_;I 'P..Cn po\~mtl"'

0,,111'\ ~mi~\\>\ose. -
C;b___onclro'1\:in -
(A(!v- I~~ 18 \8 1'1J
L=-.-=...

1. Monom~r
 e~ , Starch - P\a"t
Cn\~rnac.n - P\nima\.
hul in - Da'n\'ia ~r-\i c.nov..e
I

\..in~ ·15 s.\:or~c. a -ruta1on cl po\~sac.c.mc k ~

- Po\~5aun-nde. d~ che.rnic.a\l;J_ le.5
5
.ic.-bve. , osmo\ic.a\\~ inac\i-Je. anc\ has b\i\\c-
5'p-a.c.e. .

---
Homo ca) ~\\\)\ose. Ma 5\: c1 'oun~am o~anic. su'o&-\:anc..e - Fo\Jnc\ ·~n
Doe.50 't
1
no~
~\ .in\: C.e.\\ Wal\
or 1-eac:\: u.:iroi \ou'i1w. l\1.J c\ue. to \,ne.a'ri~ r:fr 51'1\J
L't\l~
l'\onome.r _, f3 - n Cn\\lco!.e (Eiooo - 10, 000)
un¼a~e. - f3 - 1
1
- '-\
11
G-.\~c.osidic. Bona

lb) ~ta rc.h ~ Rue.Ned. foot\ "rn-i'ce.ria\ in p\:an\:.s

Can \.\o\c\ OR Re.ad. 1..11.t\h_\o<\ine, l\ ) due. -\:o
1 he.\ic:a\. &Wc.w~ - ~e. ~)t2n co\cur
US\la\\~ on o-fue.r \-tadioos 'wt ch~w.n\:
\n S-tarc.h be.c.au5i of -bj'pe.s

J\~~'pec.\in
\)n 'br-aoc'ne.d I L\ne.ar c.'nain of monome.r _ ?ranc.l\eA c'na\\"l_of mo 1orn~
Mo norne.r: - o.... - D (n\ uc.os e
('AioN>roe.r - r;1:.. - D Cn\ucm,e
\.\n¥.a$ - - \~.?E3") No brcinc'n"m3- _ bn"-a~e.. -1c<.- l' -~
11
, ~ - \1 -_§'.] 8ranc'r.i~
_ occ.urse.11e.~ ~'-\- 30 mon ~'!S
Cn1-.Jes _p\11e.l 'ilP~t c.o\o'!r w\"\h ½.· Gi\ve.s 1-e.d c.o'our wi\h 1-i-
\tJ ater_ So\\Jb\e.. - l'i\ 10°l0 in Sta\'c.n Wa\E.r \n so\ub\t - ao ·85°10 '" Statch
aso - 300 _ monome.r<i E.ooo - ~booo ~ta \ m~M m&S

~
 l. lr

5toY"c13e. at
Re.se.Ne.d -fooc\ matuia\. in -a.nima\s - < l\nima\ Starch , CLive.r
- ::>
-
Musc.le.s)
\-\,3n\~ 'branched 'po\~me.r- of o<. - p Cn\ucose. n,onom.er
lin\<..a~e. - c(_ - \1 -'111 in \on~ c.hail'\ 1
c<.-\ 1 - b11 aT b'!cl'nc'nin~'po11rr. ( bran<l\\n~ <tf-ttr_
Io -14 monoml!.ts)
Cniv e.~ 1-e.d c.o\our W\1tl \1. .
c.~
- C.'4
~ c., C,\vc.06e.
Chmn - 'Second mos\: abundant ot_~anic. ~ubstante. ( Fun9a\ t.elh1\o~) -- c.~ C.

NI-Ii Amint.31-j>
tj__onOl"@_r - NAG, ( N - ~ ~~mine.) Lin'f-.-a~e.--=- ~ - 11'1
S.:hv_c.-\ur:a\. c.om'pon..e.ni_ O"t_31'.:.\bopa_d_a_~s~e.\~:n_ an<1.__Nn_9aLc.e.\Lui_a\\_

le) -· 1nu\'U} - Po \~mer ot ~ tn1c.'ros.t_hnKuLwiliL ~i- '-\'.._~ona~_w_i\h~ o_m_onome.c.L_

Fcun~ as 5-\ora~LRt.se.~..an.a~a _a.n.__~mt~LR.oa± - W_a-\:e.t. 5,\"'o\e
Can_h_e,_JJ_S_ea_ --\:.o_iru;_'p_e.d:.:.....:\Yl~_fruo..'me.n>'aL f\.\t_1-\:ion____Ratf._a.Ul~~n~ns ·- --

1-
,- lfl_ t),__~1-m_n - ha\t_h~dto.\i-z.ed_ 5ia_ttru1:c_(n\~to-3e.n_ ( \oo_o_~'tu.msf-ma.n.omer:_s_) _ _ _ - - - -
,- Lip~a3e. - (an b~~"l~~-,c!-1; (,~)-9onds - Wa\a-_ 5o\u_b1___ _ _

j~ ca) ~C)~~cah - - ~ome.r_ NM"n + }-U\'t'\ lN..:_a~\ m\lramic. a(ki \ ~\vco5al'lliheJ._ __

~oi~or, - C.~.!>S lin"(i~
- -~~j\~c..al"\

~~I fout1d in bci~a\. te\\ wc1\l , d'r\l' ~israhtf.

(b) I tiuc~\~sacc.hnae. - Pa\~_s_ ac.c,'nnae.---±..Jt2cL±_ J>rot.e:,"n ,- e~___,____tni.i1la~e. - ~ -

1- - - - ·~J ,,:

H,,lrna\
.. 01'.~9e.nJ <E> in~llir\lc'.len\ ·1n G,1-\ , 0 whe.~ ·t\: \~ not in-fue. s.ame.nvmbe.r_:a s c.arbon (c.ai-bo'n~ck~tsJ .
__ \nso\u__b\e. in wa!e.r bll't sa)u~ \O_OY'9anic.. So\ve.ms Cbe.im.ne. , ac~m. , hor_a.\ui.'ho\_, e.stt\:._,CJ1\orofotm)
# 0 l\._____..\h. e._'oasi~_oL mo\e.cu\a r wei~ht,_it ·1s_B_10~1CROJ'.\filC.U.Lf._ ~ 'oM_p )_ bllt ·ILic;.-tihl-ain_e_cLwith__tf.c;,idve
__ or_ biom.icxomo\t.c.u...\.e._~_ciUt to_mi_c.e\\e._j..)le.Sic.\e._form~on _ - Qo oo\:._..form_...£4\~me:c5
-- - 'l. ~pt.s ri Fl'\
~ -(iL ? im~e. LTru_e. Ll~i~ or.._Nw-\ral Fats · ~ Hi ~ha-_mem'bEr E~ at,Lll onj chain EA..)__±___A\_c.o\,o\, bu-\. rno_sJ\~
in._11\h~~~ S_\L~~r dlcaho\ l-p~~-ane_i.L~\~Ltt,)L_b~ (Esl!~-(_()f:i~rso.n = - 31410)_
' -~ -- _ £_s1tt_of_f a\h.t_l\c.i cLui1\Lbe.Ji1~her._(1sn3 chain) -t hiqbfLmemhr.a1e._of_a\coho\._,,__e.~--h._~--Lt.la:t..._, e..s~wv..
- --J , 1 ~onots-te.r ,. 1
One. Molec.u.,t FA + !jono~ A\c.oho~ ·.;.;._.._.c-;.-- ~
 ~J! b. - Oil~~\ lCt\3)
- - e.-\h~I t 'tiHs)
- \ 0n3 1111m be.r- of cl-\ 1-

(ii)

-
· Let\bn_OR
rnosp'na\ili~l ch\ot-in_e.
0 -I C.OOR
I - __ II
c. 1-11. - o - _P-
O

o - c1-11.- 0--1i.- Nt - rn f (1-13

_ _ - Lu'tuica~on of_O\)tfj!_wal1d I · I • J
Tu";:r'~anf . OH · - -
.. ~ \veo\t_oLBab ie.s ·- ·...: . ·. '. ... .
.
...,, ,--~ " ·-.· _ . - - - C~3
,,
--.. --
. =-11os't Abvrt.aanLGpia__ _~.h....:::
'-~ =.h_a=l:i=<i~=I.'-- - -- Se.n\ine. - t'-iin,,~~0\15_Girnpound
+nt in_Ce.lLM.ernbr;me.

~
-~-¥ ~ - -- ~~ H-tal-11\~
-2ab.JrcrcecLc. - ) \J.!1.5 a-\:ui-a\i.>A l =)
Ot\i_sinf~..Bond...±nt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Dovb\e Bond +rrt
So\i~-2t_Rocm.Ian~enrone._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __._iq_uicl itt room
hm'perabJtt
_ - -~ ~-<il'ne.L ~_tl°dltl'p.e.5
~0(0.nut all, \'1._\lstcrcl o\.l alt o.a~\Ls_
hu~it l"
__ _t.3_,J _dJtn.e.~ti l ,. tiric...Ac.\,~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _t.~-,- Ole.,c._
Acid.,.Linolek ~ci<\
_ SJab)e Sbvt'UJte_due.:\:i:datl( ot-_l:=::" \Jnsta'o\e._STh)e,j\J~_ a\lt.-\-o..tne. OT l::)_
_ Ani!'f'aL.Eat,_ _ _·........:..c.
''- - - - - - - - - -
·:•~i'f\aht Fat
p

~!J~asine + ~ +- ~il\ac.\gse
0

Cb) G,\~ co\ipich i° I ft ',i\-\ I f~ •\ j I '!_.!.,

C 3 -
t•_L -~!>
-- - -
11 •
_/ t I. J I I •
1

.I
-
vfai vJP-.'j,.

Mono sac.c.hricle
_ _ _Pe.n-\:.os_e._5 UQar,, .. •t 1v _1· _ _
N\Jtle..o ~t.ttro~t\ic. u9tnp . . "' .
. L ous_Base.
N'.tD'O~ ,, uc.\e.o\ide. :: l;luc.1£.osid~ + ~ h2hak.
- - - - - - - - Ptn\-o!;e,- Sv~ar .N~ - ~
= Bui\4.i~ b\oc.l'I of Nvue.'lc l\c.id
_ Pho~\ra\:.e._i m·o.t __ _ _
L
Subsihi\14 SuWi'Ntt.d
f..u.rin tS t ~ - Ri"j) P~rnidi.ne.s ( 1-Rin~
Me.nine...,JnuanimL....: J:\<:n ('<ito~in.e._, U1"a.ciL1.Th~mine._ lwA)_ -_ (,_\JT_.__ __

.'.
I_ ct"1 -
l ~=F~HJ -
c.~1°1\
- D~nbonuc.\uc. auoi

_ DN~- - - -
2.' Dem.~rib..o.se. - ~
,- - ,- RNA
r-ibonuc.ltic. ;i.c.io
- _ _ _filbos~_-_ Ll11.s-\:ab\~ - - - - -c..Hi:O\i. __ _
--~i::r ~o~

- ~
L ~: "t,___e.eJ\\:o~e.- Supr- Lrtona~c.c.'nn.de.)_ e.~ms1c. 5u.~ar:....LM,nosacchriae) C.s~llol¼I\
c,
olt
a _ ~- S.\:ab\e. _ _ __ _UnsJabJe.____ - - - .H. 11_ 11 _ e1t
~bo,e. C.1,

Do\l ble. Sb:an.decL ___Cne'lle ta\~ Sin..glt. Sb-arde.d ~~'t>ose.

--
1-1

--------

~ .:-

Jt!!:~e.Qbdt. i
,;.

, ___
 "Jo

Po~ibon ot N,b-o~tn ·,n Punnt [I,' •t,_i}

-i;;;-19 nose • I fv r~no~t
,. rt H1. l Ani1110 ~'~)
I
N
N
&_nH~ - ,N ~ "'-
"
'.
I I
.,,."-~\
(oVnttll}
>
4
N\-\
1

(; - f\mino purine. lt\dwmt) ~ - A.mino , b - OM Purine. CGiuaninc)

0
.ll

H~ ~ -
•
(\ot.\<.W~
C.ountini
\
O '
~~ 0) ~ / ~
\\ - ~ H
4 - am\M, 1 -o~o P~limidine. 1i, 4 • OXO P~limidine.
0 R C':f11'.lSint. _ OR U~aci\. (Onl~ ill RNPt)
C)

c.lh
11 ~ - De.oi~ I s- N~ane. e~hmidne.
..OK t-\t-\ha\aled I.Jrac.i l
OLTh~m'it1e. ( No'tin RNA)

Doub\e.~e.\~l Mode.L dis . b~ ~ ·t1\{ir1son &. Fran¼\in 'o~ X - R<l~ ~s.½a\lotapll~

( Cn1ve.n b'} Wcm)n & C'6k\Lon the.. ba sis of above dna
Th~ l sb-aMS or DNA a1e. a11-h pc3ra\\el . _
Pol~t1lrrisauot\ - 5' - 3'
._ Purint.. P\ji.~ine.
.Pen\o.se. Su9ar Jo,11.s lfcrroJenoV5 Bast.- a'u q or 1 N .
Nuc.\eobd.e.. : t,.a,n:,lic. ~c.id

Mtnine.
ti · <,.\',t11.S161c. Son~

Nudtos1de. = f\de..n nsine..

 31

1
~\lc.\e.ob<\e. joins anci\her Nu<le.o-bd.e at 3 - Ph .phoOie..."M.r Bond
0

II S' - '3'
!hot~~~u{ OIi- p ~ OnC.1-\1. A<tu1iM.. ] N- <h\~<.o,ic\ic.
\l I 5 q S or,4
OH - p - ~ c . \ l ,_ OIi
\ -\11,0 ~ N
olt it~\er- Son4 ()\ 1
I ~ -\-\1.,0 .
5O 1-1 ~ 1. ~'ilO~icl1 C.
. I ~
')NB
f:,OrA

Ph~~~~i [ O =f -5i0(KI-I 1.
1 e.itu -~ 0 Sond 011
1>"'4
H
1.

o::::- p - ~ 1 . . lesttrSon4
o'~ 1 l!.l~r 'bond :!>,
9
31

.. Most common ~pe at DNA - ~ DNI\ _

'i
0

51

o--r_-oL
\\_ O k!i1tn'in c.

H -
- - -- - -0> -- - - itt- - - - - -- -- - - -- - - -
I s'
O-_r. oc~ aoio<-

1~
- -o- -1-1- -- - -- -- - -- --

DN~ l\ilica~.oA_e,\, O_a_ub~{. \-\e.\\X_

_ The. J. sb-and..5_ of_j)~ ~ d.tni p_ata\\£.\, .

,_ ___ The._E_e.rrrase. S..u~a.r_ an.tl E.hosphct\e. to.rm the. backbone. of DN/ \ _

Tue._-hi..o s:h:ah.ds_ a~ c.onne.c.tE.d 4:o~e\he.r LtJ i-\h Nltr09e."ous base.s_ _so_,_ \he.~_-furm----=:\:b _____ __
1

~ - tac..e.-inside.
The. nilio~ e.n OlJS b ase.s COllhe.ci tnse.-\tLeJ' uirlh ~~ d~~ gi Ba_nditt~
_ A_bonds_witb_T_( ~ "' 'T)
G, bohus w.dh c._( Cn.E._C)_ -_ tr10~ stable
1-\t.li.,r. ---
Pik'n of ON/\l_~C.0-Ll oLD..Nt\ , _his_lO_Base. Pair ( 1<Hluc.\u-tide.s) OR 34-A0
l.en3~ C 34- A0 OR 3-"r ~0 lSpe~)
2. DNA. CoiLS
In one. -\urn of DNA , -around ib aiis - '3 b0° dct91i.e
1n one. -\um of DNA ,_ 2 b_ase. pa·,r-=-3_6~ d~~e
i s+ac.\<.
 ~ r1-.. - 1'- l.J''
Mal~se cl. p (n\uc.o ~
~ - 11 - Y"
LaclosQ ~ Cnlu c.ose + Gia\;idosl!.

o( Gilvro.se 1- ~ m,c\osl
o<. -1' ~ · 1 11
Svckl~
~-1' -~"
(Q.\\u\o~Q. ~ Cnlutose. 11
r;j.__ - 1:'-\ o(_ - \' I b"
Stard1 d... ~lutose
<X. 1' - ~"
Atn~lost o<. <ii Ivco~ e
o<. \' - ~'' c(_ \' - fi"
o(_ Gil uc..o!;.e
AtnJ \o~din c,1. \' -1.\''
CA. (n\u{.o~e,
0<... \' - 6"
GtI~ c..03 ~-''
~-1' · '-\"
Chinn N· ;i~l ~\\lcasainin e.
r-, - 11 -1 11
~ - ~ e,-\1)Se
ln\l \in

~11 Cha~a-if Rule ,

Purine.T -:: P~nrnadine.T-- C.Complirne.nh~)
I A =T Cn~ C __ - -
(j_+T = en-1:_sJ_oJL~
- - Transu-i'phon
T1jpe.5 of RNt\ , rn - RM (. mess-a1ei-) _ ~ c.on~isb_of_v<on~- ~ ~licin~___(~tmovi~Jrmiins) 1

t, -:_RN A (. tran$tt.t1 - So\obl<?.JM;;ipror RNA - ~o_-- 15 °/~_

L - 3d
--
r- - RNb _( tibosomdll_·_ 8J)°io,_ _ _ _ __

Clove.r l.ea£._Model.~ ld- ----

~riied9l,pero\. ------=:::::t=::'.:::::5 ~ :::J:..:~

~no~~l c.eride.s Q~~ teri~es O _ _
II
M O\\ - H10
cl-l'l. - ;l...=...C, - R,
C.Hl -
I
- C. - R. 0~
ll I
- H2.0 o
0 \ II
CH - OH ti-\ - o -C- R
I <E]ffi l.
c.H1.- OH
I
CH1. -
- " 'lo
OH
1__111\~cmil + 1 Fl\ " Mono~~l!Me.
1 e&\.er bond 1_Cn\~wol,4 'lf/'.
~\~e.riH
-11-b.,o
~es1if.rbon4
~

- 1~JE
 33

Eleme.nt 0
lo 1.ue.i~h\ ~f ~l"\h C.rus\:. °lo we.i~h\- of \-lumcm bo~~
~~droije.n (14) 0 .\4- '\.5
Compari~ion of Cat-bon (C.,) o.C\3 18 . 5
t\ements + Yl't in Q-,._~sen (O) % .6 5.0

\.ivin~ an<\ t,hh~~e.n (N) ~e.~ \1\\\ e. 1 .'3

hOn - \ i\/Lnj. Su\~'nvr (S) o.o~ o.~

t-n*e.r S odivrn l~a) 2.i O.'l

Cakium Cc.a) 3_{, I. 5

Ma~ ne.si\lm (I"'~, .;;>, \ 0 .\

S,\iton LSi) .:Q"t.1- Ne.9h~ib\e.

~ atnhne.nt °lo ot -bu\. c.e.\lu\ar mass

~\Je.ta~ v--la-\e.r 10 - qo
Com'po~·\t1on r~in 10 - 15 Wmr '> Pl'tlt,in :> Nt\

ot (e\\S Carbon~dr.i\t 3 > C.'dr'o5 > Li ·ds "> ions

b?io~- __ ~

~\l _ _ _ _ _ 5__:_" t_
c\e\c_ati1h_ _
Ions_ __ 1

~om'B,9ne.nt_ _ Eot.mu\a__
lo~anic C.Om'panel\\5 _ _Soqium ,- - ~Na_t-____ _ _
of \.i'Jin~ -nf>Sues Pa\.assium _ _ , ~-+
Ca\c.ivm_
Ma3ne.sium - t'\ 9++-
_ Water \-\10

_Com'pouna 5 PO~~, 5041..- , Nae\ , c.ac.o 3