2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO.

5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

1
Author, A. First name, 2Author, B. First name, & 3Author, C. First name.
Article Title for Original Research
1
Affiliation of First Author.
2
Affiliation of Second Author.
3
Affiliation of Third Author.
: [email protected]; +(Country code) number


Abstract:
These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for Covenant Journals. Use this document as a template if you are using
Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at
COVENANT JOURNAL. Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Avoid writing long
formulas with subscripts in the title; short formulas that identify the elements are fine (e.g., "Nd–Fe–B"). Do not write “(Invited)” in
the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors’ initials. The
abstract must be a concise yet comprehensive reflection of what is in your article. In particular, the abstract must be self-contained,
without abbreviations, footnotes, or references. It should be a microcosm of the full article. The abstract must be between 200–250
words. Be sure that you adhere to these limits; otherwise, you will need to edit your abstract accordingly. The abstract must be written
as one paragraph, and should not contain displayed mathematical equations or tabular material. The abstract should include four or
five different keywords or phrases, as this will help readers to find it. It is important to avoid over-repetition of such phrases as this
can result in a page being rejected by search engines. Ensure that your abstract reads well and is grammatically correct.

Keywords: Enter key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas. Ensure the keywords are not a repeat of the title.

1. INTRODUCTION

T HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word versions pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not underline (The font
6.0 or later for original research articles. If you are size of 10 pts and the font type is Times New Romans).
To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the
reading a paper or PDF version of this document, please
insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or
download the electronic file,
copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit | Paste
from the COVENANT JOURNAL Web site at
Special | Picture (with “float over text” unchecked).
https://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/ so you can use it to COVENANT JOURNAL will do the final formatting of
prepare your manuscript. your paper. If your paper is intended for a conference, please
If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact observe the conference page limits.
your conference editor concerning acceptable word processor Affiliations (As required above); Include full mailing
formats for your particular conference. addresses. In addition, designate one author as the
“corresponding author.” This is the author to whom proofs of
I. GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION the paper will be sent. Proofs are sent to the corresponding
When you open the template type over sections of or cut author only.
and paste from another document and use markup styles. The Corresponding author: Provide e-mail address and telephone
pull-down style menu is at the left of the Formatting Toolbar number, in the format : [email protected]; +
at the top of your Word window (for example, the style at this (Country code) number
point in the document is “Text”). Highlight a section that you
A. Abbreviations and Acronyms
want to designate with a certain style, and then select the
appropriate name on the style menu. The style will adjust your Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
fonts and line spacing. Do not change the font sizes or line used in the text, even after they have already been defined in
spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of the abstract. Abbreviations such as; SI, ac, and dc do not have
to be defined. Abbreviations that incorporate periods
should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,” not “C. N. R. S.” participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.”
Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are [It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write instead, “The
unavoidable.1 potential was calculated by using (1),” or “Using (1), we
calculated the potential.”
B. Other Recommendations Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex “cm3,” not “cc.” Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm  0.2
modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” Avoid dangling


1
This footnote will contain the date on which you submitted your paper for review. It will also contain support
information, including sponsor and financial support acknowledgment. For example, “This work was supported in part
by the ………. With Grant No.:XXXXXX”
2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO. 5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

cm,” not “0.1  0.2 cm2.” The abbreviation for “seconds” is Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the
“s,” not “sec.” Use “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter,” unit tesla). Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),”
not “webers/m2.” When expressing a range of values, write “7 except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is ... .”
to 9” or “7-9,” not “7~9.”
A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is III. UNITS
punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A
parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are
In American English, periods and commas are within strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary
quotation marks, like “this period.” Other punctuation is units (in parentheses). This applies to papers in data storage.
“outside”! Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not” For example, write “15 Gb/cm 2 (100 Gb/in2).” An exception is
instead of “don’t.” The serial comma is preferred: “A, B, and when English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as
C” instead of “A, B and C.” “3½-in disk drive.” Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such
If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This
plural and use the active voice (“I observed that ...” or “We often leads to confusion because equations do not balance
observed that ...” instead of “It was observed that ...”). dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the
Remember to check spelling. If your native language is not units for each quantity in an equation.
English, please get a native English-speaking colleague to The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m.
carefully proofread your paper. However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to
magnetic flux density B or magnetic field strength
symbolized as µ0H. Use the center dot to separate compound
II. MATH
units, e.g., “A·m2.”
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation
Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com)
for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | IV. SOME COMMON MISTAKES
Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over text” The word “data” is plural, not singular. The subscript for
should not be selected. the permeability of vacuum µ0 is zero, not a lowercase letter
“o.” The term for residual magnetization is “remanence”; the
A. Equations adjective is “remanent”; do not write “remnance” or
Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in “remnant.” Use the word “micrometer” instead of “micron.” A
parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First use the graph within a graph is an “inset,” not an “insert.” The word
equation editor to create the equation. Then select the “alternatively” is preferred to the word “alternately” (unless
“Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write the you really mean something that alternates). Use the word
equation number in parentheses. To make your equations more “whereas” instead of “while” (unless you are referring to
compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or simultaneous events). Do not use the word “essentially” to
appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities mean “approximately” or “effectively.” Do not use the word
in denominators. Punctuate equations when they are part of a “issue” as a euphemism for “problem.” When compositions
sentence, as in are not specified, separate chemical symbols by en-dashes; for
example, “NiMn” indicates the intermetallic compound
(1) Ni0.5Mn0.5 whereas “Ni–Mn” indicates an alloy of some
composition NixMn1-x.
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones
before the equation appears or immediately following. “affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun),
“complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and “discrete,”
“principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and “principle”
(e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not confuse “imply”
and “infer.”
Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and “ultra”
are not independent words; they should be joined to the words
they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is no period
after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” (it is also
italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that is,” and the
abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example” (these abbreviations
are not italicized).
2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO. 5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

TABLE I
UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Conversion from Gaussian and
Symbol Quantity
CGS EMU to SI a
 magnetic flux 1 Mx  108 Wb = 108 V·s
B magnetic flux density, 1 G  104 T = 104 Wb/m2
magnetic induction
H magnetic field strength 1 Oe  103/(4) A/m
m magnetic moment 1 erg/G = 1 emu
 103 A·m2 = 103 J/T
M magnetization 1 erg/(G·cm3) = 1 emu/cm3
 103 A/m
4M magnetization 1 G  103/(4) A/m
 specific magnetization 1 erg/(G·g) = 1 emu/g  1 A·m2/kg
j magnetic dipole 1 erg/G = 1 emu
moment  4  1010 Wb·m
J magnetic polarization 1 erg/(G·cm3) = 1 emu/cm3
 4  104 T
,  susceptibility 1  4
 mass susceptibility 1 cm3/g  4  103 m3/kg
Fig. 1. Magnetization as a function of applied field. Note
 permeability 1  4  107 H/m
that “Fig.” is abbreviated. There is a period after the
= 4  107 Wb/(A·m)
figure number, followed by two spaces. It is good
r relative permeability   r
practice to explain the significance of the figure in the w, W energy density 1 erg/cm3  101 J/m3
caption. N, D demagnetizing factor 1  1/(4)

Vertical lines are optional in tables. Statements

V.GUIDELINES FOR GRAPHICS PREPARATION that serve as captions for the entire table do not need
AND SUBMISSION footnote letters.
a
Gaussian units are the same as cg emu for
A. Types of Graphics magnetostatics; Mx = maxwell, G = gauss, Oe =
The following list outlines the different types of graphics oersted; Wb = weber, V = volt, s = second, T = tesla, m
(.PDF), or Portable Network Graphics (.PNG) sizes them, and
published in Covenant Journals. They are categorized based adjusts the resolution settings. If you created your source files
on their construction, and use of colour / shades of gray: in one of the following programs you will be able to submit
the graphics without converting to a PS, EPS, TIFF, PDF, or
1) Colour /Grayscale figures
PNG file: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, or
Figures that are meant to appear in colour, or shades of Microsoft Excel. Though it is not required, it is strongly
black/gray. Such figures may include photographs, recommended that these files be saved in PDF format rather
illustrations, multicolour graphs, and flowcharts. than DOC, XLS, or PPT. Doing so will protect your figures
2) Line Art figures from common font and arrow stroke issues that occur when
Figures that are composed of only black lines and shapes. working on the files across multiple platforms. When
These figures should have no shades or half-tones of gray, submitting your final paper, your graphics should all be
only black and white. submitted individually in one of these formats along with the
3) Author photos manuscript.
Head and shoulders shots of authors that appear at the end
of our papers. D. Sizing of Graphics
4) Tables Most charts, graphs, and tables are one column wide (3.5
Data charts which are typically black and white, but inches / 88 millimeters / 21 picas) or page wide (7.16 inches /
sometimes include colour. 181 millimeters / 43 picas). The maximum depth a graphic can
be is 8.5 inches (216 millimeters / 54 picas). When choosing
B. Multipart figures the depth of a graphic, please allow space for a caption.
Figures compiled of more than one sub-figure presented Figures can be sized between column and page widths if the
side-by-side, or stacked. If a multipart figure is made up of author chooses, however it is recommended that figures are
multiple figure types (one part is lineart, and another is not sized less than column width unless when necessary.
grayscale or colour) the figure should meet the stricter There is currently one publication with column
guidelines. measurements that do not coincide with those listed above.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COVENANT JOURNAL has a column
C. File Formats For Graphics measurement of 3.25 inches (82.5 millimeters / 19.5 picas).
Format and save your graphics using a suitable graphics The final printed size of author photographs is exactly
processing program that will allow you to create the images as 1 inch wide by 1.25 inches tall (25.4 millimeters x 31.75
PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (.EPS), Tagged millimeters / 6 picas x 7.5 picas). Author photos printed in
Image File Format (.TIFF), Portable Document Format editorials measure 1.59 inches wide by 2 inches tall (40
millimeters x 50 millimeters / 9.5 picas x 12 picas).
2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO. 5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

E. Resolution Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write

The proper resolution of your figures will depend on the “Magnetization (kA/m)” or “Magnetization (10 3 A/m).” Do
type of figure it is as defined in the “Types of Figures” not write “Magnetization (A/m)  1000” because the reader
section. Author photographs, colour, and grayscale figures would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 meant
should be at least 300dpi. Line art, including tables should be 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible,
a minimum of 600dpi. approximately 8 point type.
2) Subfigure Labels in Multipart Figures and Tables
F.Vector Art Multipart figures should be combined and labeled before
In order to preserve the figures’ integrity across multiple final submission. Labels should appear centered below each
computer platforms, we accept files in the following subfigure in 8 point Times New Roman font in the format of
formats: .EPS/.PDF/.PS. All fonts must be embedded or text (a) (b) (c).
converted to outlines in order to achieve the best-quality J.File Naming
results (as shown above.
Figures (line artwork or photographs) should be named
G. Colour Space starting with the first 5 letters of the author’s last name. The
The term colour space refers to the entire sum of colour s next characters in the filename should be the number that
that can be represented within the said medium. For our represents the sequential location of this image in your article.
purposes, the three main colour spaces are Grayscale, RGB For example, in author “Johnson” paper, the first three figures
(red/green/blue) and CMYK (cyan/magenta/yellow/black). would be named john1.tif, john2.tif, and john3.ps.
RGB is generally used with on-screen graphics, whereas Tables should contain only the body of the table (not the
CMYK is used for printing purposes. caption) and should be named similarly to figures, except that
All colour figures should be generated in RGB or CMYK ‘-tab’ is inserted in-between the author’s name and the table
colour space. Grayscale images should be submitted in number. For example, author Johnson’s first three tables
Grayscale colour space. Line art may be provided in grayscale would be named; john-tab1.tif, john-tab2.ps, john-tab3.eps.
OR bitmap colour space. Note that “bitmap colour space” and K. Referencing a Figure or Table Within Your Paper
“bitmap file format” are not the same thing. When bitmap
colour space is selected, .TIF/.TIFF/.PNG are the When referencing your figures and tables within your paper,
recommended file formats. use the abbreviation “Fig.” even at the beginning of a
sentence. Do not abbreviate “Table.” Tables should be
H. Accepted Fonts Within Figures numbered with Arabic Numerals.
When preparing your graphics COVENANT suggests that L.Submitting Your Graphics
you use of one of the following Open Type fonts: Times New
Roman, Helvetica, Arial, Cambria, and Symbol. If you are Because COVENANT JOURNALs will do the final
supplying EPS, PS, or PDF files all fonts must be embedded. formatting of your paper, you do not need to position figures
Some fonts may only be native to your operating system; and tables at the top and bottom of each column. In fact, all
without the fonts embedded, parts of the graphic may be figures, figure captions, and tables can be placed at the end of
distorted or missing. your paper. Instead indicate where the figures and tables are to
A safe option when finalizing your figures is to strip out the be place with new paragraph as follows:
fonts before you save the files, creating “outline” type. This “Place Fig 1 here”
converts fonts to artwork what will appear uniformly on any In addition to, or even in lieu of submitting figures within
screen. your final manuscript, figures should be submitted individually,
separate from the manuscript in one of the file formats listed
I. Using Labels Within Figures above in section VI-J. Place figure captions below the figures;
1) Figure Axis labels
place table titles above the tables. Please do not include
captions as part of the figures, or put them in “text boxes”
Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use
linked to the figures. Also, do not place borders around the
words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity
outside of your figures.
“Magnetization,” or “Magnetization M,” not just “M.” Put
units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. As in M. Colour Processing / Printing in Covenant Journals
Fig. 1, for example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or
All COVENANT Journals, and Letters allow an author to
“Magnetization (A¿ m1),” not just “A/m.” Do not label axes publish colour figures no charge, and automatically convert
with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write them to grayscale for print versions.
“Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.”

VI. CONCLUSION
A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion
may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the
2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO. 5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the dropdown menu.

importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions. --Third, click and drag the right margin bar to just over 4
inches in width.
APPENDIX The graphics will stay in the “second” column, but you can
drag them to the first column. Make the graphic wider to push
Appendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledgment.
out any text that may try to fill in next to the graphic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Final Stage Using Word 6.0

The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgement” in When you submit your final version (after your paper has
uk English is with an “e” after the “g.” Use the singular been accepted), print it in two-column format, including figures
heading even if you have many acknowledgments. Avoid and tables. You must also send your final manuscript through
expressions such as “One of us (S.B.A.) would like to thank ... the manuscript submission system as directed. You may use Zip
.” Instead, write “F. A. Author thanks ... .” In most cases, for large files, or compress files.
sponsor and financial support acknowledgments are placed in
the unnumbered footnote on the first page, not here. Copyright Form
Authors must submit an electronic Covenant Copyright
Form (eCF) upon submitting their final manuscript files.
REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES
A. References
References need not be cited in text. When they are, they VIII. PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES
appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation. The two types of contents of that are published are; 1) peer-
Multiple references are each numbered with separate brackets. reviewed and 2) archival. The Transactions and Journals
When citing a section in a book, please give the relevant page Department publishes scholarly articles of archival value as
numbers. In text, refer simply to the reference number. Do not well as tutorial expositions and critical reviews of classical
use “Ref.” or “reference” except at the beginning of a subjects and topics of current interest.
sentence: “Reference [3] shows ... .” Please do not use Authors should consider the following points:
automatic endnotes in Word, rather, type the reference list at 1) Technical papers submitted for publication must advance
the end of the paper using the “References” style. the state of knowledge and must cite relevant prior work.
Reference numbers are set flush left and form a column of 2) The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate
their own, hanging out beyond the body of the reference. The with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of
reference numbers are on the line, enclosed in square brackets. the work. For example, an obvious extension of
In all references, the given name of the author or editor is previously published work might not be appropriate for
abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the last name. Use publication or might be adequately treated in just a few
them all; use et al. only if names are not given. Use commas pages.
around Jr., Sr., and III in names. Abbreviate conference titles. 3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the
Other than books, capitalize only the first word in a paper editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the
title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or
published in translation journals, please give the English unexpected results are reported.
citation first, followed by the original foreign-language 4) Because replication is required for scientific progress,
citation See the end of this document for formats and papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient
examples of common references. information to allow readers to perform similar
experiments or calculations and use the reported results.
A. Footnotes Although not everything need be disclosed, a paper must
Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert | 5) contain new, useable, and fully described information. For
Footnote).2 Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the example, a specimen’s chemical composition need not be
column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the reference reported if the main purpose of a paper is to introduce a
list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see Table I). new measurement technique. Authors should expect to be
challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by
VII. SUBMITTING YOUR PAPER FOR REVIEW adequate data and critical details.
6) Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the latest
A. Review Stage Using Word 6.0 or Higher technical achievement, which are suitable for presentation
If you want to submit your file with one column at a professional conference, may not be appropriate for
electronically, please do the following: publication
--First, click on the View menu and choose Print Layout.
--Second, place your cursor in the first paragraph. Go to
the Format menu, choose Columns, choose one column
Layout, and choose “apply to whole document” from the
2
It is recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for the unnumbered footnote with the receipt date on the
first page). Instead, try to integrate the footnote information into the text.
2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO. 5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

7) .

REFERENCES [1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in

Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J . Peters, E d . New Y o r k , NY,
Basic format for books: USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of His Published Book, [2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont,
xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, CA, USA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.
year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples: Basic format for periodicals:
J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp.
xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year, DOI. 10.1109.XXX.123456.
Examples: J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp.
[3] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. Accessed on: Month, Day, year, DOI:
assessment of feasibility,” COVENANT Trans. Electron 10.1109.XXX.123456, [Online].
Devices, vol. ED-11, no. 1, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959, Examples:
10.1109/TED.2016.2628402. [14] J. S. Turner, “New directions in communications,”
[4] E. P. Wigner, “Theory of traveling-wave optical laser,” COVENANT J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 11-
Phys. Rev., 23, Jan. 1995.
vol. 134, pp. A635–A646, Dec. 1965. [15] W. P. Risk, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, “Fiber-optic
[5] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,” COVENANT frequency shifter using a surface acoustic wave incident at
Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published. an oblique angle,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115–117,
Feb. 1986.
Basic format for reports: [16] P. Kopyt et al., “Electric properties of graphene-based
J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,”
State, Country, Rep. xxx, year. COVENANT THz Sci. Technol., to be published. DOI:
Examples: 10.1109/
[6] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen TTHZ.2016.2544142.
absorption in the earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp.,
Los Angeles, CA, USA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Basic format for papers presented at conferences (when
Nov. 1988. available online):
[7] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the J.K. Author. (year, month). Title. presented at abbrev. conference title.
16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas, [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Austin, TX, USA, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15,
1987.
Example:
[17] PROCESS Corporation, Boston, MA, USA. Intranets:
Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall for
Basic format for handbooks: corporate productivity. Presented at INET96 Annual
Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev.
Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://home.process.com/
State, Country, year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Intranets/wp2.htp
Examples:
[8] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Basic format for reports and handbooks (when available
Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp.
44–60.
online):
[9] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola J. K. Author. “Title of report,” Company. City, State, Country. Rep. no.,
Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 1989. (optional: vol./issue), Date. [Online] Available: site/path/file
Examples:
Basic format for books (when available online): [18] R. J. Hijmans and J. van Etten, “Raster: Geographic
J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. analysis and modeling with raster data,” R Package Version
City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. 2.0-12, Jan. 12, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://CRAN.R-
xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com project.org/package=raster
[19] Teralyzer. Lytera UG, Kirchhain, Germany [Online].
Examples: Available: http://www.lytera.de/Terahertz_THz_
[10] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Spectroscopy.php?id=home, Accessed on: Jun. 5, 2014
Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed.,
2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15- Basic format for computer programs and electronic documents
64. [Online]. Available: http://www.bookref.com.
[11] The Founders’ Constitution, Philip B. Kurland and Ralph (when available online):
Lerner, eds., Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. Chicago Press, 1987. Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). Number of
[Online]. Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/ bill or resolution, Title. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
founders/ NOTE: ISO recommends that capitalization follow the accepted practice
[12] The Terahertz Wave eBook. ZOmega Terahertz Corp., for the language or script in which the information is given.
2014. [Online]. Available: http://dl.z-thz.com/eBook/ Example:
zomega_ebook_pdf_1206_sr.pdf. Accessed on: May 19, [20] U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11).
2014. H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval of
[13] Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Military Action. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library:
Constitution. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, GENFED File: BILLS
1987, Accessed on: Feb. 28, 2010, [Online] Available:
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ Basic format for patents (when available online):
Name of the invention, by inventor’s name. (year, month day). Patent Number
Basic format for journals (when available online): [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
2 COVENANT JOURNAL OF …., VOL. XX, NO. 5, MAY 2022; DOI: XXX XXXX XXX

[21] Musical toothbrush with mirror, by L.M.R. Brooks. (1992, Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany, Jan.
May 19). Patent D 326 189 2-5, 1984.
[Online]. Available: NEXIS Library: LEXPAT File: DES
Basic format for patents:
Basic format for conference proceedings (published): J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day,
J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., year.
Abbrev. State (if given), Country, year, pp. xxxxxx. Example:
Example: [24] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating current fed power
[22] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-switched pas- supply,” U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.
sively coupled single-mode optical network,” in Proc.
IOOC-ECOC, Boston, MA, USA, 1985, pp. 585–590. Basic format for theses (M.S.) and dissertations (Ph.D.):
Example for papers presented at conferences (unpublished): a) J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ.,
[23] D. Ebehard and E. Voges, “Digital single sideband City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
detection for interferometric sensors,” presented at the 2nd b) J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept.,
Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
Examples: Basic formats for standards:
[25] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, a) Title of Standard, Standard number, date.
Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, b) Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.
1993. Examples:
[26] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical [30] COVENANT Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems,
nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. COVENANT Standard 308, 1969.
Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993. [31] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
Article number in reference examples:
Basic format for the most common types of unpublished [32] R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun,
references: “Fabrication of organic light emitting diode pixels by laser-
a) J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year. assisted forward transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 6,
b) J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished. Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103.
c) J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” to be published. [33] J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser
Examples: characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN
[27] A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995. substrates,” COVENANT Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr.
[28] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms,” 2013, Art. no. 2600111
unpublished. Example when using et al.:
[29] A. Brahms, “Representation error for real numbers in binary [34] S. Azodolmolky et al., Experimental demonstration of an
computer arithmetic,” COVENANT Computer Group impairment aware network planning and operation tool for
Repository, Paper R-67-85. transparent/translucent optical networks,” J. Lightw.
Technol., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 439–448, Sep. 2011.