Lecture-25 Errors in TS
Lecture-25 Errors in TS
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CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CALIBRATION
• ERRORS IN TOTAL STATION
• SUMMARY
• REVIEW QUESTIONS
• FURTHER READING
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INTRODUCTION
• TS should be in permanent adjustment before using it for
observations.
• Seldom achieved in practice and give rise to instrumental errors
in TS.
• To be ensured through regular monitoring of instrumental
errors
• one face measurements are rampant in field and thus, it is
important to determine the magnitude of the errors and correct
them.
• Instrumental errors can be measured and corrected using
electronic calibration.
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CALIBRATION
• Calibration parameters of a TS changes because of mechanical
shock, temperature changes, rough handling etc.
• Calibration of TS is to done following the procedure given in
manual of the instrument.
• Calibration should be done before deployment of instruments for field
observation
– for the first time
– after long storage
– After rough or long transportation
– After long periods of work
– Following big changes in temperature
– Regularly for precision work.
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CALIBRATION….
• Before calibration, TS should be in ambient
temperature
• Instrument s/w automatically apply
corrections as calibrations parameters get
determined.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS
The lack in permanent adjustment in TS leads to following instrumental errors
• HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION ERROR
• TILTING AXIS ERROR
• VERTICAL COLLIMATION
• COMPENSATOR INDEX ERROR
• ECCENTRICITY ERROR
• CIRCLE GRADUATION ERROR
• COLLIMATION OF LASER POINTER
Regular calibration adopting proper field procedures need to be implemented to
eliminate or reduce the effects of these errors.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS ….
HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION
• Axial error when line of sight is not perpendicular to the
horizontal axis
• Effects horizontal circle reading
• Increases with steep sightings
• Eliminated through both face observations.
• For single face observation, by finding out the angle of deviation
through calibration
• If exceeds limit, get adjusted through manufacturer.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS ….
TILTING AXIS ERROR
• When horizontal axis is not perpendicular to the vertical axis
• Causes line of sight in an inclined plane as the telescope is plunged
• Effects horizontal circle reading for tilted sight.
• Eliminated through both face observations and for equal BS & FS distances
• For single face observation, by finding out the tilting axis error through
calibration
• If exceeds limit, get adjusted through manufacturer.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS…
VERTICAL COLLIMATION
• When the 0 ° - 180° line of the vertical circle does not coincides
with the vertical axis.
• Effects vertical circle reading
• Eliminated through both face observations
• For single face observation, by finding out the index error, i
through calibration
• It gets applied directly to vertical angle
• If exceeds limit, get adjusted through manufacturer.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS….
COMPENSATOR INDEX ERROR
• Errors due to improper leveling of TS, gets compensated automatically
through compensator by measuring the residual tilt and applying corrections
to the horizontal and vertical circle readings.
• Compensators usually get longitudinal error, l in the direction of line of sight
and transverse error, l in the direction of perpendicular to l.
• Known as zero point errors
• Eliminated through both face observations
• For single face observation, by finding out the zero point errors through
calibration
• If exceeds limit, get adjusted through manufacturer.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS….
COLLIMATION OF LASER POINTER
• Arises in reflector less measurements using laser beam.
• Due to non-coincidence of the pointing of the laser beam with
the line of collimation
• Causes error in both circles readings as well as in distance.
• Eliminated through both face observations
• For single face observation, by finding out the angle of deviation
through calibration
• If exceeds limit, get adjusted through manufacturer.
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SOURCES OF ERRORS….
ECCENTRICITY ERROR
• If geometric centers of the graduated circles (Horizontal & Vertical) do not
coincide with the center of rotation.
• Errors are small
• By taking average of the measurements taken on opposite sides of the circles.
CIRCLE GRADUATION ERROR
• Non-uniform graduations around the circumference of a circle (Horizontal/
Vertical or both).
• Causes errors in both the circle measurements
• Errors are small
• Minimise or eliminate by taking measurements at different locations of
circles.
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Summary of Lecture 25
• Requires permanent adjustment in TS before using it for
observations.
• The lack in permanent adjustment in TS leads to : horizontal
collimation error, tilting axis error, compensator index error,
vertical collimation, collimation of laser pointer, eccentricity
error, circle graduation error.
• Regular calibration adopting proper field procedures are done
to eliminate or reduce the effects of these errors.
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Review Questions
1. Write short notes on the following : (i)
Horizontal collimation error; (ii) Tilting
axis error; (iii) Compensator index error;
(iv) Vertical collimation error; (v)
Collimation of laser pointer error.
2. Explain how errors in TS may be eliminated
or reduced?
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Further reading
1. Surveying for Engineers (2006) by J. Uren &
W.F.Price
2. Elementary Surveying – An introduction to
Geomatics(2012) By C.D.Ghilani & P.R.Wolf.
Next Class
“OTHER Errors in TS”
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Thanking You