APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS

MODULE-II
MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS

VTU SYLLABUS CONTENTS

Memory Devices: Introduction. Basic concepts of electronic memory, History of organic/polymer
electronic memory devices, Classification of electronic devices, types of organic memory devices
(organic molecules, polymer materials, organic-inorganic hybrid materials).
Display Systems: Photoactive and electroactive materials, Nanomaterials and organic materials used in
optoelectronic devices. Liquid crystal (LC’s) Introduction, classification, properties and application in
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD’s). Properties and application of Organic Light Emitting Diodes
(OLED’s) and Quantum Light Emitting Diodes (QLED’s), Light emitting electrochemical cells.
1

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
 APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
1. What are the basic requirements of a memory device? How these requirements are satisfied by
organic molecules.
An electronic memory devices is a form of semiconductor storage which is fast in response and compact
in size, and can be read and written when coupled with a central processing unit (CPL processor).
For a material to show memory effect, the main essential requirements are:
1) The individual memory cells, must possess at least two stable states. In silicon- based electronic
memory devices used today, data are stored based on the amount of charge stored in the memory
cells. Memory cells exhibit two charge states which are coded as “0” and “1”.
2) These states must be stable for a period appropriate for the data storage.
3) They can be switched between two states by an external stimulus. This is called as the writing
process.
4) The states can be distinguished by applying a further external signal. This is called as the reading
process.
New organic/polymeric materials exhibit two electrical stable states known as electrical bistability. They
shift from one state (ON state) to other state (OFF state) when an external electric field is applied. In
these devices, information is stored and retrieved by encoding these two states. Therefore, these chemical
materials store information in the form of change in their properties under applied electric field.
2. What are the advantages of using organic molecules in memory devices than conventional
silicon semiconductor based memory devices?
The advantages of organic and polymer molecules based electronic memory devices are:
a) They can be processed easily.
b) Structure of the molecule used can be design through chemical synthesis.
c) Device structure is very simple.
d) Dimension of the device can be decreased (miniaturized).
e) Cost of production is less.
f) Power consumption during operation is low.
g) They exhibit multiple state properties.
h) 3D stacking capability and
i) Data storage capacity can increased to very large value.
3. Briefly discuss the different types of electronic memory devices.
According to the device structure, electronic memory devices can be divided into four primary
categories: transistor type, capacitor type, resistor type and charge transfer- type.
1. Transistor-Type Electronic Memory:
A transistor is a miniature electronic component that can work either as an amplifier or a switch.
Computer memory chip consists of billions of transistors, each transistor is working as a switch, which
can be switched ON or OFF. Each transistor can be in two different states and store two different number
ZERO and ONE. Since chip is made of billions of such transistors and can store billions of Zeros and
Ones, and almost every number and letter can be stored.
2. Capacitor-Type Electronic Memory
A capacitor consists of two metal plates which are capable of storing
an electric charge. It is like a battery that holds data based on energy.
If the capacitor is charged, it holds the binary numeral,"1" and holds
"0" when the cell is discharged. If the parallel plates of a capacitor are
separated by dielectric layer, charges dissipate slowly and memory
would be volatile.
On the other hand, if the medium between the electrodes is
ferroelectric in nature, can maintain permanent electric polarization
2

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
that can be repeatedly switched between two stable states (bistable) by an external electric field. Thus,
memory based on ferroelectric capacitors (FeRAM) is non-volatile memory.
3. Resistor-Type Electronic Memory
Memory devices containing switchable resistive materials are
classified as resistor-type memory, or resistive random access memory
(RRAM). Resistor-type electronic memory usually has a simple
structure, having a metal-insulator-metal structure generally referred
to as MIM structure. The structure comprises of an insulating layer (1)
sandwiched between the two metal (M) electrodes and supported on a
substrate (glass, silicon wafer, plastic or metal foil). Initially, the
device is under high resistance state or "OFF" and logically "0" state,
when resistance changed or under external applied field changes to
low resistance state or "ON" logical value "1",
4. Charge Transfer Effects
A charge transfer (CT) complex is defined as an electron donor acceptor (D-A) complex, characterized
by an electronic transition to an excited state in which a partial transfer of charge occurs from the donor
moiety to the acceptor moiety. The conductivity of a CT complex is dependent on the ionic binding
between the D-A components.
If the donor has intermediate size and ionization potential, it tends to form a weakly ionic salt with the
acceptor, which possesses incomplete CT (0.4<?<0.7) and thus is potentially conductive.

4. Briefly describe the organic molecules used in memory devices?

Organic electronic memory device uses organic semiconductors and stores data based on different
electrical conductivity states (ON and OFF states) in response to an applied electric field.
The p-Type Organic Semiconductor Material "Pentacene"
An Organic molecule with a conjugated Л system and possess holes as major charge carrier is called p-
type semiconductor.
Example: Pentacene
When a positive voltage was applied between gate and source, it was found no flow of electrons to drain
due to higher energy gap between the Fermi level of gold (source) and LUMO of Pentacene. On the
other hand, when a negative voltage is applied between the drain and source, holes are induced at source.
This permits a channel of charges (holes) to drain through semiconductor and insulator interface when
a secondary voltage is applied. Therefore it called as P-type semiconductor

The n-type
organic
3

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
semiconducting material Perfluoropentacene
An Organic molecule with a conjugated system with electron withdrawing substituent groups and
possess electrons as major charge carrier is called n-type semiconductor.
In Pentacene, when hydrogen atoms are substituted by highly electronegative fluorine atoms, it is called
Perfluoropentacene and acts as N-type of semiconductor. When a positive voltage is applied between
source and drain, electrons are induced in the source (gold). This permits the channel of charges to drain
through semiconductor-insulator interface as the bandgap between Fermi levels of gold (source) LUMO
energy of Perfluoropentacene is 1.95ev which is lesser than LUMO energy of Pentacene. Therefore, it
is n-type semiconductor.

5. Briefly describe the polymer devices? Molecules used in memory devices?

Organic polymer used for polymer used for organic memory device is Polyimide with Donor-
Triphenylamine and Acceptor- phthalimide.
Donor: Triphenyl Amine group (TPA)
Acceptor: Phthalimide group Hexafluoroisopropylidene (6F): Increases the solubility of PI
The donors and acceptors of PIs contribute to the electronic transition based on an induced charge
transfer (CT) effect under an applied electric field.
1. When an electric field more than threshold energy is applied, the electrons of the HOMO (TPA unit)
is excited to LUMO.
2. The energy of LUMO of donor and acceptor are similar and therefore, after excitation the electron
transferred to LUMO (acceptor), generating a CT state.
3. This permits the generation of holes in the HOMO, which produces the open channel for the charge
carriers to migrate through.
4. Therefore, Field-induced charge transfer from Triphenylamine to Phthalimide exhibit the switching
behavior (bistable states ON/OFF).
Donor Acceptor type conjugated polymers are used to fabricate different types of memory device, such
as volatile DRAM and SRAM devices, and non-volatile WORM and Flash devices.

6) Briefly describe the organic-inorganic hybrid materials used in memory devices?

Generally, organic-inorganic hybrid materials are composed of organic layers containing inorganic
materials, Inorganic materials used are allotropes of carbon like fullerenes, carbon nanotubes,
graphene and metal nanoparticles semiconductor nanoparticles and inorganic quantum dots (QDs).
4

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
a) Organic-Carbon Allotrope Hybrid Materials
Polymers containing electron donors, such as thiophene, fluorene, carbazole and aniline derivatives
can be combined with Fullerenes to obtain a charge transfer hybrid material with donor-acceptor
ability and electrical bistable states. Fullerenes exhibit high electron-withdrawing ability, and can
capture up to six electrons. They are used in WORM memory effect devices.
b) Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites
These are the hybrid electron memory devices in which organic polymer with appropriate functional
group is clubbed with metal nanoparticles, quantum dots and metal oxide nanoparticles. An example
is a composite of 8-hydroxyquinoline- containing polymer with gold nanoparticle sandwiched
between two metal electrodes. Bistable electronic transition states are observed when an electric field
is applied due to charge transfer between the Au nanoparticles and 8-hydroxy-quinoline.
7) What are photoactive and electroactive materials? Briefly discuss their role in optoelectronic
devices.
Organic materials which exhibit electro-optical properties similar or superior to classical inorganic
materials and used in optoelectronic devices are referred to as photo and electroactive organic
materials. They are also called as organic semiconductors.
They are being used in Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), organic light-emitting Diodes (OLEDS),
and organic field-effect transistors (OPETS).The devices using organic materials have the following
advantages over inorganic semiconductor-based devices
a) They are lightweight and flexible.
b) They can be easily synthesized by chemical methods and cost of production is less.
c) They can be used in novel thin-film flexible devices.
d) Properties can be fine-tuned by structure modification.
These organic materials when used in devices, exhibit opto-electronic phenomena as
a) Absorption and emission of light radiation in the region from Ultraviolet to near infrared.
b) Photo-generation of charge carriers.
c) Transport of charge carriers.
d) Injection of charge carriers from the electrode.
e) Exhibit excellent nonlinear optical properties.
Organic compounds with extensive conjugation and n-electron systems are capable of exhibiting above
mentioned set of properties.
Working Principle
Photoactive and electroactive material absorb and emit light in the UV to IR region. Display system
(OLED) consisting of photoactive and electroactive material absorb light and allows an electron to jump
from HOMO of a Donor to LUMO of an Acceptor. This phenomenon generate and transport charge
carriers.
What When electrons move from cathode, anode allows movement of holes towards light emitting layer
under an applied field. Electron-hole pairs are created at the Light- Emitting-Layer and energy is released
due to recombination. This energy is sufficient to excite an electron from HOMO to LUMO in the light
emitting layer made of photoactive and electroactive materials. There is a re-emission of light while
electron is returning to HOMO level. This light is extracted by a transparent substrate placed adjacent to
either of the electrode.
5

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202

8). Define Optoelectronic device. Explain the working principle of Optoelectronic device.
A hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light into energy through semiconductors
is called Optoelectronic device. Optoelectronic devices are primarily transducers i.e. they can convert
one energy form to another.
Working principle
If the photon has an energy larger than the energy a gap, the photon will be absorbed by the
semiconductor, exciting an electron from the valence band into the conduction band, where it is free to
move. A free hole is left behind in the valence band. When the excited electron is returning to valence
band, extra photon energy is emitted in the form a light. This principle is used in Optoelectronic devices.

9). Write the properties and applications of Silicon Nano Crystals for Optoelectronic devices
Properties of Silicon Nanocrystals for optoelectronics
1. Silicon Nano crystal has wider bandgap energy due to quantum confinement.
2. Si NCs shows higher light emission property (Photoluminescence)
3. Si NCs exhibit quantum yield of more than 60%.
4. Si-NCs exhibit tunable electronic structure.
Applications:
1. Si NCs are used in neuromorphic computing and down-shifting in photovoltaics 2. Si NCs are used
in the construction of novel solar cells, photodetectors and optoelectronic synaptic devices.
10. What nanomaterials? Explain any four properties and applications of Polythiophenes (P3HT)
suitable for optoelectronic devices.
Any substance in which at least one dimension is less than 100nm is called nanomaterials.
The properties of nanomaterials are different from bulk materials due to:
1. Quantum Confinement effect
2. Increased surface area to volume ratio
Polythiophenes are conjugated polymers, environmentally and thermally stable material. Chemical
structure of P3HT Poly (3-hexylthiophene) is a polymer with chemical formula (C10H14S). It is a
polythiophene with a short alkyl group on each repeat unit. Highly ordered (P3HT) are composed of
closely packed, p-p stacked (p-p distance of 0.33 nm).
6

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
11.The improved electronic properties yielded for nanostructured P3HT suitable for
Optoelectronic devices are listed as follows:
1. P3HT is a semiconducting polymer with high stability and exhibits conductivity due to holes therefore
considered as p-type semiconductor
2. Poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) have great capability as light-absorbing materials in organic electronic
devices.
3. P3HT has a crystalline structure and good charge-transport properties required for Optoelectronics.
4. P3HT has a direct-allowed optical transition with a fundamental energy gap of 2.14 eV.
5. Fundamental bandgap of P3HT is 490nm visible region, corresponding to Л→ Л* transition, giving
electron-hole pair.
Applications:
1. P3HT-ITO forms a p-n junction permit the charge carriers to move in opposite direction and hence,
used in Photovoltaic devices.
2. It can be used as a positive electrode in Lithium batteries.
3. Used in the construction of Organic Solar Cells.
4. Manufacture of smart windows.
5. Used in the fabrication new types of memory devices.
12. Explain any four properties and applications of Light emitting materials -
Poly[9-vinylcarbazole] (PVK)] suitable for optoelectronic devices.
Properties:
1. It is a semiconducting polymer and an electron acceptor converts ultra-violet (UV) light into
electricity.
2. PVK has a band gap of 3.4 eV, optical absorption edge stating at 350 nm capable of absorbing Ultra-
Violet light.
3. The PVK film is hydrophobic, thermally stable with relatively high glass transition temperature (Tg)
of 200 °C
4. The PVK solution also showed good wettability, and provide uniform thin films on glass/ITO
substrates.
Applications:
1. PVK is used in OLEDs for light harvesting
2. Used in the fabrication of light emitting diodes and laser printers.
3. Used in the fabrication of organic solar cells when combined with TIO on glass substrate.
4. Used in the fabrication of solar cells when a combined with Perovskite materials.
5. PVK-Perovskite junction is used in Light- Emitting Diodes with Enhanced Efficiency and stability.
13. What are liquid crystals? Briefly explain thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals.
Liquid crystal may be described as a ‘distinct state of matter in which the degrees of molecular ordering
is intermediate between the ordered crystalline solid state and the completely disordered liquid’.
Liquid crystals are classified into two main categories, namely,

Liquid Crystals

Thermotropic liquid crystals Lyotropic liquid crystals

Nematic Smectic Cholesteric Discotic

7

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202

1. Thermotropic liquid crystals

2. Lyotropic liquid crystals.
1) Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.
The class of compounds that exhibit liquid crystalline behavior on variation of temperature alone are
referred to as thermotropic liquid crystals.
o o
p  cholestrylbenzoate 145   p  cholestrylbenzoate
Ct to178.5 C

(Solid) (liquid crystal )

Thermotropic liquid crystals may be further classified as:
a). Nematic liquid crystals (or thread-like liquid crystals): The molecules move either sideways or
up and down. Increase in temperature decreases the degree of orientation.
Example: p-azoxyphenetole
b). Smectic (or soap-like liquid crystals): The molecules move in Smectic crystals are oriented parallel
to each other as in the Nematic phase but in layers.

Smetic A: Molecules are aligned

perpendiculal to the layer
Smectic Liquid
Crystal
Smectic B: Molecules are aligned
perpendiculal to the layer but tilted

c) Cholesteric liquid crystals: Molecules in successive layers are slightly twisted and form helical
pattern.
d) Discotic liquid crystal: Molecules are arranged in a column arranged with disc like structure
2) Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Lyotropic liquid crystals: The orientational behaviour of Lyotropic crystals is a function of concentration
and solvent. These molecules are amphiphilic - they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends in their
molecules. At low concentrations, molecules are randomly arranged and higher concentration produces
a definite pattern heads out and tail in. Soaps and detergents form Lyotropic crystals when they combine
with water
Examples: (1) Soap (soap water mixture) molecules. (2) Phospholipids.
Properties of liquid crystals:
1. They exhibit optical anisotropy which is defined as the difference between refractive index parallel
to the director and refractive index perpendicular to the director.
2. The intermolecular forces are rather weak and can be perturbed by an applied electric field.
3. They interact with an electric field, which causes them to change their orientation slightly.
4. Liquid Crystal can flow like a liquid, due to loss of positional order.
Applications of liquid crystals:
1. The liquid crystal layer in LCDs allows for the display of images and text through the use of electrical
currents that control the orientation of the crystals.
2. Liquid crystal sensors are used in various applications such as temperature sensing, humidity
sensing, and chemical sensing.
3. Liquid crystals are used in various optical devices such as variable optical attenuators, phase
shifters, and tunable filters. These devices are used in optical communication systems, spectroscopy,
and imaging.
4. Liquid crystals have been used in drug delivery systems, where the drug is encapsulated in the liquid
crystal matrix and delivered to specific target cells.
14. Briefly describe the electrical and optical properties of liquid.
8

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
1. Effect of Electric Field
The director in a liquid crystal is free to point in any direction. But when a film of liquid crystal is
placed between two plates and an electric field is applied across them, then the director is forced to
point along a particular direction. This transition (deformity) is important in the operation of the liquid
crystal displays (LCD) because the transition brings about a significant change in the optical
characteristics of the liquid crystal.
2. Effect of light
When plane polarized light is made to pass through two crossed polarizers, no light emerges out. This
is because, the light emerging from the first polarizer is completely absorbed by the second polariser
and hence appears dark. We can make the plane polarized light to pass through two crossed polarizers
by placing a twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) in between two polarizers. Since twisted nematic
liquid crystal is optically active, it can act like a wave- guide and rotate the plane of polarized light by
angle. If two polarizers are placed in a crossed angle similar to the angle rotation of light by liquid
crystal. Then, light radiation passing through first polarizer will be rotated by a liquid crystal and then
it passes through second polarizer. Here, the optically active liquid crystal makes the light to pass
through two inclined polarizers. Now, if an electric field is applied between two polarizers, liquid
crystal molecules align themselves in a particular direction. When the liquid crystalline molecules are
realigned with electric field, the rotation angle of plane polarized light is also changed and hence light
radiation cannot pass through second polarizer.

Thus, if a display is obtained by placing liquid crystal in between two polarizers and the two polarizers
are placed inclined to each other at an angle similar to an angle of rotation by liquid crystal. If a source
of light radiation is kept below first polarizer, it passes through it and rotated by liquid crystal and passes
through the second polarizer. Hence, it gives bright appearance to display.
Now, if an electric field is applied between two polarizers, then liquid crystal molecules will rearrange
themselves to applied field and hence the rotation of plane of the polarized light is also affected. Light
passing through first polarizer cannot pass through second polarizer and gives dark appearance to
display.Thus, display appears bright in the absence of electric field and appears dark in the presence of
an electric field. This combination of optical and electrical properties of liquid crystals are used in Liquid
Crystal Displays.
15. Discuss the construction and working principle of liquid crystal display.
The electro-optic effect of liquid crystals controls brightness/ darkness of the light emerging from its
elements and this is used in information displays Information is passed on to the user, using liquid
crystals which control the brightness/darkness of the parts of a display.
 Construction of display
9

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
A simple numeric display consists of seven segments for each digit which is used to display numbers in
calculators and watches. Seven segments of the display are labelled as a, b, c, d, e, f and g. The top and
bottom glass plates of a display have electrode patterns formed by etching a layer of indium tin oxide
using standard photolithographic process. Liquid crystal mixture is filled in the cell formed by sealing
the edges of the top and bottom glass plates. Area of intersection between the electrode patterns on the
top and bottom glass plates decides the shape of the segments in the display. The distance between the
top and bottom glass plate is called the cell thickness. It is usually in the range of 4 to 8 micrometer to
ensure that the display can be switched in milliseconds. The quantity of liquid crystal mixture used in a
display is small. All the seven segments in the bottom glass plate are interconnected shown in the figure.
Light from the area of each of the seven segments or pixels is controlled independently and is used to
create any one of the ten digits.
 Working Of display
When the light of the display is ON and electric field is not applied to any of the segments, then all the
segments appear bright. Numeric display will not display any number as shown in the figure.
In this case, light radiation passing through first polarizer will be rotated by a liquid crystal to an extent
corresponding to angle of inclination between two polarizers Hence, light passes through second
polarizer also and display appears bright when light is ON.
Now, if electric field is applied to a, b, c, d, and e segments of the number. Then liquid crystal molecules
in this part are aligned to external field, change the rotation angle of light and prevent the light from
passing through second polarizer. Therefore. And e segments will appear dark. Display will show

number 3 as shown in figure below.Similarly, applying electric field to only b and c segments will show
number 1, applying electric field to only a, b and c segments will show number 7 and applying electric
field to all segments will show number 8. In this way 0 to 9 numbers can be displayed by applying
electric field across appropriate segments.
16. What are liquid crystals? Give the applications of liquid crystals in display devices.
Liquid crystal may be described as a distinct state of matter in which the degrees of molecular ordering
lie intermediate between the ordered crystalline solid state and the completely disordered liquid. The
liquid crystal state is also referred to as mesophase.
Liquid crystal displays operate at low voltages (a few volts) and consume less power as compared to
other display and hence are used in:
a) Watches, calculators, mobile telephones, laptop computers and related electronic gadgets.
b) Indicators in automobile dashboards, airplane cockpits, traffic signals advertisement boards and
petrol pump indicators.
c) Blood pressure instruments, digital thermometers and TV channel indicators.
d) pH meters, conductometers, colorimeters, potentiometer instruments. And other analytical
instruments
10

17. What are OLEDs? Give the properties and applications of OLEDs.

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR CSE STREAM BCHES102/202
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is an electroluminescent device that uses organic molecules as
a source of light emission when an external field is applied across it.
Important features of OLEDs used in display and lighting applications are given below:
Properties:
1. OLEDs are very thin and flexible, which makes them suitable for use in curved or flexible displays.
2. OLEDs have a high contrast ratio, and produce images with vivid and rich colours.
3. OLEDs have a fast response time, resulting in smooth and seamless motion in video content.
4. OLEDs have a wide viewing angle, and image quality is maintained even when viewed from
different angles.
5. OLEDs are energy efficient, as they do not require a backlight like traditional LCD displays.
Applications:
1. QLED displays are commonly used in televisions, monitors, smartphones, and other electronic devices
2. QLEDs can also be used as a source of lighting in various applications, including automotive lighting,
street lighting, and architectural lighting.
3. QLEDs can be used in medical imaging applications, such as in MRI machines, to produce high-
resolution and accurate images.
4. QLED displays can be used in advertising displays, such as digital billboards and signage, to produce
high-quality and eye-catching visuals.
18. What are QD-LEDS? Give the properties and applications of QLEDs.
Quantum Dot- LEDs (QD-LEDs) are a form of light- emitting technology used for creating large-area
displays. In QD-LED, the light emitting is from the Quantum Dots (QDs), such as cadmium selenide
(CdSe) nanocrystals. They emit light under applied electric field. QD-LEDs are superior to other display
technologies like liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLEDs, and plasma displays ideal blend of features
like:
a) High brightness
b) More flexibility.
c) High-quality lighting with superior color gamut
d) Low-processing cost.
These superior performance of QD-LEDs is due to their unique optical and electronic as given below:
a) High quantum yields.
b) Broad excitation profiles
c) Narrow/symmetric emission spectra.
d) High resistance to metabolic degradation.
Those unique properties of QDs are mainly due to the nano size of crystals. Intrinsic energy bandgap of
QD depends on its size. It increases with the decrease in the size of the QD. The color of the light emitted
by QD is directly connected to its size. The optical properties of QDs are tunable just by changing nano
crystal size.
QD-LEDs are the more reliable solutions for flat-panel TV screens, digital cameras, mobile phones, and
personal gaming equipment’s. QD-LEDs displays will be flexible and would not deteriorate as easily as
OLED.
11

MATERIALS FOR MEMORY AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

(MODULE 02)