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Session 6

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20 views32 pages

Session 6

Uploaded by

Omar Abd Elrhman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Session six

References

A Perl reference is a scalar data type that holds the location


of another value which could be scalar, arrays, or hashes.

Create References:

$scalarref = \$foo;
$arrayref = \@ARGV;
$hashref = \%ENV;
Dereferencing:

$var = 10; Value of 10 is : 10


$r = \$var;
print "Value of $var is : ", $$r, "\n";

@var = (1, 2, 3); Value of 1 2 3 is :


$r = \@var 123
print "Value of @var is : ", @$r, "\n";

%var = ('key1' => 10, 'key2' => 20); Value of %var is :


$r = \%var; key220key110
print "Value of %var is : ", %$r, "\n";
If you are not sure about a variable type, then its easy to
know its type using ref

$var = 10; Reference type


$r = \$var; in r : SCALAR
print "Reference type in r : ", ref($r), "\n";
References to Functions:

#!/usr/bin/perl
sub PrintHash{
my (%hash) = @_;
foreach $item (%hash){
print "Item : $item\n"; }
}
%hash = ('name' => 'Tom', 'age' => 19); .
$cref = \&PrintHash;
&$cref(%hash); # calling function Item : name
Item : Tom
Item : age
Item : 19
File I/O

The basics of handling files are simple: you associate a


filehandle with an external entity (usually a file) and then use
a variety of operators and functions within Perl to read and
update the data stored within the data stream associated
with the filehandle.
A filehandle is a named internal Perl structure that associates
a physical file with a name
Three basic file handles are - STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR
Open Function

#!/usr/bin/perl
open(DATA, "<file.txt") or die "Couldn't open file file.txt, $!";
while(<DATA>)
{
print "$_";
}

DATA is the file handle, which will be used to read the file
Sysopen Function

sysopen(DATA, "file.txt", O_RDWR);


#Or to truncate the file before updating
sysopen(DATA, "file.txt", O_RDWR|O_TRUNC );

You can use O_CREAT to create a new file and O_WRONLY-


to open file in write only mode and O_RDONLY - to open file
in read only mode

O_RWDR, O_EXCL, and O_CREAT are all constants defined in


the Fcntl module. Put the line “use Fcntl;”
Close Function

close(DATA) || die "Couldn't close file properly";

To close a filehandle, and therefore disassociate the


filehandle from the corresponding file
Reading and Writing Files

reading
1-The <FILEHANDL> Operator:

#!/usr/bin/perl
open(DATA,"<import.txt") or die "Can't open data";
@lines = <DATA>;
close(DATA);

When you use the <FILEHANDLE> operator in a list context, it


returns a list of lines from the specified filehandle.

$name = <DATA>; ??
2-getc Function:

open(my $file , '<',”file.txt”);


$c = getc $file;

The getc function returns a single character from the specified


FILEHANDLE

while (defined($c = getc $file))


{
print $c, "\n";
}
Writing
1-Print Function:

print FILEHANDLE LIST;

The print function prints the evaluated value of LIST to


FILEHANDLE
Renaming a file
#!/usr/bin/perl
rename ("/usr/test/file1.txt", "/usr/test/file2.txt" );

rename a file file1.txt to file2.txt

Deleting an Existing File

#!/usr/bin/perl
unlink ("/usr/test/file1.txt");
Task:

Write a script which opens an existing file file1.txt and read it


line by line and generate another copy file file2.txt.
#!/usr/bin/perl

# Open file to read


open(DATA1, "<file1.txt“ );
# Open new file to write
open(DATA2, ">file2.txt");
# Copy data from one file to another.
while(<DATA1>)
{ print DATA2 $_; }
close( DATA1 );
close( DATA2 );
Format
Perl uses a writing template called a 'format' to output
reports.

format FormatName =
fieldline
value_one, value_two, value_three
fieldline
value_one, value_two
.
Fieldline:

fieldline can contain any text or fieldholders. The


fieldholders hold space for data that will be placed there at
a later date

Fieldholders:
@<<<< left-justified
@>>>> right-justified
@|||| centered
@####.## numeric field holder
@* multiline field holder

@<<<< This fieldholder is left-justified, with a field space


of 5. You must count the @ sign and the < signs to know the
number of spaces in the field.
#!/usr/bin/perl
format EMPLOYEE =
===================================
@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @<<
$name $age
@#####.##
$salary
===================================
Format declaration:

select(STDOUT);
$~ = format_name;
write;

Define a Report Header:


$^ = format_name;
Example:

#!/usr/bin/perl
format EMPLOYEE =
===================================
@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @<<
$name $age
@#####.##
$salary
===================================
.
format EMPLOYEE_TOP =
===================================
Name Age
===================================
.
select(STDOUT);
$~ = EMPLOYEE;
$^ = EMPLOYEE_TOP;

@n = ("Ali", "Raza", "Jaffer");


@a = (20,30, 40);
@s = (2000.00, 2500.00, 4000.000);

$i = 0;
foreach (@n){
$name = $_;
$age = $a[$i];
$salary = $s[$i++];
write; }
===================================
Name Age
===================================
===================================
Ali 20
2000.00
===================================
===================================
Raza 30
2500.00
===================================
===================================
Jaffer 40
4000.00
===================================
Error Handling
The warn Function:

The warn function just raises a warning, a message is printed


to STDERR, but no further action is taken.

chdir('/etc') or warn "Can't change directory";

The die function:

works just like warn, except that it also calls exit.

chdir('/etc') or die "Can't change directory";


Regular Expressions

There are three regular expression operators within Perl.


• Match Regular Expression - m//
• Substitute Regular Expression - s///
• Transliterate Regular Expression - tr///

The basic method for applying a regular expression is to use


the pattern binding operators =~ and !~.
1-The Matching Operator

#!/usr/bin/perl
$bar = "This is foo and again foo";
if ($bar =~ m[foo])
{ print "First time is matching\n"; }
else
{ print "First time is not matching\n"; }

First time is matching


#!/usr/bin/perl
$string = "The food is in the salad bar"; Before: The
$string =~ m/foo/; Matched :foo
print "Before: $`\n"; After: d is in the
print "Matched: $&\n"; salad bar
print "After: $'\n";

$&, which contains the entire matched string;


$`, which contains everything before the matched string;
$', which contains everything after the matched string.
2- The Substitution Operator

#/user/bin/perl
$string = "The cat sat on the mat";
$string =~ s/cat/dog/;
print "$string\n";

The dog sat on the mat


2-The Translation Operator

#/user/bin/perl
$string = 'The cat sat on the mat';
$string =~ tr/a/o/; The cot sot on the mot.
print "$string\n";

The translation replaces all occurrences of the characters in


SEARCHLIST with the corresponding characters in
REPLACEMENTLIST
To change the case of the string

$string =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;
Thank you

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