BSMT 3A Group 7 and 8 Chemical Method Sterilization Disinfection Presentation

Group 7 & 8
Chemical
Methods
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
CHEMICAL METHODS
Sterilization and Disinfection
01 02 03
Alcohols Aldehydes Halogens
melt and distort germs. glue and stop germs. Burn (oxidize) and tear germs.
01
Alcohols
Hydroxyl (-OH) germicides:
Ethyl alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
C2H5OH
• Naturally produced by fermenting yeasts->

beverage
• Effective in a lot of viruses
• but doesn’t include hepatitis A or poliovirus
Isopropyl Alcohol
C3H7OH
• Rubbing Alcohol
• Less effective against nonenveloped
viruses
• although effective against enclosed
viruses
Mechanism of Action
• “Like dissolves like”
• Alcohol breaks the lipid and denatures protein
• Using amphipathic property (has polar and
nonpolar)
• It exposes the proteins to the solvent.
• Interfere with the folding of proteins
• Forming hydrogen bonds with polar side
chains
• Dissolving the nonpolar side chains.
• Protein loses its shape and function ->
denaturation
Advantages
• Rapid action and evaporation (wide range of surfaces).
• Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
• No Toxic residues
• Non-Staining
Disadvantages
• Volatility limits long-lasting effects.
• Ineffectiveness against bacterial spores
-> Not recommended for sterilizing medical and
surgical materials
• Cannot penetrate protein-rich materials.
02
Aldehydes
Carbonyl (C=O) germicides:
Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde
Mechanism of Action
• Forms covalent bonds with
functional groups in proteins and
nucleic acids.
• In proteins, they cross-link between
adjacent amino acid residues.
• In nucleic acids, they covalent bond
to nitrogenous bases
• Leads to the inactivation or death
Formaldehyde
CH2O
• Gaseous Form as a Sterilant.
(wide range of microorganisms)
• Use as Disinfectant.
Effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi,
spores and viruses.
Formaldehyde
CH2O
• Use in Preserving Biological Specimens.

• Prevents decomposition to maintain the
morphology.
• For histological examination
• Inhibition Growth of Bacteria.

Embalming fixatives preserve tissues by
inhibiting bacteria
Advantages - Formaldehyde
• Highly effective disinfectant and sterilant.

• Preservation of biological specimen
• Relatively low cost
• Doesn't leave toxic residues after proper
aeration
Disadvantages - Formaldehyde
• Strong, pungent odor causing
respiratory irritation.
• Classified as a carcinogen
• Requires proper ventilation and
careful monitoring
• Ingestion of can cause burns and
ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
Glutaraldehyde
C5H8O2
• Use in Healthcare Settings.

• Broad spectrum (including bacterial spores, viruses,
and mycobacteria)
• Can penetrate complex medical instruments

(lumens and channels)
Advantages - Glutaraldehyde
• Rapid disinfection
• Cost-effective through limited reuse
• Effective even at lower temperatures.
• Strong antimicrobial activity, including
sporicidal action.
• Compatibility with a variety of materials
Disadvantages - Glutaraldehyde
• Strong, pungent odor (respiratory irritation)
• Prolonged exposure can lead to health risks
• May not be as stable as other disinfectants
• Potential toxicity and irritability to humans.
• Longer exposure times needed for spore
eradication.
03
Halogens
Group 17, salt-forming,
oxidizing germicides
Mechanism of Action
• Destroying proteins in cells.
• Disrupts by oxidizing proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and enzymes.
• Interferes with oxidative phosphorylation (cell
survival)
• Mechanism of action as a disinfectant: oxidizing.
HOW OXIDATION KILLS:
Chlorine (Cl)
• Chlorination -> used in disinfecting water.
• Sodium hypochlorite, (from chlorine bleach) is
routinely used.
• Chloramines kills disease-causing germs
• Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus.
• Chlorine Dioxide. More effective than chlorine for

viruses-contaminated water.
Advantages - Chlorine
• Inexpensive yet effective
• Fairly easy than other water treatment
• Effective household disinfectant as chlorinated
bleach
• Effective even at lower temperatures
• Stored for a long time without deterioration.
Disadvantages - Chlorine
• Cannot inactivate all microbes (Some
protozoan cysts)
• Some take 15 minutes to kill viruses.
• Lower effectiveness in turbid water
• Potential taste and odor objections.
• Explosive when mixed with carbon
monoxide gas
Iodine
• Antiseptic agent in surgical procedures.
• Skin infections of wounds, minor burns, and
scratches.
• Active component: Povidone-iodine (PVP-I).
• Providone-iodine:
water‐soluble compound of iodine and
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• Effective: Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,

fungi, and viruses.
Advantages - Iodine
• Wound healing applications (efficacy and
tolerability).
• Povidone iodine's broad spectrum of activity
• Ability to penetrate biofilms
• Lack of associated resistance
• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Low cytotoxicity and good tolerability
• No negative effect on wound healing observed
Limitations - Iodine
• Potential irritation, staining, and allergenic reactions.
• Variable activity based on pH and organic matter
• When taken by mouth: Unsafe when more than 1100

mcg daily
• Side effects risk: thyroid problems.
*When applied to the skin: Safe for most if diluted, but:

• May cause severe irritation or burns
• Rare: allergy with fever
• generalized skin eruptions may lead to death
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, September 18). Chemical disinfectants. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-
methods/chemical.html?fbclid=IwAR0d7S0MrxRB-qBey3RSg5BJKFGd-
MvFa4HEHegLygrzpWIxHKmW01N7ACE_aem_AYsSokdWKeni9SZs_4fmgNU7SZ-1Vi-
SBNWkZ04LTiVdmGCxqNKBsW4gY7QA50ztI-0
McDonnell, G., & Russell, A. D. (2001). Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance.
Clinical microbiology reviews, 14(1), 227.
National Library of Medicine . (2014). Use of disinfectants: Alcohol and bleach - infection prevention
and ... National library of medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214356/
Reynard Health Supplies. (2018, April 10). Using alcohol to disinfect healthcare surfaces.
https://reynardhealth.com/using-alcohol-to-disinfect-healthcare-surfaces/
Rutala, W. A., & Weber, D. J. (2019). Disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis: an overview. American
journal of infection control, 47, A3-A9.
Yetman, D. (2021, August 26). Ethyl alcohol vs. Isopropyl Alcohol: Uses and effectiveness.
Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/ethyl-alcohol-vs-isopropyl-alcohol
Thanks for listening!
Leuella Leanne A. Concel
Vohn Archie Edjan
Carla Marie Javelona
Flore May Landeza
Aubrey Mejorada
Richard John Rivas
Group 7 and 8
BSMT 3 - A

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Group 7 & 8

• Naturally produced by fermenting yeasts->

• Use in Preserving Biological Specimens.

• Inhibition Growth of Bacteria.

• Highly effective disinfectant and sterilant.

• Use in Healthcare Settings.

• Can penetrate complex medical instruments

• Chlorine Dioxide. More effective than chlorine for

• Effective: Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,

• When taken by mouth: Unsafe when more than 1100

*When applied to the skin: Safe for most if diluted, but:

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