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The Chemistry of Life Notes

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19 views4 pages

The Chemistry of Life Notes

Uploaded by

Maripane JT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: ____________________ Period:_____

Chapter 2 Notes: The Chemistry of Life


Words to Know: atom, nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons, element, compound, ionic bond, covalent
bond, molecule, hydrogen bond, solution, solute, solvent, pH, monomers, polymers, carbohydrates,
monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleic acids, nucleotides, proteins,
amino acids, chemical reaction, reactants, products, enzymes, substrates, active site, lock‐and‐key
model, organic

The Nature of Matter

Atom: The smallest _________________________ of an element that has the


_________________________ properties of the element.

 Three subatomic particles:


 Protons: _________________________
 Neutrons: _________________________
 Electrons: _________________________; in constant
_________________________ around the nucleus

 # protons = # electrons, so the atom is _________________________ overall.

Element: A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of _________________________.

 Listed on the _________________________.

 Ex: hydrogen (H)

Compounds: Two or more elements _________________________ combined together.

 The chemical and physical properties of a compound are _________________________


than the properties of the individual _________________________ from which it is
formed.

 Ex: NaCl

Chemical Bonds

 Two types:

 Covalent: Electrons are _________________________ (travel around both nuclei);


creates molecules

▪ Molecules: smallest _________________________ of a compound

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▪ Ex: H2O (_____ atoms of H, _____ atom of O)

 Ionic: Electrons are _________________________ from one atom to another

Properties of Water

Mixture: Composed of _________________________ or more elements or compounds.

 _________________________ chemically combined.

Solution: a _________________________ with components evenly distributed throughout

 Two parts:

Solute: the part that is _________________________

Solvent: the part that is _________________________

pH: Scale showing how acidic or basic a substance is.

 Acids: pH = 1‐7
 Bases: pH = 7‐14

Carbon Atoms

Why is Carbon in all life?

 Carbon has _____ electrons for bonding, so it can form strong covalent bonds with many other
elements (like H, O, P, S, and N).

 Carbon can form single, double and triple bonds with _________________________.

 Organic = contains _________________________

Macromolecules = _________________________ molecules

 Monomers: _________________________ unit

 Polymers: _________________________ compound

 Types of Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

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Macromolecule Chemical Examples Function in Living Things
Composition
Carbohydrates ‐ C, H, O ‐ monosaccharides: ‐ Main source of
_____________________ _______________________.
sugars ‐ Structural purposes in some
( glucose, fructose, cells
galactose) (_______________________
‐ polysaccharides: in plants).
_____________________
sugars (glycogen, starch)

Lipids ‐ C, H, O ‐ fats, oil, waxes ‐ _______________________


‐ Glycerol + fatty energy.
acid ‐ Membranes & waterproof
coverings.
‐ Chemical
________________________
(steroids).

Nucleic Acids ‐ C, H, O, N, P ‐ DNA, RNA ‐ Store & transmit


‐ sugar + _______________________.
phosphate group
(P) + nitrogenous
base (N)
‐ polymers of
______________
______________
Proteins ‐ C, H, O, N, S ‐ ‐ Control
‐ polymers of _____________________ ________________________
______________ (enzymes) & cell processes.
______________ ‐ Transport materials in &
out of cells.
‐ Fight disease
(______________________).

Chemical Reactions & Enzymes

Chemical Reactions: one set of chemicals _________________________ into another set of chemicals

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3

 Chemical reactions always involve the _________________________ of bonds in the reactants


and the _________________________ of new bond in the products.

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3

3
Reactants: elements or compounds that _________________________ into a reaction

 Ex: CO2 & H2O

Products: elements or compounds that are _________________________ by a reaction

 Ex: H2CO3

Atoms and Chemical Reactions

2HCl + 2Na ‐> 2NaCl + H2

 Remember the 2 after H2, means that there are _____ atoms of H in this molecule. (For
H2O, there are _____ atoms of H and _____atom of O.)

 The 2 in front of 2HCl, means that there is 2 of the _______________ molecule, so 2


atoms of H and 2 atoms of Cl.

Enzymes: _________________________ that act as


_________________________ in cells.

Substrates: the _________________________ of an enzyme‐


catalyzed reaction
Active site: the spot on the enzyme where the
substrate_________________________
 _________________________, pH and regulatory molecules
can affect the activity of enzymes.

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