ME 208

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Asst. Prof. Dr. Yiğit ERÇAYHAN

These slides have been prepared based upon
Beer-Johnston-Dewolf’s
Mechanics of Materials Book
McGraw Hill
Course Description: Concepts of stress and strain, material behavior, axial loading, thermal
deformations, torsion, simple bending, unsymmetric bending, elastic curve, stability of columns,
2-D state of stress, states of deformation, strain energy, failure hypotheses, combined loadings.
Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to introduce fundamentals of mechanics of
materials, to teach the analysis of stress, and strain for simple and combined loadings and their
use in mechanical design.
Prerequisites:Statics
Textbook(s): F.P. Beer and E.R. Johnston, “Mechanics of Materials”, McGraw-Hill Inti Book
Company

Syllabus: Learning Outcomes:

1. Introduction, principles and foundations
of mechanics of materials • Be able to distinguish two main types
2. Concepts of stress and strain, Hooke’s law of stress,
3. Axial loading • Calculate different types of stresses
4. Torsion arising from internal forces and
5. Simple bending moments,
6. Unsymmetric bending with normal force • Will be able to show the stress state
7. Elastic curve, integration method with the help of Mohr's Circle
8. Elastic curve, Castigliano’s method • Analyze the stability of columns and
9. Buckling of columns, Euler states beams,
10. 2-D state of stress, Mohr’s circle • Will be able to design elements used
11. States of deformation in engineering structures by using
12. Failure hypotheses various fracture hypotheses.
Evoluation System

Semester Activities Number Weighting

Quiz 2 20

Midterm 1 40

Final Exam 1 40

Total 4 100
Engineering Failures
Main Objective of Mechanics of Materials

• The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide

the future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the

determination of stresses and deformations.
Review of Statics

Statics has two main goals:

1. Introduction to basic concepts of force, couples and moments in

two and three dimensions structures.

2. Developments of analytical skills relevant to the areas.

Review of Statics
The expected achievements from statics course:

1. Distinguish between concurrent, coplanar and space forces;

2. Draw free body diagrams.(Two force and three force members)

3. Analyze the reactions and pin forces induces in coplanar and space
systems using equilibrium equations and free body diagrams.

4. Determine friction forces and their influence upon the equilibrium of a

system.

5. Apply analytical techniques and procedures in the solution of

engineering problems.
Review of Statics

• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom (50 mm x 30 mm) and
rod (d=20mm) joined by pins
at the junctions and
supports.
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force
in each structural member
and the reaction forces at the
supports
Review of Statics
Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and the
external loads and reaction forces are indicated

• Conditions for static equilibrium:

 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations
Review of Statics
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component and each point must satisfy the
conditions for static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN
• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
FBC  C x2  C y2  402  302  50 kN
FAB  A  40 kN
Reaction forces are directed along boom
and rod
Review of Statics
Method of Joints
Alternative Solution Of Using Two Force
Members Concept
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints (points) must satisfy the conditions for

static equilibrium which may be expressed in
the form of a force triangle:
 FB  0
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN
What is Stress?
While the results obtained in the preceding section represent a first and necessary
step in the analysis of the given structure, they do not tell us whether the given
load can be safely supported. Whether rod BC, for example, will break or not
under this loading depends not only upon the value found for the internal force Fbc,
but also upon the cross-sectional area of the rod and the material of which the rod
is made.

Indeed, the internal force Fbc actually represents the

resultant of elementary forces distributed over the
entire area A of the cross section and the average
intensity of these distributed forces is equal to the
force per unit area, Fbc/A, in the section.

The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces

distributed over a given section, is called the stress
on that section and is denoted by the Greek letter ϭ
(sigma).
What is Stress?
Stress Analysis

Can this structure safely support the 30 kN

load?

• From a statics analysis

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal reaction force is 50 kN with a
force intensity or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m2
• From the material properties for steel, the allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate
Analysis and Design
Design of new structures requires selection
of appropriate materials and component
dimensions to meet performance
requirements.

For reasons based on cost, weight,

availability, etc., the choice is made to
construct the rod from aluminum (σall= 100
MPa). What is an appropriate choice for
the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100 10 Pa
6

d2
A
4
4A 4500 10 6 m 2 
d   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is adequate

Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• Consider an axially loaded member. The
resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
• The normal stress at a particular point may not
be equal to the average stress but the resultant
of the stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from
statics alone.
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a
section infers that the line of action for
the resultant of the internal forces
passes through the centroid of the
section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the
end sections of two-force members are
applied at the section centroids. This is
referred to as centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an
axial force and a moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically

loaded members cannot be uniform or
symmetric.
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the member
AB.

• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C

and are called shearing forces.

• The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is

defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the load
P.

• The corresponding average shear stress is,

P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member
surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger than
the average value.

• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be

uniform.
Shearing Stress
Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins, and rivets used to connect various
structural members and machine components.

Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
• The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is equal
and opposite to the force exerted
on the pin.
• Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,

P P
b  
A td
Stress Analysis & Design Example
• Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown?

• From a statics analysis: FAB = 40

kN (compression) FBC = 50 kN
(tension)

• Must consider maximum normal

stresses in AB and BC, and the
shearing stress and bearing
stress at each pinned connection.
 Stress Analysis & Design Example
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50
kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in

the circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6 m2) is σ
BC = +159 MPa.

• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-

sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm40 mm  25 mm  300 10  6 m 2

P 50 103 N
 BC,end    167 MPa
A 300 10  6 m 2
• The boom is in compression with an axial force
of 40 kN and average normal stress of –26.7
MPa.

• The minimum area sections at the boom ends

are unstressed since the boom is in
compression.
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B, and C,
2
 25 mm  6 2
A r 
2
  491 10 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the force

exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C ,ave    102 MPa
A 491 106 m2

• The pin at A is in double shear with a total

force equal to the force exerted by the boom
AB,

P 20 kN
 A, ave    40.7 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Pin Shearing Stresses

• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine the

section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,

PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the

boom AB, we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,

P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm25 mm

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the

bracket, we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and
d = 25 mm,

P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 
Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force member result in

only normal stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and pins result in

only shear stresses on the plane
perpendicular to bolt or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or transverse

forces may produce both normal and shear
stresses with respect to a plane other than
one cut perpendicular to the member axis.
Stress on Oblique Plane

• Pass a section through the member forming

an angle θ with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the distributed

forces (stresses) on the plane must be
equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 
• The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are
F P cos P
   cos2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
   sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos
Maximum Stresses

• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique

plane
P P
 cos2   sin  cos
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when

the reference plane is perpendicular to the
member axis,
P
m    0
A0
• The maximum shear stress occurs for a
plane at + 45o with respect to the axis,

P P
m  sin 45 cos 45  
A0 2 A0
Stress Under General Loadings

• A member subjected to a general

combination of loads is cut into two
segments by a plane passing
through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on the
other segment of the member.
State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.

• The combination of forces generated by the

stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  M y  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
yield strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS  Factor of safety • types of failure
y yield stress • maintenance requirements and
FS  
 all allowable stress deterioration effects
• importance of member to structures
integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 2