BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

APPARATUS
(KCFM-101)
 Foreword
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 Important Information About This Manual

Reminder for Safety

Modification on Equipment:

This equipment should not be modified. Modification could affect its performance, safety or
disturbance. In addition damage or performance problems resulting from modification may not be
covered under warranties.

Precautions and Maintenance:

This is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that could cause minor or moderate personal injury
or damage to your equipment. To avoid or reduce the risk, the procedures must be followed
carefully.
 Contents
1. Objective …………………………………… 1

2. Aim …………………………………… 1

3. Introduction …………………………………… 1

4. Theory …………………………………… 1

5. Description …………………………………… 1

6. Utilities Required …………………………………… 2

7. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 2

8. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 3

9. Nomenclature …………………………………… 5

10. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 6

11. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 6

12. References …………………………………… 6

13. Block Diagram …………………………………… 7

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

(Rev. 1)
 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM APPARATUS
1. OBJECTIVE:
To verify Bernoulli’s equation experimentally.

2. AIM:
2.1 To calculate the total energy at different points

2.2 To plot the graph between total energy vs distance.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Bernoulli’s theorem state that when there is a continuous connection between particles of
flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of flow will remain the same
provided there is no reduction or addition of energy at any point.

4. THEORY:
This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy. This
equation states that at two sections of flow field the total energy remains the same.
Provided that there is no loss or gain of energy between the two sections. This equation is
valid only for steady flow. This equation is expressed as:

P1 V12 P V2
E   Z1  2  2  Z 2
 g 2g  g 2g

5. DESCRIPTION:
The present experimental set-up for Bernoulli’s Theorem is self-contained re-circulating
unit. The set-up accompanies the sump tank, overhead tank, centrifugal Pump for water
circulation. Control valve and by-pass valve is provided to regulate the flow of water in
constant head tank. A test section made of perspex, of varying cross section is provided,
which is having converging and diverging section. Piezometer tubes are fitted on this test
section at specified points. The inlet of the conduit is connected to overhead tank.
Discharge through test section can be measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

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6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
6.1 Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket
with earth connection. Earth voltage should be less than 5 volts.

6.2 Water Supply (Initial Fill).

6.3 Floor Drain Required.

6.4 Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

7.1.1 Ensure that all On/Off switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

7.1.2 Close all the valves V1 to V5.

7.1.3 Fill sump tank with water.

7.1.4 Open by-pass valve V2 given on the water supply line.

7.1.5 Switch On the main power supply & switch ON the pump.

7.1.6 Partially close by-pass valve V2 to allow water to fill in overhead tank.

7.1.7 Wait until overflow occurs from overhead tank.

7.1.8 Regulate flow of water through test section with the help of control valve V 1
provided at the end of test section.

7.1.9 Ensure that the overflow still occurs; if not partially close the by-pass valve
V2 to do so.

7.1.10 Measure pressure head by piezometer tubes.

7.1.11 Measure flow rate of water using measuring tank and stop watch.

7.1.12 Repeat steps (8) to (11) for different flow rate of water.

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

7.2.1 When experiment is over, switch off pump.

7.2.2 Switch off power supply to panel.

7.2.3 Drain water from all tanks with the help of given drain valves V3, V4 & V5.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

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8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

8.1 DATA:
Area of measuring tank A = 0.077 m2 Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

Sr. No. of Test Dia. of test point Cross Sectional area Distance of test point
points d (mm) at test point a (m2) from reference point
(d1-d7) (a1 – a7) S (m)
(S1 – S7)
1 0.021 0.000346185 1
2 0.017 0.000226865 2
3 0.01034 8.39287E-05 3
4 0.012 0.00011304 4
5 0.015 0.000176625 5
6 0.019 0.000283385 6
7 0.021 0.000346185 7

8.2 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. R1 R2 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7
t (s)
No (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8.3 CALCULATIONS:

R1  R 2
R (m)
100

AR
Q (m3/s)
t

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

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 Q
V1  (m/s)
a1

Q
V2  (m/s)
a2

Q
V3  (m/s)
a3

Q
V4  (m/s)
a4

Q
V5  (m/s)
a5

Q
V6  (m/s)
a6

Q
V7  (m/s)
a7

P1 h
 1 (m)
 g 100

P2 h
 2 (m)
 g 100

P3 h
 3 (m)
 g 100

P4 h
 4 (m)
 g 100

P5 h
 5 (m)
 g 100

P6 h
 6 (m)
 g 100

P7 h
 7 (m)
 g 100

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

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 P1 V12
E1   (m)
 g 2g

P2 V22
E2   (m)
 g 2g

P3 V32
E3   (m)
 g 2g

P4 V42
E4   (m)
 g 2g

P5 V52
E5   (m)
 g 2g

P6 V62
E6   (m)
 g 2g

P7 V72
E7   (m)
 g 2g

Plot the graph E (E1 to E7) vs. S (S1 to S7)

9. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Heading Unit Type

s
A Area of measuring tank m2 Given
2
a Cross sectional area at test point (a1-a7) m Given
d Diameter of the test point (d1-d7) mm Given
E Total energy at particular point (E 1 to E7) m Calculated
2
g Acceleration due to gravity m/s given
h Piezometric tube reading at particular point (h1-h7) m Measured
P Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure m Calculated
g  P P 
head at particular point  1 to 7 
g g
Q Discharge through test section m3/s Calculated
R Rise of water level in measuring tank m Calculated
R1 Final level of water in measuring tank cm Measured

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

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 R2 Initial level of water in measuring tank cm Measured
s Distance from reference point at particular point (S1-S7) m Given
t Time taken for R s Measured

V2 Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at m Calculated

2g V 2 V 2 
particular point  1 to 7 
 2g 2 g 

10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and above 230
volts.

10.2 To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.

10.3 Always use clean water.

10.4 Always keep apparatus free from dust.

10.5 Don’t perform experiment without maintaining water in overhead tank.

10.6 Drain the apparatus completely after experimentation.

11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
11.1 If pump gets jammed, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually.

11.2 If pump gets heated up, switch off the pump for 30 minutes.

12. REFERENCES:
12.1 Streeter, Victor L. Wylie, E. Benjamin (1983). Fluid Mechanics. 1st Ed. NY:
McGraw Hill. pp 101-104.

12.2 Garde, R.J. (1997). Fluid Mechanics through Problems. 2nd Ed. ND: New age
International. pp 58-59.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

Page No. 6 of 7 (Rev. 1)
13. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS

Page No. 7 of 7 (Rev. 1)