1

CHAPTER I

The Problem

Background of the Study

In this generation, earth has accumulated tons of plastics in which it became one of the

biggest problems to all people. Plastics that was once a convenience to consumers, now harms

Earth. However, plastics play a vital role in both industry and household appliances. Plastics are

widely employed in a wide range of products, including hand luggage, cold drink bottles, toys,

food packaging, electronic equipment components and containers, vehicle parts, office building

segments, furniture, dress materials, etc. As a result, it is now the biggest contributor to pollution

which contributes significantly to numerous environmental issues, such as global warming, due

to its high emission of carbon. In the previous study of UN environment programme (n.d.), states

that 19–23 million tons of plastic trash are released into aquatic environments each year,

degrading lakes, rivers, and oceans. Also, the accumulation of plastic has the potential to modify

ecosystems' capacity to adapt to climate change, altering habitats, natural processes, and social

and economic well-being for millions of people. An article written by Shravya et al. (2021)

mentioned that poor waste management and lack of public awareness are to blame for the rise in

plastic pollution.

Previous literature of Ramos (2023) mentioned that the Philippines contributed the most

to the total amount of plastic debris dumped into the ocean in 2019. On the other hand, India, the

second-largest plastic polluter, which was responsible for around 12.92% of the total in the same

year, the country was accountable for 36.38% of the world's oceanic plastic garbage. Seven of

the top 10 plastic-polluted rivers in the world are in the Philippines, where 80 percent of plastic

debris is said to come from rivers. In 2017, the Yangtze River in China was overtaken by the
 2

Pasig River as the most polluted river (Ramos, 2023). It was also indicated in the study of SEA

circular (n.d.) that the Philippines' plastic market is worth more than 1283.71 million US dollars

(2016) and is expected to expand at a compound yearly growth rate of 6.11% between 2018 and

2023. About 48% of plastic is used for packaging as of 2017, and packaging waste is the main

source of marine litter and plastic pollution. Local governments frequently lack access to

recycling facilities and waste collection services. Where they exist, ineffective wastewater and

drainage systems further impair wastewater collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal

systems, causing marine debris and plastic pollution. As plastic pollution becomes a global

problem, locales have started planning and taking actions in order to minimize and control this

such the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for the project "Plastic Recovery and Recycling for

Clean Coasts" was signed on July 15, 2021, at the Hotel Ariana in Paringao, Bauang, La Union,

by a number of partners from the public, corporate, and academic sectors.

Disposing plastics is close to impossible as it takes years for a tiny plastic to disintegrate.

This is mainly because plastics are non-biodegradable, and decomposing plastic takes hundreds

or thousands of years. To solve this problem, the industry has developed bioplastics, which are

environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and provides an effective way to replace single use

plastics. One promising area of research in the field of bioplastics is the utilization of natural

products that will be faster to disintegrate. Bioplastics are biodegradable plastics that are thought

to be less damaging to the environment due to their potential for decomposition by living things,

carbon dioxide (CO2), biomass, or water. Biodegradable plastics are functionally equivalent to

ordinary plastics, though they can be broken down by microbes, which results in the production

of water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). In other words, they may be

recycled into nature after being used, which is why they are called eco-friendly plastics.
 3

Furthermore, bioplastics can disintegrate 10 to 20 times faster than conventional plastics, which

take 50 years to breakdown in nature (Wahyuningtiyas & Suryanto, 2017).

Renewable sources like plants (corn, starch, rice, sweet potato, sugarcane), bacteria

(Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), algal (microalgae like

Spirulina dregs, macroalgae like Seaweeds) and seaweeds (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta,

Rhodophyta) can be used as an alternative source for plastic, because of its biodegradability, eco-

friendly and edibility. Seaweed could be utilized to make biodegradable, high-quality bioplastic

since it is a renewable source of biomass and contains polymers formed from sugars that contain

carbon. Since seaweed is abundant in polysaccharides and is utilized extensively in the fields of

food technology, microbiology, biotechnology, and even medicine, rather than the plastic sector,

seaweed should ideally be employed in the production of bioplastic. (Shravya et al., 2021). To

include, starch is a natural polymer derived from plants and, can be utilized to create

biodegradable polymers due to its eco-friendliness, abundance, and affordability. A significant

portion of the starch found in cassava can be used to make bioplastics. This possibility is a

fantastic chance to increase the value of cassava as a raw material for the production of

environmentally friendly polymers. Cassava holds enormous potential for the manufacturing of

bioplastics. However, it hasn’t received the attention or care it deserves, and more research really

should be done (Wahyuningtiyas & Suryanto, 2017). In addition, elastic additives such as

plasticizers are widely utilized to improve the quality of bioplastics. Plasticizers such as glycerol

and sorbitol are frequently utilized in the manufacturing of bioplastics due to their low cost and

ease of availability. Glycerol is a common plasticizer because it offers benefits such as enhancing

the flexibility and elasticity of bioplastics and adding flexibility to the starch structure so that it

can be shaped (Hamsina et al., 2022) in which coconut oil is a versatile and widely available

natural oil with various beneficial properties. It enhances the flexibility and flow properties of
 4

the bioplastics, making them more suitable for various applications. Furthermore, coconut oil can

be derived from coconut meat. In accordance to the article of Gutierrez et al. (2014), it was stated

that Coconut oil is mostly made of saturated fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, palmitic, and

stearic acids. Additionally, it also contains monounsaturated (oleic acid) and polyunsaturated

(linoleic acid) fatty acids. Coconut oil is utilized as a plasticizer in natural rubbers due to its

composition. Coconut oil has been explored as an alternative plasticizer to glycerol in bioplastic

formulations. Glycerol is a commonly used plasticizer, but coconut oil offers the advantage of

being derived from a renewable source.

With all the disadvantages and harm that plastics can contribute to an individual and to

the environment, the researchers will investigate the feasibility of seaweed, starch derived from

cassava stem and peeling, and coconut meat in the production of bioplastics bags. Furthermore,

the researchers will examine the different properties and the potential of each material in making

bioplastics bags.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the feasibility of cassava starch, coconut meat, and seaweeds

as an effective source in making bioplastic. Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following

research questions:

1. What are the components of cassava starch, coconut meat, and sargassum that will make it

feasible to use in making bioplastic?

2. What is the effectivity of the bioplastic in terms of

a. durability
 5

b. resistance to water

c. elasticity

d. flexibility

3. Is there a significant difference among the three treatments in durability, resistance to water,

elasticity, and flexibility?

Scope and Delimitation

The study is all about bioplastic an eco-friendly solution to .This study seeks to provide

solution to the huge contribution of plastic to the worldwide pollution. In addition, it will test the

capability of bioplastics in comparison to single use plastic. The time frame for this study will be

6 months for creating and finalizing the product. The study will be conducted at Camindoroan,

San Juan, Ilocos Sur. The data and result will be gathered thru experimenting and testing various

methods on making bioplastic. This study is limited to testing the feasibility of Cassava Starch,

Coconut Meat, and Seaweeds as bioplastics.

Hypothesis

H o : There is no significant effect to the biodegration rate of bioplastics made from cassava

starch, coconut meat, and seaweeds in the soil.

Significance of the Study

This study is intended to be beneficial to the following:

To the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The study’s findings can

support the department’s efforts in promoting effective practices in reducing plastic wastes. It

can provide valuable information on alternative materials for bioplastic bag production, aligning

with their goals of environmental conservation and waste management.

 6

People. Individuals can benefit from the availability of bioplastics made from cassava starch,

coconut meat, and seaweed. These offer an effective alternative to traditional plastics, reducing

the environmental impact of plastic pollution. People can contribute to a cleaner environment by

using biodegradable and minimizing their environmental impact.

To the Community. The study’s outcomes can have positive implications for local

communities. If the feasibility of these effective sources for bioplastic is established, it can create

new economic opportunities. Farmers and harvesters involved in cassava, coconut, and seaweed

cultivation may find increased demand for their products, leading to improved community

development.

To the Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs in the bioplastic industry can benefit from the

study by exploring the market potential of cassava starch, coconut meat, and seaweeds as raw

materials for bioplastic bag production. It can open up new avenues for product development and

market expansion, catering to the growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives.

To the Future Researchers. The study can serve as a foundation for future research and

innovation in the field of effective materials. It can inspire and guide researchers to explore other

uses, changes, and improvements in utilizing cassava starch, coconut meat, and seaweeds for

bioplastic production. This can contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the

development of more effective solutions.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
VARIABLE

DURABILITY

RESISTANCE TO
WATER BIOPLASTIC BAGS
 7

ELASTICITY

FLEXIBILITY

Figure 1: A Diagram that shows the Variables of this Study

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terminologies were defined in the context in which it was used in this

study along with its definition for further understanding and clarity to this research study.

Bioplastic Bags. The product made from the raw materials to lessen plastics wastes.

Cassava Starch. The raw material used for amylose content of starch which is a crucial

content for the manufacture of bioplastics. Amylose is necessary for gelatinization and

retrogradation, two processes necessary for the development of films.

Coconut Meat. The raw material that was extracted in order to produce oil as a glucose

in making the bioplastic bag.

Feasibility. This refers to the effectiveness of the raw materials in producing Bioplastic

Bags out of cassava starch, seaweed, and coconut meat.

Seaweeds.The utilization of the seaweed-derived polysaccharides alginate, agar, and

carrageenan, which are well suited for the creation of coatings and films due to their ability to

gel.
 8

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The concepts, findings or generalizations, methodology, and additional information

relevant to the current investigation are all included in this chapter. This chapter’s materials aid

in familiarizing readers with information that is pertinent to and related to the current subject.

The studies and literature pertaining to the current research project that assisted the investigator

in developing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the investigation are presented in this

chapter.

Plastic Pollution

Plastics are everywhere. Plastic pollution is strangling our oceans, endangering human

health, and destroying ecosystems that are essential to our way of life. The effect of plastics to

the environment is undeniable as it is continuously damaging all the species and natural

resources. The release of dangerous substances into the environment is known as pollution

(National Geographic, n.d.). It is also the largest environmental cause of disease and premature

death. For the past years, plastic pollution had been an issue globally, and locally. Plastic

pollution is a severe worldwide problem that calls for an immediate, multilateral response from

all pertinent parties at various levels. A study conducted by Rhodes (2018) noted that the amount

of plastic produced worldwide has surpassed that of the preceding fifty years since 2004. The
 9

estimated total mass of virgin plastics produced to date is 8.3 billion tonnes, primarily from

natural gas and crude oil used as fuel and chemical feedstocks (Rhodes, 2018). In addition,

plastic can describe a complex reality that includes a large range of polymers and additives with

various chemical and physical characteristics. The final goods include fishing lines, buoys,

single-use plastic bottles, food wraps, and bags, as well as synthetic fibers used in the apparel

and fishing industries (Boucher & Billard, 2019).

Plastic pollution is as widespread as plastic consumption. An extraordinary

environmental problem is brought on by the estimated 10 million tons of plastic waste that seep

into the ocean annually. Due to disorganized evaluation campaigns and technology limitations,

measuring or forecasting this issue is a difficult and complex process. Similar in the previous

study of UN environment programme (n.d.), states that 19–23 million tons of plastic trash are

released into aquatic environments each year, degrading lakes, rivers, and oceans. Also, the

accumulation of plastic has the potential to modify ecosystems’ capacity to adapt to climate

change, altering habitats, natural processes, and social and economic well-being for millions of

people.

The increase in plastic pollution is not surprising, given that plastics provide many

benefits to the society due to its low production costs, malleability, durability, lightness. Plastic

output has increased annually since the 1950s, from nearly zero to over 335 million tons in 2017

(Geyer, Jambeck and Law, 2017; PlasticsEurope, 2017 as cited in the study of Boucher &

Billard, 2019). Future growth is expected to reach 4% annually. Furthermore, the plastic crisis

highlights how important it is to manage environmental trade-offs and steer businesses and

governments toward sensible product design and waste management infrastructure by utilizing

improved forecasting indicators (Boucher & Billard, 2019). To include, previous research of Dell

(2019) indicated the announcement or implementation of China’s National Sword policy in

 10

2015, 2.26 million tons of plastic garbage from the United States were shipped and reported as

recycled. With 3.14 million tons recorded as recycled overall by the USEPA, only over 0.88

million tons of municipal plastic garbage were recycled domestically in the United States in

2015. Due to this, the amount is merely 2.5 percent of the 34.5 million tons of plastic waste

produced by Americans. In 2015, the United States burned over six times as much municipal

plastic waste as it recycled domestically (Dell, 2019).

In the Philippines, plastic pollution continues to be a significant issue because there are

not enough sanitary landfills and there are tight regulations on creating new ones. A recent study

by Legaspi (n.d.) mentioned that fromFebruary 2023, the Philippines is the leading country

responsible for ocean plastic trash pollution. Up to 35% of the plastics in the ocean are said to

have come from this nation based to a Visual Capitalist analysis. However, the study of

Fernandez (2020), the Philippines is the third-biggest polluter in the world, behind China and

Indonesia, producing 2.7 million metric tonnes of plastic garbage annually. Moreover, it was also

indicated in the same study of Fernandez (2020) that despite having one of the highest rates of

garbage collection in Southeast Asia, the Philippines’ waste management methods are not up to

par, as per a 2018 study on the subject. There are still 403 open dumpsites and 108 controlled

dumpsites in the Philippines, despite the country’s solid waste management law, which was

passed nearly 20 years ago, requiring all open dumpsites to be converted into sanitary landfills.

(Fernandez, 2020).

Previous literature of Ramos (2023) mentioned that the Philippines contributed the most

to the total amount of plastic debris dumped into the ocean in 2019. On the other hand, India, the

second-largest plastic polluter, which was responsible for around 12.92% of the total in the same

year, the country was accountable for 36.38% of the world’s oceanic plastic garbage. Seven of

the top 10 plastic-polluted rivers in the world are in the Philippines, where 80 percent of plastic
 11

debris is said to come from rivers. In 2017, the Yangtze River in China was overtaken by the

Pasig River as the most polluted river (Ramos, 2023). It was also indicated in the study of SEA

circular (n.d.) that the Philippines’ plastic market is worth more than 1283.71 million US dollars

(2016) and is expected to expand at a compound yearly growth rate of 6.11% between 2018 and

2023. About 48% of plastic is used for packaging as of 2017, and packaging waste is the main

source of marine litter and plastic pollution. Local governments frequently lack access to

recycling facilities and waste collection services. Where they exist, ineffective wastewater and

drainage systems further impair wastewater collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal

systems, causing marine debris and plastic pollution. As plastic pollution becomes a global

problem, locales have started planning and taking actions in order to minimize and control this

such the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for the project “Plastic Recovery and Recycling

for Clean Coasts” was signed on July 15, 2021, at the Hotel Ariana in Paringao, Bauang, La

Union, by a number of partners from the public, corporate, and academic sectors.

Bioplastic Bag Sources

Plastic pollution is surely a hard problem to resolve since plastics take years to

decompose because plastics are non-biodegradable. However, development of

bioplastics emerged as an alternative use for plastics which would help lessen the

environmental impact of single-used plastics. One promising area of research in the

field of bioplastics is the utilization of natural products that will be faster to

disintegrate. Bioplastics are biodegradable plastics that are thought to be less

damaging to the environment due to their potential for decomposition by living

things, carbon dioxide (CO2), biomass, or water. Biodegradable plastics are

functionally equivalent to ordinary plastics, though they can be broken down by

 12

microbes, which results in the production of water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2),

and methane (CH4). In other words, they may be recycled into nature after being

used, which is why they are called eco-friendly plastics. Furthermore, bioplastics

can disintegrate 10 to 20 times faster than conventional plastics, which take 50 years

to breakdown in nature (Wahyuningtiyas & Suryanto, 2017).

Renewable sources like plants (corn, starch, rice, sweet potato, sugarcane), bacteria

(Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), algal (microalgae like

Spirulina dregs, macroalgae like Seaweeds) and seaweeds (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta,

Rhodophyta) can be used as an alternative source for plastic, because of its biodegradability, eco-

friendly and edibility (Shravya et al., 2021). In accordance to the previous study of Consebit et

al., (2022), it was mentioned that algae are beneficial potential bioplastic processing partner.

More people are beginning to view seaweed as a substitute resource can generate food,

chemicals, and biofuels (Sudhakar et al., 2018 as cited in the study of Consebit et al., 2022).

Furthermore, seaweeds are employed as one of the possibilities for the manufacture of

bioplastics because of their high biomass (Rajendran et al., 2012 as cited in the study of Consebit

et al., 2022). In the packaging business, seaweed is frequently utilized as a bioplastic (Gade et

al., 2013). Similarly, Shravya et al., (2021) have also stated that seaweed could be utilized to

make biodegradable, high-quality bioplastic since it is a renewable source of biomass and

contains polymers formed from sugars that contain carbon. Since seaweed is abundant in

polysaccharides and is utilized extensively in the fields of food technology, microbiology,

biotechnology, and even medicine, rather than the plastic sector, seaweed should ideally be

employed in the production of bioplastic (Shravya et al., 2021). In addition, the strong

mechanical strength of seaweed-based bioplastics is one of their primary features, owing to a

high cellulose content of 17.47%, which strengthens the link, and common polysaccharides like
 13

agar, carrageenan, and alginate, which offer good gelling capabilities when the film sheet is

formed. Cellulose has been frequently employed to enhance the mechanical qualities of

bioplastics based only on polysaccharides (Shravya et al., 2021). Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are

typically found in coastal regions adhering to rocks or other substrates. Seaweeds are widely

accessible, inexpensive, adaptable to a variety of growing conditions, and simple to grow without

the need for pesticides or fertilizers. Seaweed is abundant in polysaccharides and has a high

biomass. The hydrocolloids generated from seaweed, such as alginate, agar, and carrageenan,

have a variety of uses as biopolymers in the manufacture of bioplastics. Polymers known as

polysaccharides have garnered significant attention within the packaging sector. Agar, alginate,

and carrageenan—all derived from various kinds of red seaweed—are included in

polysaccharides [49]. Three primary kinds of linear sulfated polysaccharides called carrageenans

are derived from edible red seaweeds: In the presence of potassium ions, kappa(k) forms a

strong, stiff gel; this feature makes it useful for the creation of transparent films. When calcium

ions are present, iota(l) forms a soft gel. Lambda (λ) is used to thicken dairy products and

carrageenan, which is derived from many species of red seaweed, without forming gel. Agar is a

phycocolloid that is taken out of the cell walls of red algae, such as Gracilaria and Gelidium.

During the Bioplastic's manufacture, agar is used as a thickening and gelling agent. In hot water,

agar dissolves, but not in cold water. Agar also offers pathogen resistance and can produce gels

without the need for other ingredients like calcium or potassium (Shravya et al., 2021).

Elastic additives such as plasticizers are widely utilized to improve the quality of

bioplastics. Plasticizers such as glycerol and sorbitol are frequently utilized in the manufacturing

of bioplastics due to their low cost and ease of availability. Glycerol is a common plasticizer

because it offers benefits such as enhancing the flexibility and elasticity of bioplastics and adding

flexibility to the starch structure so that it can be shaped (Hamsina et al., 2022) in which coconut
 14

oil is a versatile and widely available natural oil with various beneficial properties. The study of

Magar et al., (2015) also mentioned that oil is a good carbon source to produce bioplastic. Oils

that are rich in carbon, like coconut oil, can be used to produce bioplastics. It has compounds of

carbon in it that microorganisms can utilize for synthesis or fermentation to create biopolymers

(Tan & Li, 2018). It enhances the flexibility and flow properties of the bioplastics, making them

more suitable for various applications. Furthermore, Coconut oil can be extracted from coconut

meat and used as a component in the production of bioplastics. In accordance to the article of

Gutierrez et al. (2014), it was stated that coconut oil is mostly made of saturated fatty acids such

as lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Along with the previous study of Conato and

Florentino (2012), it was referred that they created biodegradable polymers, such as clay, plastic,

and rubber, using a major fatty acid from coconut oil. It was discovered that the plastic they

produced degrades more quickly than plastic that comes from petroleum. Coconut oil contains

fatty acids and Dodecanoic acid is one of the fatty acids found in coconut oil (Sumera et al.,

2012). Fatty acids can be used in the production of bioplastics, specifically in the formation of

polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PHAs are a type of biodegradable plastic that can serve as an

alternative to conventional synthetic plastics. Fatty acids can be used as supplements in the

formation of PHA monomers, which have the potential to serve as biodegradable plastics

(Srivastava & Tripathi, 2013). Additionally, it also contains monounsaturated (oleic acid) and

polyunsaturated (linoleic acid) fatty acids. Coconut oil is utilized as a plasticizer in natural

rubbers due to its composition. Coconut oil has been explored as an alternative plasticizer to

glycerol in bioplastic formulations. Glycerol is a commonly used plasticizer, but coconut oil

offers the advantage of being derived from a renewable source. Similar to the study of Bhasney

et al., (2017) stated that coconut oil can be used to make bioplastics after it has been obtained.

By serving as a plasticizer, coconut oil can enhance the mechanical and flexible qualities of
 15

bioplastics. It can also improve the bioplastic pieces’ transparency and water vapor permeability,

which allows them to be used for things like food packaging (Bhasney et al., 2017). Another

component that is good for the production of bioplastics is the presence of lauric acid in which

coconut oil has it. As stated in the recent article of Adorna et al., (2020), lauric acid can be

incorporated into bioplastics to improve their thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical

properties. It can be used as a plasticizer to reduce the intramolecular forces between polymer

molecules, effectively decreasing the glass temperature of the bioplastic composite. This helps to

address the immiscibility between different components of the bioplastic (Adorna et al., 2020).

Based on the past information indicated in the study of Boateng et al., (2016), lauric acid and

other medium-chain fatty acids make up more than half of the fat in coconut oil. The best natural

source of lauric acid is coconut oil. Approximately 50% of the lipid generated from coconut fat

is composed of lauric acid and its derivative monolaurin (Boateng et al., 2016).

Starch is a natural polymer derived from plants and, can be utilized to create

biodegradable polymers due to its eco-friendliness, abundance, and affordability. A significant

portion of the starch found in cassava can be used to make bioplastics. This possibility is a

fantastic chance to increase the value of cassava as a raw material for the production of

environmentally friendly polymers. Cassava holds enormous potential for the manufacturing of

bioplastics. However, it hasn’t received the attention or care it deserves, and more research really

should be done (Wahyuningtiyas & Suryanto, 2017).

The widespread usage of plastics made of petrochemicals is now seriously harming the

environment and human health. This issue stems from the fact that most of these plastics are not

biodegradable and that their interior structures include certain chemicals that can occasionally be

hazardous. Thus, the creation of less hazardous and biodegradable polymers offers an alternative
 16

to petrochemical plastics. An example of biodegradable plastics are the case of Corn and cassava

starches which were used to create two different kinds of bioplastics. The only material used to

create the basic bioplastics was starch. The natural component that was taken out of the Cola

cordifolia species was added to the starch to create the composite bioplastics. Tests including soil

burial were used to evaluate the biodegradability. The burial soil pH measurement verified the

biodegradation (Zoungrana, Y., Lynda, E., Dobi-Brice, K. K., Tchirioua, E., Bakary, C., and

Yannick, D. D., 2020).

Algae serve as a good candidate for bioplastic processing. Seaweed is getting considered

as an alternative resource to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and food (Sudhakar et al., 2018 as

cited in Shravya S., Vybhava Lakshmi N., Pooja P., Kihore Kumar C., & Sadashiva Murthy B.,

2021). Due to the seaweeds' high biomass, it is used as one of the alternatives for the

development of bioplastics (Rajendran et al., 2012). Seaweed is commonly used as bioplastic in

the packaging industry (Gade et al., 2013 as cited in Shravya et al., 2021). One of the main

characteristics of seaweed-based bioplastics is that it has a high mechanical strength due to a

high cellulose content specifically 17.47% which reinforces bonding, while the common

polysaccharides, such as alginate, carrageenan and agar, provide a good gelling capability during

the forming of the film sheet. Cellulose has been widely used to improve mechanical properties

of pure polysaccharides-based bioplastics. Seaweeds are macroalgae that generally live attached

to rock or any other substrate in the coastal areas (Shravya et al., 2021)

Seaweeds are abundantly available, able to grow in a wide range of environments, cost

effective, no fertilizer and pesticides required and easy to cultivate. Seaweed has high biomass

and is rich in Polysaccharides, agarose, ulvan and fucoidal. The seaweed derived hydrocolloids

have a diverse application as a Biopolymer in Bioplastic synthesis such as alginate, Agar, and
 17

Carrageenan. Polysaccharides are Polymers that have gained a high-level interest in the packing

industry. Polysaccharides contain Agar, Alginate and carrageenan extracted from many species of

red seaweed (Shravya et al., 2021)

Carrageenans are linear sulfated polysaccharides extracted from edible red Seaweeds, it

has three main classes: Kappa(k) forms strong, rigid gel in the presence of potassium ions and

due to this property, it is used in the formation of transparent film. lota (1) forms soft gel in the

presence of calcium ions. Lambda(1) does not form gel and it is used to thicken dairy products

and Carrageenan extracted from many species of red seaweed. Agar is a phycocolloid extracted

from the cell wall of a group of red algae including Gelidium and Gracilaria. Agar is used as a

thickening and gelling agent while synthesising the Bioplastic. Agar is soluble in hot water and

insoluble in cold water. Agar provides resistance to pathogens. Agar does not require any

additional aids like potassium or calcium for gel formation. Alginates are abundantly present in

brown algae like Laminaria japonica and Laminaria digitata. Alginate is extracted by aqueous

alkali solution treatment with NaOH, then the extract is filtered with sodium alginate powder

which is soluble only in water. Calcium alginate is insoluble in water and organic solution hence

Ca2+ is removed. Then, obtained alginate can be used in various other applications (Shravya et

al., 2021)

The two ingredients that make up cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch are amylose and

amylopectin. Since starch is a very advantageous raw material in the production of plastic, it can

be thought of as a polymer. The growing number of individuals utilizing environmentally

harmful plastics is forcing researchers to consider investigating cassava starch as a potential

useful ingredient in the creation of bioplastics. The goal was to develop a bioplastic that would
 18

aid society in addressing environmental problems (Illut, H. R. V., Mangune, M. A. P., Ramiro,

and V. J. P., 2019).

Thus, this study set out to enhance the cassava starch-based bio-plastic production

method. To create a fine white powder, the cassava was dried in an oven at 800 degrees Celsius

for 24 hours in order to extract the starch. Following a thorough mixing of 20g of extracted dried

starch with 200ml of distilled water, 15ml of glycerol, and 15ml of either 0.5M acetic acid or

0.5M hydrochloric acid (HCI), the mixture was heated to 1600C to form a gel-like substance.

This was then dried for 24 hours at 700C or 800C, respectively, in an oven to create a bioplastic

with various properties. To characterize bioplastic, the biodegradability and solubility test was

used. The biodegradability % of bioplastic from weak acid was found to be greater at

80.89±1.404, whereas that from strong acid (0.5M HCI) was 47.12±1.038. The bioplastic

produced with weak acid dissolved in 8 days whereas the other disintegrated in 17 days when the

identical pieces were submerged in water. The biodegradability of the bioplastics suggested that

they were environmentally benign, but their high solubility rendered them inappropriate for

extended storage. According to the study's findings, 1600C for the gelation temperature and

700C and 800C for the bioplastic drying temperatures from weak acid (0.5M acetic acid) and

strong acid (0.5M HCI) respectively are the ideal conditions for producing bioplastic from

cassava starch. It is advised to conduct more research to determine the ideal substance to

combine with starch to improve its long-term storage qualities (Aculet, J., 2019)

Numerous stakeholders in the Asian cassava industry have confirmed the significance of

cassava in the region for generating income and promoting more parity between socioeconomic

groups. Although its significance as a crop for food security is decreasing, it is still a crop in

some areas. Both the production (soil conservation, fertility management) and processing (starch
 19

factory wastes) aspects of environmental impact are of importance. Finding market prospects is

essential to determining future potential because generating cash is the primary objective of

development. The primary current and future market potential in the region are viewed as

follows: flour, animal feed, snack and ethnic foods (specialty and niche markets), native and

modified starch, and value-added processes to extract a wide range of household and industrial

products from starch. About 33% of the world's cassava crop is used in the animal food sector,

whereas 60% of it is produced for human use in various forms. Industries employ the remaining

7% to make goods like paper, organic acids, taste and fragrance compounds, textiles, and cassava

bagasse. During the industrial processing of cassava, peels, solids, and wastewater are the three

main types of leftovers produced. While the wastes have a low protein content, they produce

enormous amounts of residues that are rich in carbohydrates when the tubers are used to make

"garri" and cassava flour (Olukanni, D. O. & Olatunji T. Ο., 2018).

Most the nation's rural cassava-processing companies are severely financially impacted

by the expenses related to the handling and disposal of these wastes. Due to this difficulty, the

majority of rural cassava processors decide to release the wastes produced during the processing

of cassava into the environment. It has been determined that these wastes hazardous to the

environment.

According to this research by Veiga-Santos P., Oliveira L. M., Cereda M.P., Scamparini

A.R.P. (2007), cassava starch films with added sucrose or invert sugar had longer break times.

But the effect of sucrose was larger than that of invert sugar. Moreover, inverting sucrose and

sugar enhanced the material's kinesthetic water absorption. Gelatin and other widely used

additives had no effect on the mechanical properties of cassava starch films that had inverted
 20

sugar or more sucrose added to them. The results of using cassava as a plasticizer were

influenced by its acidic pH and starch contents.

Coconut oil can be extracted from coconut meat and used component in the production of

bioplastics. The coconut oil can be used to make bioplastics after it has been obtained. By

serving as a plasticizer, coconut oil can enhance the mechanical and flexible qualities of

bioplastics. Additionally, it can improve the bioplastic pieces' transparency and water vapor

permeability, which allows them to be used for things like food packaging (Bhasney et al., 2017).

Oil is a good carbon source to produce bioplastic (Magar et al., 2015). Conato and Florentino

(2012) created biodegradable polymers, such as clay, plastic, and rubber, using a major fatty acid

from coconut oil. It was discovered that the plastic they produced degrades more quickly than

plastic that comes from petroleum.

Moreover, oils that are rich in carbon, like coconut oil, can be used to produce

bioplastics. It has compounds of carbon in it that microorganisms can utilize for synthesis or

fermentation to create biopolymers (Tan & Li, 2018). Coconut oil contains fatty acids and

Dodecanoic acid is one of the fatty acids found in coconut oil (Sumera et al., 2012). Fatty acids

can be used in the production of bioplastics, specifically in the formation of

polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PHAs are a type of biodegradable plastic that can serve as an

alternative to conventional synthetic plastics. Fatty acids can be used as supplements in the

formation of PHA monomers, which have the potential to serve as biodegradable plastics

(Srivastava & Tripathi, 2013).

On the other hand, Lauric acid can be incorporated into bioplastics to improve their

thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical properties. It can be used as a plasticizer to reduce the

intramolecular forces between polymer molecules, effectively decreasing the glass temperature
 21

of the bioplastic composite. This helps to address the immiscibility between different

components of the bioplastic (Adorna et al., 2020).

CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter outlines the research methods the researchers will use to carry out the study,

including the research design, population of the study, research instrument and its development

and validation, data gathering procedures, and the appropriate statistical analysis of the data.

Research Design

The purpose of this study is to discover the feasibility of Cassava starch, Coconut meat,

and Seaweeds as an effective source of bioplastic bags. The study will be experimented at

Barangay Sabangan, San Juan, Ilocos Sur. In addition, the study will use a quasi- experimental

design and the research will also employ random sampling which ensure that everyone has equal

chance to be chosen in this study. This researh design will help the researchers acquire a better

and more comprehensive study about the effectiveness source of bioplastic bags at Sabangan,
 22

San Juan, Ilocos Sur. Through experimentation, the reasearchers will be able to create a

bioplastic bag which will be distributed to randomly chosen families and they will be surveyed

about their satisfaction towards the bioplastic bags. With the utilization of statistical analysis, the

researchers will be able to determine the feasibility of Cassava starch, Coconut Meat, and

Seaweeds as a bioplastic bag. A normal plastic bag will be compared to the bioplastic bag made

from natural products which is imperative for arriving at the desired result of the study.

Research Instrument

The researcherts will employ a survey to the family that received bioplastic bags to test

its capability in daily use. In this way, the researchers will gather the necessary data and

information they need from their chosen treatments to attain valid and reliable results. The

survey questions will undergo validation before the researchers make use of them for their study.

The survey will focus on gathering the information required, covering subjects that are related to

the study.

Population

The materials will be gathered from Barangay Sabangan, San Juan, Ilocos Sur, which is

abundant in seaweed, coconut meat, and cassava.

Research Materials

 Cassava

 Coconut meat

 Seaweed

 Lye
 23

 Vinegar

 Water

 Hydrochloric acid

 Stove

 Pan

 Parchment paper

 Food thermometer

 Spatula

Validity and Reliability of Instruments

The validity of the research instrument for this study will be validated first by an expert

in the content of the experimentation on the capability of cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds to produce bioplastic bags who will come from the Science Department to come up

with a verifiable and credible Instrument.

The reliability of the research instrument will be ensured by making certain that the

measurements and outcomes of the instruments will stay consistent throughout the study

Data Gathering Procedure

These are the procedure to create an effective bioplastic from Cassava starch, Coconut meat,

and Seaweeds.
 24

Gather all the materials Extract the glycerin frorm the

needed which are Coconut coconut meat thru blending
meat, Cassava starch, dried agar the coconut meat and boiling it
seaweed, lye, vinegar, and water. with water. Which results to
coconut oil then add water and
lye to create glycerin.

Place the saucepan on the Powderize the dried agar

stove and turn on the stove on seaweed. Then combine all of
a medium high heat. Heat the the ingredients in a saucepan
mixture until it begins to froth. and stir until there are no
clumps of starch.

Pour the mixture onto a smoth Leave the plastic to dry or sun
surface covered in parchment dry for at least two day.
to avoid sticking.
 25

Figure 2: A flowchart of the Procedure in

Making Bioplastic bags

Treatments

Treatments Components

Treatment 1 1 tbsp glycerin, 2 tbsp cassava starch, 1tsp

vinegar, 3/4 cup of dried sargassum

Treatment 2 1.5 tbsp glycerin, 2.5 tbsp cassava starch,

1tsp vinegar, 3/4 cup of dried sargassum

Treatment 3 1 tbsp glycerin, 3 tbsp cassava starch, 1tsp

vinegar, 3/4 cup of dried sargassum

Research Procedure

 Preparation of Cassava Starch

The preparation of the cassava starch started from uprooting the root crop, then cleaning

it from dirt and insect, Next, is peeling the cassava to remove the hard outer shell. Moreover,
 26

chopping the peeled cassava into smaller pieces for easier blending, and blending it to create

a cassava paste. Furthermore, squeezing the paste extracting the excess water and starch, the

starch will settle at the bottom and the water is now free to dump out of the container. Lastly,

dry the starch and after it fully dries, blend the starch to get a powdered cassava starch.

 Preparation of Coconut Meat

First, shred the rotten coconut meat. Then, heat the shredded coconut meat in low fire to

slowly extract the oil out of the coconut meat. After a couple of hours the coconut oil should

be separated from the meat.

 Preparation of sargassum

There are two preparation of seaweed that the researchers used first is by drying the seaweed

then blending it to get the powder. Next, is by soaking the seaweed in water and cleaning it

before blending the seaweed with clean water. Then, filter through a piece of cloth and

transfer the material retained in the cloth to a container. Next, add dilute hydrochloric acid

until the pH of the suspension is reduced to 6.0. this can be checked using a pH paper.

Moreover, heat the suspension at a temperature of 90–95ºC for a period of 1–2 hours

with stirring and allow the material to stand undisturbed but in the hot condition (above a

temperature of 50ºC) until most of the suspended particles settle and transfer the hot

supernatant into a cloth bag and press out the liquid using a basket press. Furthermore,

collect the hot liquid in another vessel and allow it to cool to room temperature until a gel is

formed and cut the gel into pieces and transfer to a freezer maintained at about –10ºC, freeze

for a day and take out the frozen gel and thaw it at room temperature. Allow the water

and impurities to escape.

 27

Lastly, ry the solid material either by sun drying or using a drier to a final moisture

content of less than 10%.

13) Pulverize the material to powder using a dry grinder.

14) Weigh and pack in a plastic bottle

 Preparation of Bioplastics

Treatment 1

Gradually mix 1/2 cup of water, 1 tbsp glycerin, 2 tbsp cassava starch, 1tsp vinegar, 3/4

cup of dried seaweed or agar into a pan in low heat. Bring it to a boil and continuously mix it

until it thickens. After it thicken, place the mixture into a flat pan and let it dry.

Treatment 2

Gradually mix 1/2 cup of water, 1.5 tbsp glycerin, 2.5 tbsp cassava starch, 1tsp vinegar,

3/4 cup of dried seaweed or agar into a pan in low heat. Bring it to a boil and continuously

mix it until it thickens. After it thicken, place the mixture into a flat pan and let it dry.

Treatment 3

Gradually mix 1/2 cup of water, 1 tbsp glycerin, 3 tbsp cassava starch, 1tsp vinegar, 3/4

cup of dried seaweed or agar into a pan in low heat. Bring it to a boil and continuously mix

it until it thickens. After it thicken, place the mixture into a flat pan and let it dry.

Physical testing

In this section, this method involves determining the qualities of the bioplastic using an

established procedure. This is a crucial part in the study especially it is experimental. The

different qualities include durability, resistance to water, elasticity, and flexibility.

 28

Durability

Durability can be defined as the ability of an object to last over time without any breakage.

Durability is a crucial characteristic since it determines its biodegradability and the lifespan

of the bioplastic. The researchers will test the durability of the bioplastic by adding weights

slowly until it reaches its breaking point.

Water resistant

The ability to resist water damage or effects, as well as preventing water from passing

through the bioplastic is called water resistant. This is another important characteristic in

making the bioplastic in enhancing its strength. To test it out, the researchers will use three

containers with water and the different treatments inside. Using a timer, the researchers will

observe the slowest and fastest bioplastic to dissolve.

Elasticity

The capacity of the bioplastic to return to its original shape after a force is applied is known

as elasticity. It is another property of the bioplastic to strengthen its durability in terms of

holding things. Using a ruler, the researchers will measure its original length before

stretching it out and after an amount of force is applied to the bioplastic. The steps will be

done in the three treatments with a same amount of force applied using a pulley attached to

the bioplastic with a weight on it to stretch the bioplastic.

Flexibility

The flexibility of the bioplastic makes it easily for people to scrunch it up due to its flexible

nature. The researchers will test it out by folding the bioplastic and record how many folds it
 29

requires until it breaks. The steps will be done in the different treatments to know which is

the most flexible.

Statistical Treatment

In this part of the research paper, it presents the different various data analysis methods

that are used to analyze and understand the data gathered by the researchers.

1. Thematic Analysis will be applied and utilized to determine if Cassava starch, dried

sargassum, and Coconut meat is feasible as a bioplastic.

2. Mean is used to determine which among the treatment group produce the best result in terms

of durability, water resistant, elasticity, and flexibility.

3. T-test will be used to determine the significant difference among the three treatments on

durability, water resistance, elasticity, and flexibility?

 30

THE FEASIBILITY OF CASSAVA (Manihot Esculenta) STARCH, COCONUT (Cocos

Nucifera) MEAT, AND SEAWEEDS EFFECTIVITY IN MAKING

BIOPLASTIC BAGS

Name (Optional): Grade & Section:

Sex: Male Female Age:

Directions: For each statement in the survey, please indicate how much you AGREE or

DISAGREE with the statement by putting a check in the box on the right side of each

statement. There are no right or wrong answers. Your answers will be kept strictly confidential,

and you will not be identified.

SCALE:

5- Strongly Agree (Indicates that the characteristic is always manifested)

4- Agree (Indicates that the characteristic is often manifested)

3- Neutral (Indicates that the characteristic is sometimes manifested)

2- Disagree (Indicates that the characteristic is seldom manifested)

1- Strongly disagree (Indicates that the characteristic is never manifested)

The following questions below are questions related to the study The Feasibility of Cassava

Starch, Coconut Meat, and Seaweeds as an Effectivity in making Bioplastic Bags

Item/ Question 1 2 3 4 5

1. I understand the components of

 31

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds that make them feasible for

use in bioplastic bags.

2. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds demonstrate effective

durability when tested through

various weights (kg).

3. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds exhibit effective resistance

to water, preventing tearing or

dissolution even when wet.

4. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds demonstrate effective

elasticity in comparison to traditional

plastic bags.

5. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds exhibit effective flexibility,

a crucial property for practical use.

6. I understand the components of

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds that make them feasible for

use in bioplastic bags.

 32

7. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds demonstrate effective

durability when tested through

various weights (kg).

8. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds exhibit effective resistance

to water, preventing tearing or

dissolution even when wet.

9. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds demonstrate effective

elasticity, ensuring flexibility in

various applications.

10. The bioplastic bags made from

cassava starch, coconut meat, and

seaweeds exhibit effective flexibility,

allowing for versatile use and

adaptability.

OBSERVATION SHEET

This observation sheet serves as an instrument for the researcher, where they will write

down their observations regarding the different properties of the treatment and the control group

in terms of durability, resistance to water, elasticity, and flexibility.

1) Durability
 33

This part of the test will show how much weight the treatment group and the

control group hold before it breaks. The measurement will be measured in Grams (g).

SCALE:
1.00: Lowest Durability (500g)
2.00: Low Durability (1 kg)
3.00: Fair Durability (1 and 1/2 kg)
4.00: Durable (2 kg)
5.00: High Durability (1 and 1/2 kg)

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 3.00 4.00 3.00

2 4.00 4.00 4.00

3 5.00 5.00 3.00

AVERAGE 4 4.333333333 3.333333333

2) Resistance to Water

This part of the test will measure how resistive is the bioplastic underwater for 10

minutes. The measurement in this will use a rating scale from 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5

being the highest.

 34

SCALE:
1.00: Lowest Resistivity (Bioplastic Disintegrate under 1 hour)
2.00: Low Resistivity (Bioplastic Disintegrate under 2 hours)
3.00: Fair Resistivity (Bioplastic Disintegrate under 3 hours)
4.00: Resistive (Bioplastic holds for 5 hours)
5.00: High Resistivity (Bioplastic holds for 10 hours)

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 4.00 1.00 2.00

2 3.00 3.00 1.00

3 4.00 4.00 4.00

AVERAGE 3.666666667 2.666666667 2.333333333

3) Elasticity

This part of the test will measure how elastic is the bioplastic through the elongation test.

The measurement in this will use a rating scale from 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the

highest.

SCALE:
1.00: Lowest Elasticity (Bioplastic under 500 g did not stretch)
2.00: Low Elasticity (Bioplastic under 1 kg and it stretched)
3.00: Fair Elasticity(Bioplastic under 1 and 1/2 kg and It stretched)
 35

4.00: Elastic (Bioplastic under 2 kg and it stretched)

5.00: High Elasticity (Bioplastic under 2 1/2 kg and it stretched)

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 4.00 4.00 2.00

2 5.00 5.00 4.00

3 4.00 3.00 4.00

AVERAGE 4.333333333 4 3.333333333

4) Flexibility

This part of the test will show the maximum length the treatment group and control group

will stretch before it breaks. The measurement will be measured in Centimeters (cm).

SCALE:
1.00: Lowest Flexibility (Bioplastic folded 1 time and it broke)
2.00: Low Flexibility (Bioplastic folded 2 times and it broke)
3.00: Fair Flexibility (Bioplastic folded 3 times and it broke)
4.00: Flexible (Bioplastic folded 4 times and it broke)
5.00: High Flexibility (Bioplastic folded 5 ties and it did not break)
Table 4

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
 36

TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 5.00 3.00 1.00

2 5.00 4.00 2.00

3 5.00 4.00 1.00

AVERAGE 5 3.666666667 1.333333333

 37

CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussions

This chapter presents the results, analysis, and the interpretation regarding the data that

the researchers gathered from the experiments in testing the feasibility of Cassava starch,

Coconut meat, and agar seaweed as an effective source of bioplastic. The data were presented in

tabular and textual form in line with the question asked on the statement of the problem.

Presentation of Data

Presentation is one of the ways to arrange a data into logical, chronological, and

significant categories and classifications. The researchers will use a tabular and textual in

presenting the data.

A. Tabular Presentation

Data is compressed and organized into standardized forms using tables. They make

analysis and interpretation easier.

Problem 1: What are the components of cassava starch, coconut meat, and sargassum that

will make it feasible to use in making bioplastic?

Researcher 1: “With the high starch and cellulose content of the Cassava, it is feasible in making

bioplastic.”

Researcher 2: “ Due to the high content of caarrageenan on the agar seaweed it made it feasible

to create a flexible bioplastic.”

 38

Researcher 3: “Bioplastic made from cassava starch, coconut meat, and agar seaweed are

feasible in making bioplastic based from the results because it shows aand presents the same

features that can be seen on other nioplastic.”

Cassava starch, coconut meat, and agar seaweed are feasible ingredients in creating Bio-

based plastic. Because the amount of cellulose and starch content of the cassava, coconut meat,

agar seaweed helped in creating a bioplastic

This is supported by Rajendran et al., (2012) which he stated that due to the seaweeds'

high biomass, it is used as one of the alternatives for the development of bioplastics. One of the

main characteristics of seaweed-based bioplastics is that it has a high mechanical strength due to

a high cellulose content specifically 17.47% which reinforces bonding, while the common

polysaccharides, such as alginate, carrageenan and agar, provide a good gelling capability during

the forming of the film sheet. Cellulose has been widely used to improve mechanical properties

of pure polysaccharides-based bioplastics. Seaweeds are macroalgae that generally live attached

to rock or any other substrate in the coastal areas (Shravya et al., 2021) Furthermore, according

to Wahyuningtiyas & Suryanto, (2017) Starch is a natural polymer derived from plants and, can

be utilized to create biodegradable polymers due to its eco-friendliness, abundance, and

affordability; and a significant portion of the starch found in cassava can be used to make

bioplastics.

Problem 2: What is the effectiveness of the bioplastic in terms of

a. durability

b. resistance to water

c. elasticity
 39

d. flexibility

A. DURABILITY

This part of the test will show how much weight the treatment group and the control

group hold before it breaks. The measurement will be measured in Grams (g). The measurement

in this will use a rating scale from 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest.

Table 1

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 3.00 4.00 3.00

2 4.00 4.00 4.00

3 5.00 5.00 3.00

AVERAGE 4 4.333333333 3.333333333

Table 1. The table shows that treatment 2 had the highest result in terms of durability with

an average of 4.333333333, and treatment 1 with an average of 4.

Therefore treatment 2 had the highest result in terms of durability of the bioplastic with

an average of 4.333333333 while treatment 3 had the lowest result which is 3.333333333 in

terms of durability.

B. Resistance to Water
 40

This part of the test will measure how resistive is the bioplastic underwater for 30

minutes. The measurement in this will use a rating scale from 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5

being the highest.

Table 2

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 4.00 1.00 2.00

2 3.00 3.00 1.00

3 4.00 4.00 4.00

AVERAGE 3.666666667 2.666666667 2.333333333

Table 2. The table shows that treatment 1 had the highest result in terms of water

resistivity with an average of 3.666666667, and treatment 2 with an average of 2.666666667.

Therefore treatment 1 had the highest result in terms of water resistivity of the bioplastic

with an average of 3.666666667 while treatment 3 had the lowest result which is 2.333333333 in

terms of water resistivity.

C. Elasticity

This part of the test will measure how elastic is the bioplastic through the elongation test.

The measurement in this will use a rating scale from 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the

highest.

Table 3
 41

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 4.00 4.00 2.00

2 5.00 5.00 4.00

3 4.00 3.00 4.00

AVERAGE 4.333333333 4 3.333333333

Table 3. The table shows that treatment 1 had the highest result in terms of elastcity with

an average of 4.333333333, and treatment 3 with an average of 4.

Therefore treatment 1 had the highest result in terms of durability of the bioplastic with

an average of 4.333333333, while treatment 3 had the lowest result which is 3.333333333 in

terms of water resistivity.

D. Flexibility

This part of the test will show the maximum length the treatment group and control group

will stretch before it breaks. The measurement will be measured in Centimeters (cm). The

measurement in this will use a rating scale from 1-5, with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the

highest.

Table 4

TREATMENT GROUP
TRIALS
TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2 TREATMENT 3

1 5.00 3.00 1.00

 42

2 5.00 4.00 2.00

3 5.00 4.00 1.00

AVERAGE 5 3.666666667 1.333333333

Table 4. The table shows that treatment 1 had the highest result in terms of flexibility

with an average of 5, and treatment 2 with an average of 3.666666667.

Therefore treatment 1 had the highest result in terms of flexibility of the bioplastic with

an average of 5while treatment 3 had the lowest result which is 1.333333333 in terms of

flexibility.

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Treatment 1 4 17 4.25 0.324074

Treatment 2 4 14.66667 3.666667 0.518519

Treatment 3 4 10.33333 2.583333 0.916667

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 5.722222 2 2.861111 4.878947 0.036708 4.256495

Within Groups 5.277778 9 0.58642

 43

Total 11 11

The table above shows the Analysis of Variance for treatment 1, since treatment I was

determined to have the best result among the other treatments. It also shows that we have to

reject Hθ, since the p-value is equal to 0.036708 and F-critical which is the Rejection region is

equal to 4.256495 and the F value is equal to 4.878947, therefore we have to reject Hθ and,

conclude that, there is significant difference of the bio-based plastic in terms of

Strength/Durability, Flexibility, Elasticity, and Water Resistivity.

There are significant differences with the outcome of the bioplastics regarding the

measurements of glycerin and cassava starch that were tested during the making of the product. .

The treatment 1 which have the highest amount of starch have the best result in all aspects of

strength/durability, flexibility, elasticity and water resistivity.

Problem 3: Is there a significant difference among the three treatments in durability,

resistance to water, elasticity, and flexibility?

a) Treatment 1- 1 cup of Hot Water, 2 1/2 tbsp. of Cassava Starch, 1 tsp. of White

Vinegar, 2 tsp. of Glycerin, 1 tbsp. of agar seaweed

b) Treatment 2-1 1/2 cup of Hot Water, 1 1/2 tbsp. of Cassava Starch, 1 1/2 tsp. of

White Vinegar, 2 tsp. of Glycerin, 1 1/2 tbsp. of agar seaweed

c) Treatment 3-2 cup of Hot Water, 1 1/2 tbsp. of Cassava Starch, 2 tsp. of White

Vinegar, 2 tsp. of Glycerin, 2 tbsp. of agar seaweed

 44

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Treatment 1 4 17 4.25 0.324074

Treatment 2 4 14.66667 3.666667 0.518519

Treatment 3 4 10.33333 2.583333 0.916667

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 5.722222 2 2.861111 4.878947 0.036708 4.256495

Within Groups 5.277778 9 0.58642

Total 11 11

The table above shows the analysis of variance for treatment 1, since treatment 1 was

determined to have the best results in terms of Strength/Durability, Flexibility, Elasticity, and

Water Resistivity among the other treatments and to answer problem #3. Using the p-value

approach:

If p-value ≤ 0.05, reject the null hypothesis.

If p-value > 0.05, do not reject the null hypothesis.

 45

Since the p-value is equal to 0.036708 and it is less than than α = 0.05, therefore we reject

the Ho. Therefore, There is a significant difference between the different treatment of the

bioplastic made from cassava starch, agar seaweed, and coconut meat in terms of Durability,

Water Resistivity, elasticity, and flexibility because it showed that treatment which had more

starch resulted to a better bioplastic made from agar seaweed and coconut meat, since it

performed the best in the different experiments.

Chapter V

Summary, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

 46

This section of the experimental study presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations. This part shows the overall summary of the study, containing the findings that

the researchers obtained throughout the research study, the conclusion that they formed after

considering the findings, along with the recommendations needed for enhancement of this

experimental research.

Summary

The major purpose of this research study was to find the feasibility of Cassava (Manihot

Esculenta) Starch, Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Meat, and Seaweeds as an effective source of

bioplastic.

Furthermore, the study aimed to provide answers to the following questions: What are the

components of these raw materials that will make it feasible to use? What is the effectivity of the

bioplastic in terms of a.) durability, b.) resistance to water, c.) elasticity, and d.) flexibility? Is

there a significant difference among the three treatments in durability, resistance to water,

elasticity, and flexibility? A.) Treatment 1: 1 cup of Hot water, 2 1/2 tablespoon of Cassava

Starch, 1 teaspoon of white vinegar, 2 teaspoon of Glycerin Mixture, and 1 tablespoon of

Seaweed, B.) Treatment 2: 1 1/2 cup of water, 1 1/2 tablespoon of Cassava Starch, 1 1/2 teaspoon

of white vinegar, 2 teaspoon of Glycerin Mixture, and 11/2 tablespoon of Seaweed, and C.)

Treatment 3: 2 cups of water, 1 1/2 tablespoon of Cassava Starch, 2 teaspoon of white vinegar, 2

teaspoon of Glycerin Mixture, and 2 tablespoons of Seaweed.

The researchers examined three treatments to determine which of them provided the most

impressive outcomes in all four aspects of durability, resistance to water, elasticity and

flexibility. To ensure a credible outcome on the study’s observation test, the researchers used

ANOVA and Mean as a data analysis tool. The purpose of this study was to determine the
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feasibility of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Starch, Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Meat, and

Seaweeds as an effective source of bioplastic.

Findings

Problem 1: What are the components of these raw materials that will make it feasible to

use?

In this problem, the researchers gathered their data through the help of Department of

Science and Technology – Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI). The

researchers have looked on the website of DOST to gather the valuable data needed. They found

out that the main component of Cassava’s starch is a natural polymer. Similar to the study of

Wahyuningtiyas & Suryanto (2017) noted that Cassava can be utilized to create biodegradable

polymers due to its eco-friendliness, abundance, and affordability. Then, Coconut meat contains

lauric acid and monolaurin that are good for production of bioplastic. This is supported by other

experimental studies including Adorna et al., (2020) stated that lauric acid can be incorporated

into bioplastics to improve their thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical properties. Lastly,

Agar is a natural renewable source of biologically active phytochemicals. Agar contains

pathogen resistance and can produce gels.

Problem 2: What is the effectivity of the bioplastic in terms of a.) durability, b.) water

resistivity, c.) elasticity, and d.) flexibility?

a.) Durability – Treatment 1 has the best result in terms of durability since it was able to

hold a weight of 2 ½ kilograms unlike the other treatments.

b.) Water Resistivity – Treatment 1 was able to withstand water, but it is the easiest to

disintegrate compared to the three treatments.

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c.) Elasticity – The length of the treatment 1 was the longest after being stretched in a

specific amount of kilogram.

d.) Flexibility – Treatment 1 was the most flexible, because it did not break after how

many folds.

Problem 3: Is there a significant difference among the three treatments in durability,

water resistivity, elasticity, and flexibility?

A. ) Treatment 1: 1 cup of Hot Water, 2 1/2 tbsp. of Cassava Starch, 1 tsp. of White

Vinegar, 2 tsp. of Glycerin, 1 tbsp. of agar seaweed

B. )Treatment 2: 1 1/2 cup of Hot Water, 1 1/2 tbsp. of Cassava Starch, 1 1/2 tsp. of

White Vinegar, 2 tsp. of Glycerin, 1 1/2 tbsp. of agar seaweed

C. )Treatment 3: 2 cup of Hot Water, 1 1/2 tbsp. of Cassava Starch, 2 tsp. of White

Vinegar, 2 tsp. of Glycerin, 2 tbsp. of agar seaweed

There is a significant difference among the three treatments in terms of durability, water

resistivity, elasticity, and flexibility. The treatment which has the lowest ingredients has gotten

the best results while the treatment with the highest amount of ingredients performed worst

among the three treatments.

Conclusions

Based from the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

Problem 1: What are the components of these raw materials that will make it feasible to use?
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The components of these raw materials are an effective ingredient of bioplastic because

of its starch and cellulose content.

Problem 2: What is the effectivity of the bioplastic in terms of a.) durability, b.) water resistivity,

c.) elasticity, and d.) flexibility?

In accordance to the observation test done by the researchers, Treatment 1 gave the best

results and it is concluded that it is the most effective source of bioplastic in terms of durability,

water resistivity, elasticity, and flexibility.

Problem 3: Is there a significant difference among the three treatments in durability, water

resistivity, elasticity, and flexibility?

The researchers observed that there is a significant difference among the three treatments.

The treatment containing the highest starch content gave the best results which is the treatment 1.

Research Recommendations

On the basis of the conclusions drawn, the researchers suggested the following:

1. The future researchers must have longer time doing their experimental research to

furthermore see the difference between the bioplastic they made.

2. The future researchers must use a better equipment in testing the treatments.

3. The future researchers must also try to adjust other proportions of ingredients and test

other properties of bioplastics such as its Lifespan, Texture and Resistance to Heat.

4. The researchers also suggest that each treatment of the bioplastic should be in same size

using a molding material.

5. Future researchers should try having the same thickness of bioplastic in each treatment.
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