TRIP DISTRIBUTION existing pattern will be the same • Comple OD matrix is required

for future when growth is taken to • Change of land use is not

• Aims to determine from which zones account considered
the trip generations (Oi) are B. Average Factor Method o When present trip
generated and to which zones the • Attempts to take into account generation is zero, future
trips attractions (Dj) are bound the varying growth rates of trip trip generation is also
METHODS making which can be expected in zero
the differing zones of area of • If the is error in current OD
1. Present Pattern Method (Growth survey matrix, error is expanded with
Factor Method) • Average growth factor used same rate
a. Uniform Factor Method refers to origin end and
b. Average factor method destination end Equations
c. Detroit Method C. Detroit Method
d. Fratar Method Uniform Factor Method
• Assumes trip distribution is
𝑻′
2. Synthetic Methods
proportional to growth rate of 𝑻′𝒊𝒋 = 𝑻𝒊𝒋 x 𝑻
trip generation
a. Model Method/Gravity Model Average Factor Method
D. Fratar Method
b. Tanner Model
c. Intervening Opportunities • introduced to overcome 𝑫′𝒋
𝟏 𝑶′𝒊
disadvantages of the constant 𝑻′𝒊𝒋 = 𝑻𝒊𝒋 x ( + )
Model 𝟐 𝑶𝒊 𝑫𝒋
d. Competing Opportunities factor and average factor
methods Detroit Method
Model
• Total trips for each zone are 𝑫′𝒋
𝑶′𝒊 𝑻′
distributed to interzonal 𝑻′𝒊𝒋 = 𝑻𝒊𝒋 x 𝒙 x
𝑶𝒊 𝑫𝒋 𝑻
movements as a first
Present Pattern Method
approximation, according to Fratar Method
• Assumes that in the future, trip relative attractiveness of each
𝑫′𝒋 ∑𝒏
𝑶′𝒊 𝒌=𝟏 𝑻𝒊𝒋
patterns will remain substantially movement 𝑻′𝒊𝒋 = 𝑻𝒊𝒋 x 𝒙 x 𝒏
∑𝒌=𝟏(𝑫′𝒌 𝑫𝒌 )𝑻𝒊𝒌
𝑶𝒊 𝑫𝒋
the same as present, but trip • Future trips estimated for any
volumes will increase according to zone is distributed to the
growth of generating and attracting movement involving the zone in
Synthetic Methods
zones proportion to the existing trips
between it and other zone and in • Can be used not only to protect
A. Uniform Factor Method proportion to expected growth of future trip distribution but
• Also known as Constant Factor each other also to synthesize base year
Method flows
Disadvantage of the present pattern
• Assumes that all zones will method • Necessity to survey every
increase in uniform manner and that individual cell in the trip
 matrix is obviated, cost of data ability, desire or acceptable terminal at the
collection is reduced necessity of trip maker destination
A. Model Method / Gravity Model to overcome spatial • Also assume that the
• Often patterned after separation probability is determine
Newton’s Law of Gravity o The trip interchange is by two zonal
directly proportional characteristics:
Types: to relative attraction destination size and order
between zones and it is encountered from
• Basic Type
inversely proportional origin
to the measure of
spatial separation Competing Opportunities Model
Where:
k, a, b, g = coefficients • Adjusted probability of
dij = trip resistance between trip ending in a zone is
zones i and j; the product of tow
independent probabilities:
B. Tanner’s Model
Other forms of trip the trip being attracted
resistance function, dij • Suggests that the inverse of to a zone and the trip
nth power, dijn in gravity finding a destination in
model cannot give valid that zone
estimates at both very small
and very large distances
• Bureau of Public Roads Type
C. Opportunity Model
Advantages of Synthetic Method
• Based on statistical theory
of probability as theoretical • Trip resistance is considered
foundation • Structure Model is easy to
• Vorhees Type • Intervening Opportunities understand
o Assumes that Model • Comple OD matrix is not
interchange trips • Competing Opportunities Model necessarily required
between zones is
dependent upon relative Disadvantages of Synthetic Method
attraction between Intervening Opportunities Model • Reasoning is not clear, why
zones and spatial
human behavior is related to
separation between as a • assumes that trip
Newton’s gravity law
function of distance interchange is equal to
o Spatial separation the trips emanating from • Index of resistance is arbitrary
function adjusts origin multiplied to the • Trip Distribution with zone is
relative attraction of probability of that each difficult to treat
each zone for the trip will find an
 • Trip distribution near zone Example
parts tend to be larger than real
1. A study area consists of three
values
zone. The data have determined
as shown in the following
tables. Use calibration factor,
APPLICATION OF VORHEES TYPE GRAVITY C = 3. Determine the number of
MODEL: trips between each zone.
Trip Distribution of Production of
Zone i

Trip Distribution of Attraction of

Zone j

2. Determine the trip distribution

Other Formula:
for each zone. The trip
production and attraction,
travel cost and friction factor
are summarized in the given
Where: tables

Fij = deterrence/resistance function

=Cij-a
Cij = generalized cost of travel from
i to j
= defined in terms of travel time,
travel cost, or travel distance
a = model parameter
n = number of zones