CONTENTS

S.NO. LISTOFTHEEXPERIMENTS

1 Characteristics of ON load time delay and OFF load time delay Relay.

2 Polarity, Ratio and Magnetization testing of CT,PT.

3 Characteristics of Over Voltage/Under Voltage relay.

4 Study on DC load flow.

5 LoadFlowAnalysisusingGaussSeidal(GS)Method.

6 LoadFlowAnalysisusingNewton-Raphson(NR)Method.

8 Different protection of 1-Φtransformer.

11 Characteristics of over current relay.

 EXPERIMENT.NO.1

CHARACTERISTICS OF ON LOAD TIME DELAY RELAY & OFF TIME

DELAY RELAY

AIM:
To studytheOperationofaNon-Directional(IDMTrelay)and plot theinverse time
currentcharacteristics.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Nameofthe Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 IDMTOvercurrentrelaykit - - 01
2 Connectingwires Asrequired

THEORY:
IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time relay. It is one in which Time of operation is
inversely proportional to magnitude of fault current near pickup value and becomes substantially
constant slightlyabovethepickup valueoftheRelay. Fault current and measurerelayoperationtime is
used to conduct the experiment. Values recorded for various TSMs and PSMs. Characteristics
studied with the help of a graph and correlated with theory.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:-

1. SwitchON theMCB.
2. Initiallyrotorswitchshould beinOFFposition.
3. Nowsetthedescribed fault current byusingtherelaycurrent setting.ForthatswitchONtherotor switch
and move the current till the described fault current is indicated in theammeter.
4. Nowmovetherotorswitchto OFFpositionandpressthegreenbutton. Notedownthetimein seconds
after relay operated.
5. Repeatthesameprocedurefor variousT.S.MandP.S.M
6. Plotthe graphbetweentimetakenforrelaytooperateVsP.S.MforvariousT.S.M.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Discmust bestationarybeforeapplyingfault current.
2. TSMsetting mustbechangedwithdue care.

READINGSANDTABULAR FORMS:-

PSM = TSM=
SNO. FaultCurrent Timeof operation
MODELGRAPH:-

RESULT:

ThecharacteristicsofIDMTover current relayareobserved and drawnonthegraph

DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS:

1. WhyCTisrequiredinthisexperiment?
2. CanwedesigntheexperimentwithoutCurrentInjectionUnit?
3. WhatisTSM&PSMand whydifferentTSM&PSM?
4. Identifydifferentterminalsoftherelayandexplaintheir use. Writetheminyourrecord.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

TESTING OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

AIM:
Tostudytheperformanceofcurrentand potential Transformers.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Nameofthe Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeters 0–20A Digital 2
2 Voltmeters 0–500V Digital 2
20/5AC.T --- 1
3 Currenttransformer(C.T)
10/5AC.T --- 1
400/100VP.T --- 1
4 Potentialtransformer(P.T) --- 1
200/100VP.T
5 Connectingwires ---- --- Asrequired

THEORY:
Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient wayofsafely monitoring the actualelectricalcurrent flowing in an AC transmission line
using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a basic current transformer is slightly
different from that of an ordinary voltage transformer. Current transformers can reduce or “step-
down”current levels fromthousandsofamperesdownto astandardoutput ofaknownratio to either 5
Amps or 1 Amp for normal operation. Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices can
beused withCT’s becausetheyare insulated awayfromany high-voltagepower lines. Thereare a
varietyofmetering applications and uses for current transformers suchas withWattmeter’s, power
factor meters, watt-hour meters, protective relays, or as trip coils in magnetic circuit breakers, or
MCB’s.
Potentialtransformer orvoltagetransformer getsused inelectricalpower systemforstepping
down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays.
Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for low
voltage. This is a simplest form of potential transformer definition. Potential transformer theory is
just like atheoryofgeneralpurpose step downtransformer. Primaryofthis transformer is connected
across the phase and ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential
transformeri.e. PT has lower turns winding at its secondary. The system voltage is applied acrossthe
terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage
appearsacross the secondary terminalsof the PT. The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110
V. In an idealpotential transformer or voltagetransformer, when rated burden gets connected across
the secondary; the ratio of primary and secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio
and furthermore, the two terminal voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual
transformer, there must be anerrorinthe voltage ratio as wellas inthe phase angle betweenprimary and
secondary voltages.
 A) CURRENTTRANSFORMERCIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Giveconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Applyratedcurrent toprimaryside ofCT.
3. Notedownammeterreadings.
4. ConnectammeterinsecondarysideofCT.
5. Notedownthesecondaryammeterreadings.
6. ObserveCTperformancebydoingaboveprocedure.
TABULAR COLUMN:

CT CT
S.No C.TRange
PrimaryCurrent(A) SecondaryCurrent(A)
1 20/5AC.T
2 10/5AC.T

B) POTENTIALTRANSFORMERCIRCUI
T: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Giveconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. ApplyratedvoltagetoprimarysideofPT.
3. Notedownvoltmeter readings.
4. Connectvoltmeter insecondarysideofPT.
5. Note downthe secondaryvoltmeterreadings.
6.ObservePTperformancebydoingaboveprocedure.

TABULAR COLUMN:
PT PT
S.No P.TRange
PrimaryVoltage (V) SecondaryVoltage(V)
1 400/100VP.T
2 200/100VP.T

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoidlooseconnections
2. Whileremovingconnectingwiresbecareful

RESULT:
TheperformanceofCT&PTwasstudiedbyperformingaboveexperiment &their performance
was found to be satisfactory

DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS:
1. WhysecondaryofCTisnotkeptopen?
2. Whatdoyouknowaboutratioerror&phaseangleerror?
 EXPERIMENTNO.3

CHARACTERISTICS OF OVER VOLTAGE

/UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY.
AIM:
TostudytheoperationofMicroprocessorBased Over Voltage/UnderVoltageand henceto
obtaininversetime/voltage characteristics.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Nameofthe Equipment Range Type Quantity

MicroProcessorBasedOver Voltage
1 - - 01
/UnderVoltageRelaykit
2 Connectingwires Asrequired

THEORY:

Over Voltage/Under Voltage Relay is an electronic microcontroller based single-phase

voltage relay. It is suitable for over voltage/under voltage protection schemes in LV, MV and HV
power distribution systems. It is also suitable for over voltage protection of AC circuits, capacitors,
machines such as generators, synchronous motor and under voltage protection of AC circuits,
Induction motors, automatic change over schemes etc.
The microcontroller-based design offers a wide range of Trip-Time characteristics, under
voltage or over voltage mode and PT rating (110V, 240V, 415V), which can all be selected in the
field at the time of commissioning. It accepts very wide auxiliary supply range.
Relay is designed for flush mounting. It is very compact in size, which results in saving of
panel space. Its draw-out construction makes installation and maintenance very easy.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. SwitchontheMCB
2. InitiallyRotaryswitchshould beinOFFposition
3. Now to set the desired fault voltage using voltage source. For that switch ON the Rotaryswitch
marked as voltage set and move the voltage sourcetill the desired fault voltage is indicated on the
voltmeter,it isquitepossiblethat whileadjustingthefault voltagetheRelaymighttrip,forthatyou have to
RESET the RELAY by pressing the red button provided on the relay denoted by(RELAY RESET)
for resetting the relaythe Rotaryswitch must be brought in OFFposition.
4. Now the desired Fault voltage is SET and RelayRESET. Now move the Toggle Switch to OFF
positionandpressthe yellowpushbuttonandtimercountingwillstartandcountingwillSTOPonce the relay
is operated. Note down the time in seconds.
5. notedownthetimetakenbytherelaytooperatefor variousT.M.S(TimeMultiplier Setting) and
Voltage setting at various fault voltages.

READINGSANDTABULARFORM:

S.No. T.M.S VoltageSetting AppliedVoltage OperatingTime

MODELGRAPH:-
Plotthegraphbetweenoperating timeVsappliedvoltage.
CALCULATIONS:
SettingofFaultvoltageLevel:
Vs= 1-(0.05+∑a) Vn,

Where,
Vs=Pickupsettinginvolts Vn=
PT rating 110V
a=weight oftheswitch inON position
Note:InUndervoltagemode, continuingwithaboveexample, thepickupsettingbecomes
Vs=(1-0.30) =70% of Vn. For 110 volts Vn, the pick up voltage becomes 77 volts. If V n=415, then
pick up voltage becomes 290.5 volts. Where voltages below this set value, relay picks up and trips
according to selected trip time characteristics.
Thetriptimewilldepend upon:
a) Triptimecharacteristicselectedand magnitudeoffault incaseofInverseTripTime
Characteristics.
b) DefineTimeincaseofDefiniteTimeCharacteristics.
TimeMultiplierSettling:
This feature offers various operations of Trip Time for a selected Trip Time Characteristic.
The Time Multiplication Factor can be set from0.1 to 1.6 in steps of0.1 using the last block of four
DIP switches. This means in case of Inverse Trip Time Characteristics. Relay offers 16 parallel
curves corresponding to each Time Multiplier Setting and in case of Definite Trip Time mode, the
trip time can be set 100 msec to 160 secs.
TriptimeTisgivenbyformula

T= K(0.1+∑t)where
T =Triptimeinseconds.
K=Constant dependingonTripTimeCharacteristicselected
Normal Inverse (3.5 secs) in OV mode when fault is 2Vs
NormalInverse(5.7secs)inUVmodewhenfaultis0.5Vs.
1.0 DefiniteTime(1.0sec)
10.0 DefiniteTime(10sec)
100.0DefiniteTime(100sec)
t=weightoftheswitchesinONposition

RESULT:
Thecharacteristicsofovervoltage/under voltagerelayareobserved and drawnonthegraph
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

STUDY ON DC LOAD FLOW

AIM:
Todrawthe powercircle diagramsofa 3-φtransmissionlinemodel.
APPARATUS:

S.No. Nameofthe Equipment Range Quantity

1. 3PhaseTransmissionLineModelkit -- 01
2. 3phaseVariac (0-420)V 01
3. Wattmeters 10A/600V,UPF 04
4. Connectingwires. --- Asrequired

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. MaketheconnectionaspertheCircuitDiagram.
2. SwitchONthesupplyandadjust ratedvoltage,notedownvoltage,Current andpoweratsending end
and receiving end at no load.
3. Varythe loadinstepsandnotedownthevoltage,Current andpowerat sendingendandreceiving end
Atdifferentloadsof(A)Resistive load(B)inductiveload(C) capacitive.
4. Drawthereceivingendcurrent vectoratdifferent loadsandaddthetipsofthe vectorforcurrent
locus
TABULAR FORM:

FORRESISTIVE LOAD
S.NO Vs IS Ws Vr Ir Wr Regulation Efficiency

Similarlyforother loads.

CALCULATIONS:

% Efficiency=(Wreceiving/ Wsending)* 100

% Voltage Regulation = [(VNL-VFL)/VFL]*100

WhereVNL=Voltageatreceivingendatnoload.
VFL=Voltageatreceivingendatparticularload.

ReceivingendpowerfactorCOSɸR=[WR/(√3*VR*IR)] Receiving
end current vector IR=IRangle of(ɸR)

RESULT:
Thepowercirclediagramsofa3-φtransmission linemodelwas drawn.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 5
AC LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS-SEIDEL
METHOD

AIM:
TofindloadflowanalysisusingGauss-SeidalmethodinMATLAB

SOFTWAREREQUIRED:
MATLABsoftwarepackage

THEORY:
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating
conditionofthegivensystemunder givenconditions. A largenumber ofnumericalalgorithms have
been developed and Gauss Seidel method is one ofsuch algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
STEP1:Theslack busvoltage magnitudeandanglearemeasuredusuallyV1=1p.u.with the
load profile known at each bus, we allocate Pi and Qi to all generating Stations
with this step, bus injections (Pi+Qi) are known at all buses other than the slack
bus.
STEP2: Assembly of bus admittance matrix: with the line and shunt admittance data
stored inthe computer . Y bus is assembled byusing the algorithmdeveloped
earlier.AlternativelybusisassembledusingYbus=ATYAwheretheinput is in the
form of primitive admittance matrix Y and singular connection bus incidence
matrix A

STEP3: Iterative computation of bus voltages (Vi, i=1,2….n) to start iteration a set of
initial values is assumed, since in a power systemthe voltage spread is not too
wide, it is normalpractice to use a flat voltage start, i.e. initially all voltages are
set equalto (1+j0) expect slack bus voltage which is fixed . this reduced the n
equationsincomplexnumberwhicharetosolved iterativelyfor findingcomplex
voltages V2,V3,...Vn. Ifcomplexno options are not available ina computer,the
equation is real unknown js

Vi=ei+jfi=ViΣjΣl,

We also define,
 Ai=Pi-jQi/Yii=2,..........n

Bik=Yik I=2,.........k#i
Now for (r+1) the iteration the voltage becomes,

Vi(r+1) =[Ai /(Vir) * -Σi-1 (BikVk(r+1)-ΣbikVkr]

Theiterativeprocessiscontinuedtillthechangeinmagnitudeofbusvoltage
|ΔVi(r+1)

Betweentwoconsecutiveis lessthanacertainforallbusvoltagesi.e.,

|ΔVi(r+1) =|Vi(r+1)-Vi(r)|≤εi=2…................,n

Alsoweseeif

|ΔVi|min≤|ΔVi |maxI=2....................n
Ifnot,wefix|ΔVi|atoneofextremevaluesi.e.

|ΔVi|minif|ΔVi|≤ |ΔVi|min or|ΔVi|maxif|ΔVi|≤|ΔVi|

STEP4: Computation of slack bus power; substitution of all bus voltages computed in
step3withViandI=1 yieldrealandreactivepowerat slack bus i.e,S1=P1+jQ1

STEP5:Computationofline flows;this isthe last step inthe load flowanalysiswhere in the

power flows on the various lines of the network are computed. This also enables
us to check whether any line overloaded. Consider the line connecting
busesIandk.The lineandtransformer at eachend canberepresentedbyacircuit with
series admittance Yik and to shunt admittances Yiko. As the current fed by bus Iin
to the line can be expressed as

Iik=Iik1+Iik0=(Vi-Vk)Yik+Viyik0.
PROBLEM:

Figureshowstheone-linediagramofathree-buspowersystemwithgenerationat bus1. The

magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at
buses2&3areas markedonthediagram. Line impedancesare marked inperunit ona
100MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Gauss-Seidal
method, determine the phasor values ofthe voltage at theload buses 2 &3 (PQ buses)
accurate to 4 decimal places.
i).WriteandexecuteaMATLABprogramandalso verifytheoutput withthemanual calculation
results.

PROGRAM:

%-----FORMATIONOFYBUS---------%
clearall;
clc;
n=input('Enterthenumberofbuses'); fprintf('Enter
your choice');
p=input('1.impedance,2.admittance'); if
(p==1)
for q= 1:n
forr=q+1:n
fprintf('Entertheimpedancevaluebetween%d-%d',q,r);
z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)=y(q,r);
end
end
elseif(p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Entertheadmittancevaluebetween%d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enterthecorrectchoice');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
forc=1:n
ybus(a,a)=ybus(a,a)+y(a,c); end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
end
ybus
% BUSDATA %
busdata=input('Busnumber|1.Slack2.PQ3.PV|V|angle|Pg|Qg|PL
|QL|Qmin|Qmax'); bus =
busdata(:,1); type =
busdata(:,2);
V=busdata(:,3);
th =busdata(:,4); GenMW
= busdata(:,5); GenMVAR
= busdata(:,6); LoadMW
= busdata(:,7);
LoadMVAR=busdata(:,8);
Qmin = busdata(:,9);
Qmax = busdata(:,10);
nbus = max(bus);
P=GenMW- LoadMW;
Q=GenMVAR- LoadMVAR;
Vprev=V;
toler=1;
iteration= 1;
disp('Busnumber|1.Slack2.PQ3.PV|V|angle|Pg|Qg|PL|QL| Qmin | Qmax ');
busdata
ybus
%-----VOLTAGECALCULATION--------%
while(toler>0.00001)
for i = 2:nbus
sumyv=0;
fork=1:nbus if
i ~= k
sumyv=sumyv+ybus(i,k)*V(k); end
end
iftype(i)==2
Q(i)=-imag(conj(V(i))*(sumyv+ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
if(Q(i)>Qmax(i))||(Q(i)<Qmin(i)) if
Q(i) <Qmin(i)
Q(i)=Qmin(i);
else
Q(i)=Qmax(i);
end
type(i)=3; end
end
V(i)=(1/ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i))-sumyv); if
type(i) == 2
V(i)=pol2rect(abs(Vprev(i)),angle(V(i))); end
end
iteration=iteration+ 1;
toler=max(abs(abs(V)-abs(Vprev))); Vprev
= V;
end
iteration
V
Vmag= abs(V)
Ang=180/pi*angle(V) sum=0;

%-----REALANDREACTIVEPOWERCALCULATION-----------%
fori=1:nbus
if i==1
for f=1:nbus sum=sum+
(ybus(i,f)*V(f));
real_power(i)=(real(V(i)*sum))*100;
reactive_power(i)=-(imag(V(i)*sum))*100;
end
else
 end
end
real_power
reactive_power

EXECUTION:

RESULT:

Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Gauss-Seidal method and a
program is developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power
system and the output is verified.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 10
AC LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING NEWTON –
RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:
TodevelopinMATLABtofindthesolutionofpower flowsusingNewton
Raphson method.

SOFTWAREREQUIRED:
MATLABsoftwarepackage

ALGORITHM:

STEP1:Assumeaflat profile1+j0 forallbusesexcepttheslack businthe

Specified voltage and it is not modified in any iteration.

STEP2:Assumeasuitable valueofεcalledconvergencecriterion.Henceε is A
specified change in the residue that is used to compare the actual
residue that is used to compare the actual residue at the end of each
iteration.

STEP3:Settheiterationcount K=0andassumedvoltageprofileofthebuses are

denoted as V 0,V10……V
2
0
.
n

STEP4:Setthe buscountp=1

STEP5:Checkforslack bus.Ifit isaslackbusthengoto step13.Otherwise Go to

next step.

STEP6:Calculatethereal&reactivepowerofbuspusingthefollowing equation,
Ppk=Σkq=1p{e k(ekG+qfkB )+fk(fkG -ekB)}
q pq pq p q pqq pq
k k k k k k k k
Q Σ =1{f (e +G +f B)+e (f G eB
pk= q p q p qpq p q pq-q pq)}

STEP7:Calculatethechange inrealpower,
ΔPk=Ppspec-Pp k

Where,
Ppspec=specifiedrealpowerofbus p.

STEP8:Check forgeneratorbus. Ifit isageneratorbusgobto next step

otherwise go to step 12.

STEP9:Checkforgeneratorbus.Ifit isageneratorreactivepowerlimit
Violation ofgenerator buses. For this compare the calculated
 reactivepowerQwithspecified limits.Ifthe limitsareviolatedgo to
step11. otherwise go to next step.

STEP10:Ifthecalculatedreactivepoweriswithinthespecified limit then

consider this bus as generator bus. Now calculate the voltage
residue using the equation

|VPK|2=|Vpspec|2-|Vpk|2

WhereW|Vp spec|=specifiedvoltagemagnitudeforgeneration bus.

Then go to step 13.

STEP11:Ifthereactivepowerlimit violatedthetreatthisbusasa loadbus. Now

the specified reactive power for this bus will correspond to Limit
violated

STEP12:Calculatethechange inreactivepowerforloadbuschangein reactive

power,
ΔQk=|ΔQpspec|-Qkp

STEP 13: Repeat the step 5 to 12 until all residues are calculated for
incrementthebuscount n.by1to 5stepsuntilthe buscount isn.

STEP14:Determinethe largestoftheabsolutevalueoftheresidue(i.e.) Find the

largest value among ΔPpk,ΔQ k or |ΔV pk|2 p

STEP15:CompareΔEandE, ifΔE<E thengotostep20.IfΔE>E goto next Step.

STEP16:Determinetheelement,theload flowequationusingkthiteration Value.

STEP17:Calculatethe incrementinrealand reactive partofvoltage Δe kand

p
Δfpkbysolvingthe matrixequationB=JC. STEP

18: Calculate the new bus voltage.

STEP19:Advancethe iterationcount k=k+1andgoto step4.

STEP 20: Calculate the line flows.

PROBLEM:

Figure shows the one-line diagram of a three-bus power system with generators at buses
1& 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The magnitude of
voltage at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load
consists of400 MW and 250MVAR is taken frombus2. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.

i). ObtaintheloadflowsolutionbyNewton-Raphsonmethod.
ii). Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results.

PROGRAM:

clearall;
clc;
v=[1.05;1.0;1.04];
d=[0;0;0];
ps=[-4;2.0];
qs=-2.5;
n=input('Enterthenumberofbuses'); fprintf('Enter
your choice');
p=input('1.impedance,2.admittance'); if
(p==1)
forq=1:n
forr=q+1:n
fprintf('Entertheimpedancevaluebetween%d-%d',q,r);
z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)=y(q,r);
end
end
elseif(p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Entertheadmittancevaluebetween%d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enterthecorrectchoice');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
forc=1:n
ybus(a,a)=ybus(a,a)+y(a,c); end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
end
ybus
y=abs(ybus);t=angle(ybus);
iter=0;
pwracur=0.00025;%Poweraccuracy
dc=10;%Setthemaximumpowerresidualtoahighvalue while
max(abs(dc))>pwracur
iter=iter+1
p=[v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+v(2)^2*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)- d(3)+d(1))+v(3)^2*y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))
+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)- d(3)+d(2))];
q=-v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-v(2)^2*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-
v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
 j(1,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))
+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,3)=v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))+2*v(2)*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))
+v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(2,1)=-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,2)=v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,2)- d(3)+d(1))
+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,3)=v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(3,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))
+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,3)=-v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*v(2)*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-
v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
dp=ps-p;
dq=qs-q;
dc=[dp;dq]
j
dx=j\dc
d(2)=d(2)+dx(1);
d(3)=d(3)+dx(2);
v(2)=v(2)+dx(3);
v,d,delta=180/pi*d;
end
p1=v(1)^2*y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-
d(1)+d(2))+v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q1=-v(1)^2*y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-
v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q3=-v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-
d(3)+d(2))-v(3)^2*y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3));

EXECUTION:
RESULT:

Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Newton-Raphson method and a
program is developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power
system and the output is verified.
 EXPERIMENTNO.8

DIFFERENT PROTECTION OF 1-ΦTRANSFORMER

AIM:
Tostudythedifferentialprotectionschemefor asinglephasetransformer withunequalturn’s
ratio
APPARATUS:

S.No. Nameofthe Equipment Range Type Quantity

DifferentialProtectionof1-Φ
1 - - 01
Transformer
2 Rheostat 50Ω/5A - 01
3 Ammeter (0-5)A MI 01
4 Connectingwires Asrequired

THEORY:
A Differential relay responds to vector difference between two or more similar electrical
quantities. From this definition the Differential relay has at least two actuating quantities say
1-1and2-1.Thetwoormoreactuatingquantitiesshouldbe same.
Ex: Current/Current.
The Relayresponds to vector difference between 1-1 &2-1which includes magnitude and /or
phase angle difference. Differential protection is generally unit protection. The protection zone is
exactly determined by location of CTs. The vector difference is actuated by suitable connection of
CTs or PTs secondaries. Most differential relays are current differential relays in which vector
difference between current entering the winding & current leaving the winding is used for relay
operation. Differential protection is used for protection of Generators, Transformers etc. Internalfault
is created using switch and relay operation observed for various TSMs. Relay operations for external
faults can also be studied.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Maketheconnectionsasshowninfig.
2. Select thetransformationratio 2:1 andtheC.T.ratiosof2:1 and 4:1Set PSMoftherelayequalto 0.5.
3. Applyratedvoltage 230Vtoprimarybyvaryingthevariac.
4. Withoutapplying fault,notedowndifferentmeterreadings.
5. Byapplyingloadobservewhether therelayisoperatingornot.
6. Nowclosetheswitchsoastocreateaninternalfault.
7. Notethevariousammeterreadingswhenrelayoperates.
8. Createinternalfaultatdifferentloadsandnotethevarious meterreadings.
9. Nowcreateanexternalfault andobservewhether therelayoperatesornot,notethevarious meter
readings.
READINGSANDTABULARFORM:
ForInternalFault
S.No IPrimary ISecondary Irelay Ifault Relayoperates
/doesn’toperate
 ForExternalFault
S.No IPrimary Isecondary Irelay Ifault Relay
operates/doesn’t
operate

RESULT:
TheDifferentialprotectionofsinglephasetransformer wasdemonstratedand verified.

DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS:

1. WhyidenticalCTsarerequiredinthisscheme.
2. HowwouldyoutakeCT inbalances intoaccount.
3. Whatdoyouunderstandbyinternalfault.
 EXPERIMENT NO – 11
STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF OVER CURRENT RELAY

Aim:
To study the Operation of a Non - Directional electromechanical type over
current (IDMT relay) and plot the inverse time current characteristics.

Apparatus required:

S.No Apparatus Type Quantity

Electro 1No
1 IDMT Over current relay
mechanical
2 Timer Digital 1No
3 Fault creation Panel Digital 1No
4 Ammeter 30A MI 1No
5 Current Transformer-40/2A Core type 1No

Theory:

Fig. 1 ALSTOM CDG 11 IDMT over current relay

 A non-directional heavily damped induction disc relay which has an
adjustable inverse time/current characteristic with a definite minimum time. The
relay has a high torque movement combined with low burden and low overshoot.
The relay disc is so shaped that as it rotates the driving torque increases and
offsets the changing restraining torque of the control spring. This feature combined
with the high torque of the relay ensures good contact pressure even at currents near
pick-up. Damping of the disc movement is by a removable high retentively
permanent magnet. The unique method of winding the operating coil ensures that
the time/current characteristics are identical on each of the seven current taps.
Selection of the required current setting is by means of a plug setting bridge which
has a single insulated plug. The maximum current tap is automatically connected
when the plug is withdrawn from the bridge, allowing the setting to be changed
under load without risk of open circuiting the current transformers. The IDMT
relay has an auxiliary unit which is powered by a secondary winding on the
electromagnet through a rectifier and as such a separate auxiliary supply is
not required. The disc unit operates and closes its contacts, the auxiliary
element connected across the secondary winding on the electromagnet
operates, and one normally open contact of the auxiliary element reinforces the disc
contact.

Pick Up Current of Relay:

In all electrical relays, the moving contacts are not free to move. All the
contacts remain in their respective normal position by some force applied
on them continuously. This force is called controlling force of the relay. This
controlling force may be gravitational force, may be spring force, and may be
magnetic force. The force applied on the relay’s moving parts for changing
the normal position of the contacts, is called deflecting force. This deflecting
force is always in opposition of controlling force and presents always in the
relay. Although the deflecting force always presents in the relay directly
connected to live line, but as the magnitude of this force is less than controlling
force in normal condition, the relay does not operate. If the actuating current in
the relay coil increases gradually, the deflecting force in electro mechanical
relay is also increased. Once, the deflecting force crosses the controlling force,
the moving parts of the relay initiate to move to change the position of the contacts
in the relay. The current for which the relay initiates it operation is called pick
up current of relay.
Current Setting of Relay:
The minimum pick up value of the deflecting force of an electrical relay is
constant. Again the deflecting force of the coil is proportional to its number of turns
and current flowing through the coil. Now, if we can change the number of active
turns of any coil, the required current to reach at minimum pick value of the
deflecting force, in the coil also changes. That means if active turns of the
relay coil is reduced, then proportionately more current is required to produce
desired relay actuating force. Similarly if active turns of the relay coil are
increased, then proportionately reduced current is required to produce same desired
deflecting force.

Practically same model relays may be used in different systems. As per these
systems requirement the pick-up current of relay is adjusted. This is known as
current setting of relay. This is achieved by providing required number of tapping in
the coil. These taps are brought out to a plug bridge. The number of active turns in
the coil can be changed by inserting plug in different points in the bridge

The current setting of relay is expressed in percentage ratio of relay pick up

current to rated secondary current of CT.

For example, an over current relay should operate when the system current
just crosses 125% of rated current. If the relay is rated with 1 A, the normal
pick up current of the relay is 1 A and it should be equal to secondary rated current
of current transformer connected to the relay.

Then, the relay will be operated when the current of CT secondary

becomes more than or equal 1.25 A. As per definition,

The current setting is sometimes referred as current plug setting. The current
setting of over current relay is generally ranged from 50% to 200%, in steps
of 25%. For earth fault relay it is from 10% to 70% in steps of 10%.
Hence, pick up current of the relay is, 1 × 150 % = 1.5 A. Now, suppose fault
current in the CT primary is 1000 A. Hence, fault current in the CT secondary i.e. in
the relay coil is, 1000 × 1/200 = 5 A. Therefore PSM of the relay is, 5 / 1.5 =3.33
 In order to adjust the relay operating time, both of the factors are to be
adjusted. The adjustment of travelling distance of an electromechanical relay is
commonly known as time setting. This adjustment is commonly known as
time setting multiplier of relay. The time setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in
steps 0.05 sec. But by adjusting only time setting multiplier, we cannot set the actual
time of operation of an electrical relay. As the time of operation also depends upon
the speed of operation. The speed of moving parts of relay depends upon the force
due to current in the relay coil. Hence it is clear that, speed of operation of an
electrical relay depends upon the level of fault current. In time setting multiplier,
this total travelling distance is divided and calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.05.
So when time setting is 0.1, the moving part of the relay has to travel only 0.1
times of the total travelling distance, to close the contact of the relay.

IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time relay. It is one in which

Time of operation is inversely proportional to magnitude of fault current near
pickup value and becomes substantially constant slightly above the pickup value of
the Relay. This is achieved by using a core of the Electro Magnet which gets
saturated for currents slightly greater than the pickup current. Fault current
and measure relay operation time is used to conduct the experiment. Values
recorded for various TSMs and PSMs. Characteristics studied with the help of a
graph and correlated with theory. This relay consists of Induction disc unit
with an operation indicator and in some cases an instantaneous high set unit all
assembled are in standard frame. Type disc shaft carried silver rod moving contacts
which complete the auxiliary unit circuit through the fixed contract Permanent
magnet is used to control the disc speed. The setting is adjusted by the
movement of the back stop which is controlled by the rotating a KNUR LED
molded disc at the base of graduated time multiplier.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
1. Select the P.S.M setting on the relay.
2. Make sure that the 1-phase dimmer stat is in minimum position, test switch is
in ON position, and T.S.M settings of the relay are set to 0.5.
3. Increase the current in the circuit to the value calculated similar to
step 2 depending on the PSM setting by varying the 1-phase variac.
4. Observe the relay tripping condition. The circuit will be in OFF position
after relay tripping.
5. OFF the test switch, reset the timer and relay and push ON button. Make
sure the rotating electromagnetic disc of relay is at initial position before
switching ON.
6. Note down the value of tripping time and current.
 7. Repeat the steps 3,4,5,6, 7to observe the operating time of the relay by
increasing the fault current above calculated value of fault current in step 2 and
tabulate the readings.
8. Repeat the same procedure for various T.S.M = 0.7
9. Plot the graph between time taken for relay to operate vs fault current for
various T.S.M / P.S.M.

Precautions:-
1. Disc must be stationary before applying fault current.

2. TSM setting must be changed with due care.

Sample observations:
Rated Current : 0 to 25 Amps.
CT Ratio : 40/2 Amps = 20.
Pick-Up Current Setting = Plug setting Value X C.T ratio
TSM = 0.1 to 0.6

PSM Pick up Current

0.5 10
0.75 15
1 20
1.25 25

Readings and Tabular forms:-

Fault current(A) Time(sec)

11.5 18
13.55 16.1
16.22 11.1
18.21 8.9
20.08 8
22.45 6.9
23.63 6.4
Expected graphs:

RESULT: Fault current v/s time characteristics of IDMT relay observed on IDMT panel.