Test 4

READING AND USE OF ENGLISH (1 hour 30 minutes)

Part 1

For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an
example at the beginning (0).
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Example:

0 A assessment
B account C expression
D estimate

A
B
C
D
0

Dressing for success

Whether you like it or not, when you go for a job interview your personal appearance will be judged
as an (0) ........ of who you are. Just from looking at you, the interviewer will start (1)........ an opinion about
your capabilities, your attitude to work and how well you might (2)... their organisation. The right image is
one that helps the interviewer (3)... you as one of their team and (4) ......... them that you could represent
their company. So, find out about the company dress code prior to the interview, or see how people are
dressed on their corporate website.

However, even if you (5) .... the image right, it may not (6) ........ be remarked on. The interviewer
will just sense that you 'look right', and feel (7) ....... to being convinced that you are the right person for the job.
But if you get it wrong, it can be very difficult to (8). ........ the negative impression you may already have made.
 74

14
1 A shaping
B making
C creating

2 A put up with
B settle down to
C fit in with

3 A visualise
B reflect
C observe
Reading and Use of English

D forming

D live up to

D foresee

4
A reassures
B clarifies
C encourages
D supports

5 A put
B get
Chit
D set

6 A significantly
B necessarily
C appropriately
D strictly

7 A open
B free
 C alert
D
aware

8 A overtake
B overthrow
C overdo
D
overcome

75
Test 4

Part 2

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

Example:
0 NO T

How technology is helping people to talk

mean much to most people, but it can be life-

been invited to try one

The term 'eye-gaze technology' may (0)

changing for anyone suffering from a severe speech problem. (9)

such hi-tech communication aid, I find (10)

journalist, this is nothing new for me (11)

which tracks the movement of my eyes.

.....

... sitting staring at a computer screen. As a

for the fact that this screen features a red dot

I start by looking at a letter from an on-screen keyboard. However, I could, (12) ........ I wanted to,

select alternative screens (13) up of vocabulary and expressions, which, for experienced

users, would (14)........ doubt speed things up. The letter or word I've selected pops up at the top

of the screen, and slowly I build up my message. More speed would be good as this isn't a fast

way to communicate, (15) ........ with the aid of predictive text. After (16)........ seems like a long

time, my phrase 'this is an amazing machine' is complete. I stare at the phrase and it comes back

to me in a synthesised voice.
 76
Reading and Use of English

Part 3

For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word
that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

Example: 0
DE S
P
E
R
ATEL
Y

Two sleeps per night

Sometimes we wake up in the middle of the night and try (0) ........ hard to

get back to sleep, but instead we spend a really (17) ........ night tossing and

turning until morning. This situation could be (18)........ of a stressful week,

but it could also be because of a sleep pattern we have inherited. Research

shows that our ancestors, rather than enjoying an (19)........ period of sleep

at night, had two sleeps broken up by some time awake.

DESPAIR

COMFORT
 SYMPTOM

INTERRUPT

to
ESSENCE
The eight-hours-a-night pattern that has become almost (20)

modern humans has only been (21) ... in industrialised countries since

the 19th century. Then (22)........ electricity was introduced, which resulted

in a division between night and day that became (23)......... blurred. What

had until then been daytime activities could now be enjoyed after darkness,

and as a result, we went to bed later. We were therefore more tired, and this

(24) ........ us to sleep through the night. However, scientists believe that,

subconsciously, some people may still follow the old patterns and have a

lengthy period of wakefulness during the night.

CUSTOM

AFFORD

PROGRESS

ABLE

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 77
Test 4

Part 4

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is
an example (0).

Example:

0 James would only speak to the head of department alone.

ON

James
to the head of department alone.

The gap can be filled with the words 'insisted on speaking', so you write:

Example: 0 INSISTED ON SPEAKING

Write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

25 Do you mind if John joins us for the meeting?

ΤΟ

Do you have....
us for the meeting?

26 Dan abandoned his studies at university because he was ill.

RESULTED

Dan's .....
his studies at university.
 27 As soon as the tennis players went onto the court, it started raining.

78
HAD

No......
onto the court than it started raining.
Reading and Use of English

28 'We'll have to postpone the meeting until next week, as a lot of people are on leave,' the
manager said.

OFF

The manager said the meeting.

of people were on leave.
until the following week, as a lot

29 As visibility was getting worse and worse, Bob and Jane had to cut short their sailing trip.

BUT

As visibility was getting worse and worse, Bob and Jane had
cut short their sailing trip.

30 Please tick this box if you don't want us to inform you about future events.

RATHER

Please tick this box if you

future events.
sent any information about
 79
Test 4

Part 5

You are going to read an article about travel. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

SEEING THE WORLD

The taxi is late, and I get nervous. Once at the airport I'm thrown into the harsh lights of Terminal B, running with my
suitcase so I can wait in a long security line. My belt buckle sets off the metal detector, and my aftershave is
confiscated. By now you can probably guess the punchline of this very banal story: my flight has been cancelled due to bad
weather. I will be stuck here for the next 218 minutes, my only consolation a plastic cup of coffee and the predictably tasteless
sandwich. Then I will miss my connecting flight and wait, in a different city, with the same menu, for another plane.
It's not the flying I mind - I will always be awed by the physics that gets a fat metal bird into the sky. The rest of
the journey, however, will inevitably feel like a depressing lesson in the ills of modernity, from the pre-dawn X-ray
screening to the sad airport malls peddling rubbishy souvenirs.

So why do we travel? Sometimes it's because we have to, but most travel isn't non-negotiable. (In recent years only 30% of
trips over 100 kilometres were made for business.) Instead we travel because we want to, because the annoyances are
 outweighed by the thrill of being someplace new. Because we need a vacation. Because work is stressful. Because home is boring.
Because New York is New York. Travel, in other words, is a basic human desire. We're a migratory species. But here's my question: is this
collective urge to travel still a worthwhile compulsion? Or is it like the taste for fatty foods: one of those instincts we should have
lost a long time ago?

The good news is that pleasure is not the only advantage of travel. In fact, several new science papers suggest
that travel is essential for effective thinking. Of course it's not enough simply to jump on a plane: if we want to experience the
psychological benefits of travel, then we have to rethink why we do it. An Englishman, for example, might take a short break
in Paris so as not to think about those troubles he's leaving behind. But here's the twist: that tourist is actually most likely to
solve his stubbornest problems while sitting in a stylish Parisian café. Our thoughts are constrained by the familiar, and with a
near-infinite number of things to think about, our brain spends most of its time choosing what not to notice. As a result, imagination is
traded for efficiency. Putting some space between you and home, however, makes it easier to see something new in the old;
the mundane is grasped from a slightly more abstract perspective. So while contemplating some delicious French pastry, we
should be mulling over those domestic riddles we just can't solve.

And that isn't the only psychological perk of travel. Recently researchers at business schools in France and the USA have
reported that students who had lived abroad were 20% more likely to solve a classic experiment, known as the Candle Task, than
students who had never lived outside their birth country. In this task, subjects are given a candle, a cardboard box containing
drawing pins, and some matches. They are told to attach the candle to a piece of corkboard on a wall so that it can burn
properly and no wax drips on to the floor. Nearly 90% of people either try to pin the candle directly to the board, or melt it with
the matches so that it sticks to the board. Neither strategy works. Only a slim minority of subjects come up with the solution,
which involves attaching the candle to the cardboard box with wax and then pinning the box to the board. According to the
researchers, the experience of another culture gives us the open-mindedness to realise that a single thing can have multiple
meanings. Consider the act of leaving food on the plate: in some Oriental countries this is seen as a compliment, a signal that
the host has provided enough to eat. But in many Western countries the same act is a subtle insult, an indication that the
food wasn't good enough to finish. Such cultural contrasts mean that seasoned travellers are alive to ambiguity, and more
willing to accept that there are different (and equally valid) ways of interpreting the world.

80
31 What is the writer's attitude towards flying in the first paragraph?

He is frustrated by the inefficiencies of air travel.

B He is surprised by the poor standard of airport facilities. C He is anxious for the
flight to be over as soon as possible. D He is resigned to the tediousness of the airport
experience.

32 The writer mentions business trips to make the point that

A relatively few people travel out of necessity.

B relatively few journeys are taken for pleasure.
C the majority of people travel without a valid reason to do so. D the majority of journeys
are made for the same few reasons.

33 What does the writer recommend in the third paragraph?

Reading and Use of English
 A having a holiday so as to take a rest from everyday worries B going as far away as possible rather
than spending holidays at home C taking full advantage of the cultural experiences that travel
can offer D travelling in order to gain original insights into familiar situations

34 According to the writer, recent 'Candle Task' results suggest a link between living
abroad and

A practical skills.
B mental flexibility.
C determination to solve problems.
confidence in one's own resourcefulness.

35 The writer mentions leaving food on one's plate in order to highlight

A the difficulties travellers face when interpreting cultural conventions.

the importance of behaving naturally in different contexts.
C the wide variation in levels of politeness across the world. D the effect of exposure to
foreign influences.

36 What would be a suitable subtitle for this article?

A How to understand the mentality of different cultures B How to overcome the more
inconvenient aspects of travel
How distance and difference can boost our creative thinking D How other places
can change the way we perceive ourselves
 81
Test 4

Part 6

You are going to read four reviews of a book entitled Why Translation Matters. For questions 37-40, choose from the
reviews A-D. The reviews may be chosen more than once. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Why translation matters

 Four reviewers give their opinions on translator Edith Grossman's book about her profession.

In Why Translation Matters, Grossman discusses a number of complex issues. Is a translation merely a reflection in a clouded
looking glass that will never mirror the true original? Is a translator merely a sophisticated tool, a human machine soon to be
replaced by a computer program? She answers these and many other questions with a lyrical eloquence that is graceful and
inspiring. In the process, we are also shown detailed examples of her solutions to knotty problems; here we see her joy in
discovery and doing, the best reasons for pursuing a true vocation. Such inner drive is indispensable, because as she rightly
says, 'Translation is a strange craft, generally appreciated by writers, undervalued by publishers, trivialised by the academic
world, and practically ignored by reviewers.' And yet, where literature exists, translation exists and it is a good thing that these
issues should be explored.

Books by translators are few and far between. This short book was originally given as a series of three university lectures, and
the ploys of a lecturer let down the writer: rhetorical questions, academic jargon. Grossman's best thinking about translation,
and her best defence of translation, will be reflected in her translations themselves. It is on the rare occasions that she
focuses on overcoming the challenges that her craft throws up that the book becomes more pleasurable to read. She vents
her frustration on the reader, and some of this is certainly justified: translators ask for very little - simply to be read, included in
the cultural debate, understood - yet almost invariably fail to be given the credit they are due. Translation, for all that it seems
a technical matter, is actually anything but. It's a mode of reading so sympathetic and creative that the outcome is wholly
original.

There is a theory that all language is a form of translation, that we speak in order to translate the unknown into the known, the
non-verbal into the verbal. Edith Grossman draws upon this theory in her book, rightly suggesting, I believe, that the
translation of a literary work from one language into another involves much the same creative process as that which
provoked the originating author, and the end product therefore stands alone. After a rich career, she is eminently
well-qualified to speak on behalf of literary translators everywhere. Nevertheless, the role of the translator is undoubtedly one of the most
unappreciated and unacknowledged in the world of literature. Grossman's beautifully crafted book draws attention to this and
may help to address the problem. It is accessible to the layperson and should be required reading on all university literature
courses.

Why Translation Matters by Edith Grossman is based on three lectures she gave at a university in the US. As an expert in her
field, she has won several awards and would seem to have every reason to feel secure, if not serene. It seems inappropriate,
therefore, that she should devote entire pages to criticising publishers and reviewers, in particular, for failing to give
translators the respect they deserve. However small-minded these comments may look on the page, they do form a
significant part of Grossman's overall argument, which is that literature and translation are 'absolutely inseparable'
and thus the translator is engaged in the very same activity as her author, and is, indeed, a writer herself. The translator's
version of the text, she maintains, is to be considered an original, too. Grossman's approach is non-theoretical, as she ranges
discursively over the usual concerns raised by (chiefly literary) translation in this ultimately charming little book.

82
Reading and Use of English

Which reviewer

expresses a different opinion from reviewer A regarding how well the book is written?
37
shares reviewer B's view on whether a translation can be considered to be a new work in its own right?
38

has a different view from the others on Grossman's complaints about attitudes to
translators?
39

shares reviewer A's view of the way Grossman describes how she deals with difficulties
when translating books?
40

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Test 4

Part 7

You are going to read part of a review of a book about grass. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose
from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Story of Grass

John Carey reviews The Forgiveness of Nature; The Story of Grass by Graham Harvey

There is no doubting the radical importance of Graham Harvey's message. His

case is that grass is unique among the world's plants not just in its
arctic-to-equator adaptability and species diversity, but in the power of its elaborate
root system to enrich soil with useful carbon compounds. The method of land
management that turns this to advantage is mixed crop and cattle farming using crop
rotation.

41

This traditional, nature-based farming practice received a boost in the 17th century,
when it was discovered that fertility was enormously increased if the pasture
incorporated clover flowers, since clover has the ability to convert nitrogen
from the atmosphere into soluble soil nitrates. In the century and a half to
1850, grain yields and animal products doubled because of the clover revolution,
and British farming was able to feed an extra seven million people as the industrial
revolution spurred population growth.

42

When these incentives were introduced in the last quarter of the 20th century, farmers
scrambled to get rid of their cattle, plough up their pastures, and turn their farms
into various kinds of cereal monoculture, with fields full of single crops. These need
heavy applications of chemicals to maintain yields. The high levels of artificial nitrogen
that result make the crops susceptible to disease, particularly mildew, which have
to be countered with yet more chemicals in the form of fungicides.

43

Intensive agriculture has had a similar effect on hay meadows. These used to
flourish in Britain, and their mix of grasses supported the evolution of a rich
diversity

84
of animals and birds. Covering grassland with artificial fertiliser reverses this process. It allows one or two fast- growing varieties to eliminate the
others, together with the wildlife they supported, producing monotonous acres of
 rye-grass.

44

In Harvey's view, British agriculture seems little more than an elaborate means of transferring money from the taxpayer to the pockets
of the agrochemical industry, and laying waste the countryside in the process. The
more intensive the farm, the more its owner can claim public subsidy. The European
Union's common agricultural policy does not escape his attention. It has, in
his opinion, outlawed the traditional mixed farm, since it requires farmers to
choose between intensive crop or intensive cattle production.

45

Harvey runs the story of British agriculture alongside the story of the American prairies - flat grasslands without trees. Again the hero is
grass, and the villains are well-meaning farmers with no understanding of
ecology. The earliest American settlers, in the 17th century, saw no use for the prairies
and labelled them desert. In fact, although arid, they were a rich and delicate
ecosystem, supporting vast herds of bison which, at their peak, equalled in weight the
entire current human population of north America. In three generations, all this was
wiped out. The bison were slaughtered, and the prairies ploughed up for wheat and
maize.

46

Now the prairies have to be dosed with artificial fertiliser and pesticides, and the
government spends millions of dollars on irrigation. It is a depressing picture which
mirrors the story across the Atlantic.
A But it's not just institutions that incur Harvey's
anger, the phasing out of grass has also compounded the
greenhouse effect. Grasslands take carbon from the atmosphere and
lock it safely in the soil. They are far more effective at doing this than
tropical rain forests, and Harvey contends that a return to grass-based
husbandry would crucially alleviate global warming.

B Its presence is a result of the clearing of forest land to make

way for crops and pasture. While many deplore this
development it is the end result of the need to supply cheap food.

C With this system, cattle graze on fields consisting just of grass,

known as pastures. After four years these are ploughed up and
planted with food crops. At the same time, other fields on the same farm will
now have been exhausted by food production, so they are returned to
pasture again.
Reading and Use of English

D The result is depressingly predictable all these substances damage

the soil and destroy its wildlife, from micro-organisms up to earthworms,
 insects and small mammals. The landscape falls silent.

E Farming of this kind is now virtually obsolete in the country, largely

because farm subsidies encourage farmers to abandon crop rotation
based on grass and to rely on chemical fertilisers instead.

F At first, yields of these crops were huge, drawing on organic matter in

the topsoil accumulated over centuries. But in the next 30 years, they fell by
three-quarters. Then came the 'high' winds of the 1930s, when the degraded
soil literally blew away.

G This particular species spread with frightening speed in the 20th

century. By 1984, the total area of species-rich grassland remaining in
the country was just 3% of what it had been in 1930, and the destruction is
continuing to the present day.

85
Test 4

Part 8

You are going to read an article in which five people talk about careers in archaeology. For questions 47-56,
choose from the books (A-E).
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Which person

suggests that archaeology has a unique appeal?

describes how mutually supportive archaeologists tend to be?

criticises people who advise against studying archaeology?

points out the economic contribution that archaeology can make?

welcomes the media profile that archaeology now has?

points out that jobs in archaeology can often be short-term?

emphasises the commitment some archaeology students feel towards their subject?

mentions the value of an archaeological perspective on wider issues?

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

believes archaeologists often overlook job opportunities that exist for them?

mentions the appeal of studying a subject with a practical side to it?

 86
55

56

Careers in archaeology

A Jack Stone from The Archaeological

Association

The visibility of archaeology on TV and in the press has increased

enormously in recent years. Whether this makes it an attractive career, given
an economic climate in which young people understandably favour jobs with
good salaries - not common in archaeology - is debatable, but generally, it's
had a positive impact. Many archaeologists are hired by small companies to
work on excavations; these jobs are often interesting but don't tend to last
more than a few months at a time. Then, there are those who work for government
organisations, caring for the historical environment. These jobs are more
stable, but there are fewer of them. Some people stay on at university doing
research and teaching, and others do museum work. In my experience,
most people go into archaeology with their feet firmly on the ground.

B Dr Paul Simpson, university lecturer It's probably what they

see on film and TV, but many people assume that archaeology equals
digging big holes. While this is obviously an aspect of our work, the bulk of
what we do nowadays is lab-based. Few university programmes cover the
ground archaeology does. Spanning sciences and humanities, it requires
all sorts of skills, and in my department at least, we teach everything
from human evolution to the industrial revolution. The number of people
wanting to study archaeology is regrettably small - tiny relative to history, for
example. Potential salaries partly explain this, but it's also down to misguided
school teachers saying, 'Why not choose a safe subject like business?'
Perhaps they forget it's perfectly feasible to study archaeology and then
succeed in an unrelated career. Having said this, half the final-year students
in my department stay in archaeology, and tend to be obsessive about
it. There's something about telling stories based on evidence you've discovered
and knowing that if you hadn't discovered it, no-one would have - that cannot
be experienced in any other field.

C Victoria Walker, postgraduate student I'm researching links

between Roman civilisation and Ireland 2,000 years ago, which I realise non-
archaeologists might think somewhat obscure. I have a fantastic bunch of
academics and students
Reading and Use of English

backing me up and there's a tremendous sense of being in it together. It's a

challenging discipline, and one that because of the fieldwork particularly
suits a hands-on person like me. Archaeology's wonderful even if you end up
doing a completely different kind of job. With hindsight, I now see that the
undergraduate course is as much about learning how to do things that can be
used in other areas of life, like how to gather and interpret evidence, as it is
about archaeology itself.

D Mark Anderson, field archaeologist My company excavates sites

before big construction projects like roads and shopping centres get started
on them. Some remains date back many thousands of years, others a couple
of centuries; they might be castles, temples, small houses or even just
ancient farmland. Over the years, however, I've worked extensively on wetland
sites like marshes and river estuaries. This means I have unusual expertise and am in
demand for digs in such locations. Much of our work is practical, but we also
use imagination to figure out what the tiny fragments we dig up might mean.
This, I feel, is something historians, with their access to masses of evidence, tend
to miss out on. People say archaeology is a luxury today's worldhas far
greater problems to solve than investigating how ancient people lived.
It's hard to argue with this, but our troubled globe is run by people seeking
quick, short-term solutions, and a deeper, longer-term understanding of
humanity's history, derived from archaeology, would surely enhance their
thinking.

E Tina Cray, museum manager Even at university I was always more interested in the theoretical side of things
than digging, but on graduating I assumed, like many others in my position,
that excavation is what archaeology's all about. It took me a while to realise there
were other paths to explore. I'm now part of a team that runs museums and
heritage sites, and we provide a valuable, if underestimated, service to the
community. There's the key role museums play in ensuring that knowledge of
the past doesn't remain the preserve of a privileged minority. My team has also
overseen an impressive rise in the number of tourists visiting museums and
monuments, and this has stimulated local businesses and created jobs.

87
Test 4

WRITING (1 hour 30 minutes)

Part 1

You must answer this question. Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style.

1
88
Your class has attended a panel discussion on how to influence people to be more environmentally friendly. You
have made the notes below:

Ideas for influencing people to be more environmentally

friendly:
mar
• laws and taxes

⚫ education
 • media
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:

"Governments should make people pay if they damage the

environment."

"Schools and parents should teach children to respect the

environment from a very early age."

"News programmes can tell people how important these

issues are."

Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the ideas for influencing people in your notes. You should explain which way
would be more effective and provide reasons to support your opinion.

You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own words
as far as possible.
Part 2
Writing

Write an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style.

You have spent two weeks at a language school in another town. While you were there, you lived in student
accommodation, attended language classes, and took part in social activities organised by the school. A friend of
yours has written to you asking whether you would recommend the school. Write a letter to your friend identifying
which aspects of the school you were happy with, explaining which aspects were disappointing, and saying
whether you would recommend the school.
Write your letter. You do not need to include postal addresses.

You work at an international company, and you and your colleagues would like to attend a language course.
You decide to write a proposal to your Director suggesting that the company help with the cost of the course.

In your proposal, you should provide information about the time and costs involved and explain the relevance
of the course to you and your colleagues' work.
Write your proposal.

An English language magazine is looking at television talent shows around the world. You decide to write a
review of a television talent show in your country. In your review, explain what happens on the show and evaluate whether
it provides positive role models for young people.

Write your review.

89
Test 4

LISTENING (approximately 40 minutes)

Part 1

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what
you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One
You hear two friends talking about a geology lecture they have been to.

1
How did the man feel about the lecture?

2
A surprised by its message

B impressed by the speaker's delivery

C interested in the visuals

They both think that discussions about the new geological name 'anthropocene' could

A prove too controversial to be useful.

B put an end to a scientific disagreement.

C have some influence on people's behaviour.

Extract Two

You hear a man talking to a librarian about e-books.

3
The librarian says her library is considering

A whether to provide devices for reading e-books.

B how to stop people from keeping e-books for too long.

C which books should be offered in electronic form.

4
The librarian is confident libraries will survive because

90
 A e-books are very popular with the public.

B publishers and authors are prepared to co-operate.

C previous technological advances haven't caused problems.

Extract Three

You hear a student, Joel, talking to his neighbour about his studies.

5
Why does the woman mention gardening?

6
A to show Joel how science can be applied to everyday life

B to encourage Joel to take an interest in the natural world

C to advise Joel on how to keep plants healthy

How does Joel feel about his future career prospects?

A Studying science won't lead him to a well-paid job.

B He lacks the motivation to really succeed in science.

C It is important for him to explore a wide range of options.

Listening
 91
Test 4
 Part 2

You will hear an astronaut called Charles Renard talking about a simulated space mission to Mars he took part in. For
questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

MISSION TO MARS

Charles first learnt about the simulated space mission from a

Charles was most concerned about the lack of

simulated space capsule.

The layout of the spaceship included a dining area that was

in shape.

The astronauts were tested on what they could remember and their
7
he saw.

8 inside the

10 as well as undergoing physical experiments.

Charles stresses the need to relax and practising the

his favourite way of doing so.

 Charles explains how the crew once had to get by without water or

On arrival at their destination, the astronauts simulated an accidental

11 was

12 for a day.

13 to test out emergency procedures.

Charles mentions some difficulties such as a minor

occurred while the astronauts were eating on the return journey.

92
14 that
Part 3
Listening

You will hear part of an interview with two wildlife photographers called Alan Stoker and Daniela Bertram who are talking about their
work. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.

15 Alan believes the principal concern of wildlife photographers should be

A to secure the most impressive shots.

B to avoid harming animals' natural habitats.
C to develop an understanding of their subjects.
D to keep up with the latest technical developments.

16 How did Alan feel about his assignment to photograph the birds called 'grebes'?
 A undeterred by the uncomfortable conditions
B surprised by how well his work has since been received
C upset that a rival photographer managed to get better shots
D concerned that the welfare of the wildlife had been compromised

17 Alan admits that the conservation trust he has set up

A helps to promote his business interests.

B involves less work than collecting donations.
C hasn't generated the anticipated level of income.
D has changed his attitude towards his own contributions.

18 When Daniela won a major prize for her work, she was most pleased by

A the recognition she received from other photographers.

B the publicity given to an environmental disaster.
C the place where the picture was exhibited.
D the financial reward that accompanied it.

19 Daniela says she wants her photographs to

A generate an emotional response.

B reach as wide a public as possible.
C bring about a change in people's behaviour.
D show that beauty occurs in the most unlikely places.

20 Alan and Daniela agree that aspiring wildlife photographers should

A consult with leading authorities.

B choose a narrow field to specialise in. C be highly critical of
their own work.
D aim to gain a wide range of experience.

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Test 4
Part 4
You will hear five short extracts in which professional writers are talking about their work.
TASK ONE
TASK TWO
For questions 26-30, choose from the list (A-H) what advice each speaker would give to new writers.
For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) what made each speaker choose writing as a career.
While you listen you must complete both tasks.
A a love of words
A Ignore setbacks.
B a desire for control
B Plan a work before starting.
Speaker 1
21
Speaker 1
26
C advice from a family member
C Read as widely as possible.
D an inspirational teacher
Speaker 2
22
22
D Research the market.
Speaker 2
27
E a wish to recreate the past
Speaker 3
23
E Pay attention to criticism.
Speaker 3
28
F a time of personal difficulty
Speaker 4
24
F Write in a style that pleases you.
Speaker 4
29
G a desire to escape a dull routine
G Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Speaker 5
25
Speaker 5
30
30
H an interest in others
H Revise your work carefully.