IoT and ES

UNIT II (Part II)

Mr. Anand Dhawale

MESCE, Pune.
 Points from Syllabus
IoT Technical Building Blocks.
Physical Design of IoT: Things in IoT,
Interoperability of IoT Devices,
Sensors and Actuators, Need of Analog / Digital
Conversion.
Logical Design of IoT: IoT functional blocks,
IoT enabling technologies,
IoT levels and deployment templates, Applications in
IoT.
,
1. Physical Entity:
Discrete and identifiable entity in physical
environment. (eg. Room,light, appliances etc).
Information about physical entity :- using sensors.
Example Physical entities:
1. room in the home and
2. light appliance to be controlled.
2. Virtual Entity:
Representation of physical entity in the digital
world.
For each physical entity, there is virtual entity.
So in our example,
one virtual entity for room
and another for appliance.
 Physical Design of IoT
A physical design of an IoT system refers to the
individual node devices and their protocols that
are utilised to create a functional IoT
ecosystem.
Each node device can perform tasks such as
remote sensing, actuating, monitoring, etc., by
relying on physically connected devices.
It may also be capable of transmitting
information through different types of wireless
or wired connections.
The things/devices in the IoT system
are used for:
Building connections
Data processing
Providing storage
Providing interfaces
Providing graphical interfaces
 IoT Devices

The devices generate data, and the data is used

to perform analysis and do operations for
improving the system.
For instance, a moisture sensor is used to obtain
the moisture data from a location, and the system
analyses it to give an output.
IoT devices can be of various types, including
smartwatches, sensing devices, smart
electronics appliances, automobiles, wearable
sensors, and industrial machines. IoT devices
generate data in some form which leads to useful
information when processed.
Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device
IoT Technical Building Blocks
●The Basic building blocks of the IoT system are -
sensors, processors, gateways, and applications
●Each of the blocks has its own characteristics to
form a dynamic IoT system.
 IoT Technical Building Blocks
1. Sensors
● The sensor is the front end of the IoT system.
●The main aim of the sensor is to çollect data
from the environment or give out data to the
environment (actuators).
●Sensors are identified with a unique IP address
therefore they can be easily determined over a
large network.
●Sensors are active in nature because they collect
real-time data.
●They can either work on their own or work by
the user depending on their needs.
Examples of sensors are gas sensors, water
●

quality sensors, moisture sensors, etc.

 2. Processors
● Processors are the brain of the IoT system.
●The main function is to process the data captured
by the sensors and process them so as to extract
valuable data from the enormous amount of
raw data collected.
●Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and
can be easily controlled by applications.
These are also responsible for securing the data
●

– that is performing encryption and decryption

of data.
●Embedded hardware devices,
microcontrollers, etc are the ones that process
the data because they have processors attached
to them.
Block Diagram of Sensor
 3. Gateways
The main function of the gateway is to route the
●

processed data and send it to the location for

proper utilization.
●LAN, WAN, PAN, etc are examples of network
gateways.
 4. Applications
Applications are important for the proper utilization
●

of all the data collected.

●These cloud-based applications are responsible
for rendering effective meaning to the data collected.
Applications are controlled by users and are a
●

delivery point of particular services.

●Examples of applications are home automation
apps, security systems, industrial control hubs, etc.
Basic building blocks of IoT
 Physical Design of IoT : Things in
IoT
A thing, in the context of the Internet of things
(IoT), is an entity or physical object that has a
unique identifier, an embedded system and the
ability to transfer data over a network.
IoT devices are the nonstandard computing
devices that connect wirelessly to a network
and have the ability to transmit data.
 Why Do You Need an Analog-to-
Digital Converter
An analog to digital converter (ADC), converts any
analog signal into quantifiable data, which makes
it easier to process and store, as well as more
accurate and reliable by minimizing errors.
 An actuator
An IoT device is made up of a Physical object
(“thing”) + Controller (“brain”) + Sensors +
Actuators + Networks (Internet).
An actuator is a machine component or system
that moves or controls the mechanism or the
system.
 Logical Design of IoT
The actual design of how its components
(computers, sensors, and actuators) should be
arranged to complete a particular function.

It doesn’t go into the depth of describing how

each component will be built with low-level
programming specifics.
 Logical Design of IoT includes….
1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs
1. IoT Functional Blocks
An IoT system consists of a number of functional
blocks like Devices, services, communication,
security, and application that provide the
capability for sensing, actuation, identification,
communication, and management.
Application
It is an interface that provides a control system that use by
users to view the status and analyze of system.
Management
This functional block provides various functions that are
used to manage an IoT system.
Services
This functional block provides some services like
monitoring and controlling a device and publishing and
deleting the data and restoring the system.
Communication
This block handles the communication between
the client and the cloud-based server and
sends/receives the data using protocols.
Security
This block is used to secure an IoT system
using some functions like authorization, data
security, authentication, 2-step verification,
etc.
Device
These devices are used to provide sensing and
monitoring control functions that collect data from
the outer environment.
 2. IoT Communication Models

Communication models available in an IoT

system are used to communicate between the
system and server ,
request-response model,
publish-subscribe model,
push-pull model,
exclusive pair model.
 IoT Communication Models……

A. Request-Response Communication Model:

- a client sends the request for data to the server
and the server responds according to the request.
- when a server receives a request it fetches the
data, retrieves the resources and prepares the
response, and then sends the data back to the
client.
- in this model, HTTP works as a request-
response protocol between a client and server.
Example
1. When we search a query on a browser then the
browser submits an HTTP request to the server
and then the server returns a response to the
browser(client).
2. Sending a spreadsheet to the printer — the
spreadsheet program is the client.
 IoT Communication Models……
B. Publish-Subscribe Communication Model
-a broker between publisher and consumer
-here publishers are the source of data but they are
not aware of consumers. they send the data
managed by the brokers
- when a consumer subscribes to a topic that is
managed by the broker and when the broker receives
data from the publisher it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
Example
1. On the website many times we subscribe to their
newsletters using our email address.
these email addresses are managed by some third-
party services and when a new article is published
on the website it is directly sent to the broker and
then the broker sends these new data or posts to
all the subscribers.
2. Public sensors with a massive base of uniform
users that will use the data.
 IoT Communication Models……
3. Push-Pull Communication Model
- communication model in which the data push
by the producers in a queue and the
consumers pull the data from the queues.
- here also producers are not aware of the
consumers.
Example
When we visit a website we see a number of
posts that are published in a queue and according
to our requirements, we click on a post and start
reading it.
 IoT Communication Models……
4. Exclusive Pair Communication Model:
-It is a bidirectional fully duplex communication
model that uses a persistent connection
between the client and server.
 The connection does not change and remains
open until the client submits a request to close
the connection.
The server has a record of all open
communication
 IoT Communication APIs
1. Represental State Transfer (REST)
2. WebSocket-based Communication APIs.
Communication with REST APIs.
IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies
are

Wireless Sensor Network

Cloud Computing
Big Data Analytics
Communications Protocols
Embedded System
 IOT Levels and Deployment
Templates
IOT Level-1
IOT Level-2
IOT Level-3
IOT Level-4
IOT Level-5
IOT Level-6
 IOT Level 1
Single node/device that performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs analysis and
hosts application.
Local analysis.
Single node/device that performs sensing
and/or actuation
Local analysis.
Data is stored on cloud and application is
generally cloud based.
Web resources:
https://technophileholmes.hashnode.dev/internet-
of-things-iot-levels

IoT Levels- Deployment Templates

(programmingoneonone.com)