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Early in the Great Migration of 1910–1970, which involved the mass migration of Black people from the southern to
the northern United States, political activist and Chicago Defender writer Fannie Barrier Williams was instrumental in
helping other Black women establish themselves in the North. Many women hoped for better employment
opportunities in the North because, in the South, they faced much competition for domestic employment and men
tended to get agricultural work. To aid with this transition, Barrier Williams helped secure job placement in the North
for many women before they even began their journey.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To introduce and illustrate Barrier Williams’s integral role in supporting other Black women as their
circumstances changed during part of the Great Migration
B. To establish that Barrier Williams used her professional connections to arrange employment for other Black
women, including jobs with the Chicago Defender
C. To demonstrate that the factors that motivated the start of the Great Migration were different for Black women
than they were for Black men
D. To provide an overview of the employment challenges faced by Black women in the agricultural and domestic
spheres in the southern United States
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Using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes López-Morales and colleagues measured
the wavelengths of light traveling through the atmosphere of WASP-39b, an exoplanet, or planet outside our solar
system. Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of light, and the wavelength measurements showed the
presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in WASP-39b’s atmosphere. This finding not only offers the first decisive evidence
of CO₂ in the atmosphere of an exoplanet but also illustrates the potential for future scientific breakthroughs held by
the JWST.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is superior to it.
B. It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then explains the importance of that discovery.
C. It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis based on that study.
D. It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows how other scientists have challenged
that conclusion.
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In 1973, poet Miguel Algarín started inviting other writers who, like him, were Nuyorican—a term for New Yorkers of
Puerto Rican heritage—to gather in his apartment to present their work. The gatherings were so well attended that
Algarín soon had to rent space in a cafe to accommodate them. Thus, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe was born. Moving
to a permanent location in 1981, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its original scope beyond the written word,
hosting art exhibitions and musical performances as well. Half a century since its inception, it continues to foster
emerging Nuyorican talent.
Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?
A. To explain what motivated Algarín to found the Nuyorican Poets Cafe
B. To situate the Nuyorican Poets Cafe within the cultural life of New York as a whole
C. To discuss why the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its scope to include art and music
D. To provide an overview of the founding and mission of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe
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The following text is from the 1923 poem “Black Finger” by Angelina Weld Grimké, a Black American writer. A
cypress is a type of evergreen tree.
I have just seen a most beautiful thing,
Slim and still,
Against a gold, gold sky,
A straight black cypress,
Sensitive,
Exquisite,
A black finger
Pointing upwards.
Why, beautiful still finger, are you black?
And why are you pointing upwards?
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The speaker assesses a natural phenomenon, then questions the accuracy of her assessment.
B. The speaker describes a distinctive sight in nature, then ponders what meaning to attribute to that sight.
C. The speaker presents an outdoor scene, then considers a human behavior occurring within that scene.
D. The speaker examines her surroundings, then speculates about their influence on her emotional state.
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The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens’s 1854 novel Hard Times. Coketown is a fictional town in
England.
[Coketown] contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one
another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same
sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and
tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To emphasize the uniformity of both the town and the people who live there
B. To explain the limited work opportunities available to the town’s residents
C. To reveal how the predictability of the town makes it easy for people lose track of time
D. To argue that the simplicity of life in the town makes it a pleasant place to live
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The following text is adapted from Paul Laurence Dunbar’s 1902 novel The Sport of the Gods. Joe and some of his
family members have recently moved to New York City.
[Joe] was wild with enthusiasm and with a desire to be a part of all that the metropolis meant. In the evening he
saw the young fellows passing by dressed in their spruce clothes, and he wondered with a sort of envy where
they could be going. Back home there had been no place much worth going to, except church and one or two
people’s houses.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. It illustrates a character’s reaction to a new environment.
B. It explains why a character has traveled to a city.
C. It compares a character’s thoughts about an event at two different times of day.
D. It presents a character feeling regret over leaving home.
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Musician Joni Mitchell, who is also a painter, uses images she creates for her album covers to emphasize ideas
expressed in her music. For the cover of her album Turbulent Indigo (1994), Mitchell painted a striking self-portrait
that closely resembles Vincent van Gogh’s Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889). The image calls attention to the
album’s title song, in which Mitchell sings about the legacy of the postimpressionist painter. In that song, Mitchell
also hints that she feels a strong artistic connection to Van Gogh—an idea that is reinforced by her imagery on the
cover.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It presents a claim about Mitchell, then gives an example supporting that claim.
B. It discusses Van Gogh’s influence on Mitchell, then considers Mitchell’s influence on other artists.
C. It describes a similarity between two artists, then notes a difference between them.
D. It describes the songs on Turbulent Indigo, then explains how they relate to the album’s cover.
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The following text is from the 1924 poem “Cycle” by D’Arcy McNickle, who was a citizen of the Confederated Salish
and Kootenai Tribes.
There shall be new roads wending,
A new beating of the drum—
Men’s eyes shall have fresh seeing,
Grey lives reprise their span—
But under the new sun’s being,
Completing what night began,
There’ll be the same backs bending,
The same sad feet shall drum—
When this night finds its ending
And day shall have come.....
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To consider how the repetitiveness inherent in human life can be both rewarding and challenging
B. To question whether activities completed at one time of day are more memorable than those completed at
another time of day
C. To refute the idea that joy is a more commonly experienced emotion than sadness is
D. To demonstrate how the experiences of individuals relate to the experiences of their communities
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The following text is from Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1910 poem “The Earth’s Entail.”
No matter how we cultivate the land,
Taming the forest and the prairie free;
No matter how we irrigate the sand,
Making the desert blossom at command,
We must always leave the borders of the sea;
The immeasureable reaches
Of the windy wave-wet beaches,
The million-mile-long margin of the sea.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The speaker argues against interfering with nature and then gives evidence supporting this interference.
B. The speaker presents an account of efforts to dominate nature and then cautions that such efforts are only
temporary.
C. The speaker provides examples of an admirable way of approaching nature and then challenges that approach.
D. The speaker describes attempts to control nature and then offers a reminder that not all nature is controllable.
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The following text is adapted from Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto’s 1925 memoir A Daughter of the Samurai. As a young
woman, Sugimoto moved from feudal Japan to the United States.
The standards of my own and my adopted country differed so widely in some ways, and my love for both lands
was so sincere, that sometimes I had an odd feeling of standing upon a cloud in space, and gazing with
measuring eyes upon two separate worlds. At first I was continually trying to explain, by Japanese standards,
all the queer things that came every day before my surprised eyes; for no one seemed to know the origin or
significance of even the most familiar customs, nor why they existed and were followed.
Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?
A. To convey the narrator’s experience of observing and making sense of differences between two cultures she
embraces
B. To establish the narrator’s hope of forming connections with new companions by sharing customs she learned
as a child
C. To reveal the narrator’s recognition that she is hesitant to ask questions about certain aspects of a culture she is
newly encountering
D. To emphasize the narrator’s wonder at discovering that the physical distance between two countries is greater
than she had expected
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In the Here and Now Storybook (1921), educator Lucy Sprague Mitchell advanced the then controversial idea that
books for very young children should imitate how they use language, since toddlers, who cannot yet grasp narrative
or abstract ideas, seek reassurance in verbal repetition and naming. The most enduring example of this idea is
Margaret Wise Brown’s 1947 picture book Goodnight Moon, in which a young rabbit names the objects in his room
as he drifts off to sleep. Scholars note that the book’s emphasis on repetition, rhythm, and nonsense rhyme speaks
directly to Mitchell’s influence.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The text outlines a debate between two authors of children’s literature and then traces how that debate shaped
theories on early childhood education.
B. The text summarizes an argument about how children’s literature should be evaluated and then discusses a
contrasting view on that subject.
C. The text lists the literary characteristics that are common to many classics of children’s literature and then
indicates the narrative subjects that are most appropriate for young children.
D. The text presents a philosophy about what material is most suitable for children’s literature and then describes a
book influenced by that philosophy.
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The following text is from Sarah Orne Jewett’s 1899 short story “Martha’s Lady.” Martha is employed by Miss Pyne
as a maid.
Miss Pyne sat by the window watching, in her best dress, looking stately and calm; she seldom went out now, and
it was almost time for the carriage. Martha was just coming in from the garden with the strawberries, and with
more flowers in her apron. It was a bright cool evening in June, the golden robins sang in the elms, and the sun
was going down behind the apple-trees at the foot of the garden. The beautiful old house stood wide open to the
long-expected guest.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To convey the worries brought about by a new guest
B. To describe how the characters have changed over time
C. To contrast the activity indoors with the stillness outside
D. To depict the setting as the characters await a visitor’s arrival
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The following text is from Walt Whitman’s 1860 poem “Calamus 24.”
I HEAR it is charged against me that I seek to destroy institutions;
But really I am neither for nor against institutions
(What indeed have I in common with them?—Or what with the destruction of them?),
Only I will establish in the Mannahatta [Manhattan] and in every city of These States, inland and seaboard,
And in the fields and woods, and above every keel [ship] little or large, that dents the water,
Without edifices, or rules, or trustees, or any argument,
The institution of the dear love of comrades.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The speaker questions an increasingly prevalent attitude, then summarizes his worldview.
B. The speaker regrets his isolation from others, then predicts a profound change in society.
C. The speaker concedes his personal shortcomings, then boasts of his many achievements.
D. The speaker addresses a criticism leveled against him, then announces a grand ambition of his.
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Works of moral philosophy, such as Plato’s Republic or Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, are partly concerned with
how to live a morally good life. But philosopher Jonathan Barnes argues that works that present a method of living
such a life without also supplying a motive are inherently useful only to those already wishing to be morally good—
those with no desire for moral goodness will not choose to follow their rules. However, some works of moral
philosophy attempt to describe what constitutes a morally good life while also proposing reasons for living one.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It provides a characterization about a field of thought by noting two works in it and then details a way in which
some works in that field are more comprehensive than others.
B. It mentions two renowned works and then claims that despite their popularity it is impossible for these works to
serve the purpose their authors intended.
C. It summarizes the history of a field of thought by discussing two works and then proposes a topic of further
research for specialists in that field.
D. It describes two influential works and then explains why one is more widely read than the other.
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The following text is from Lucy Maud Montgomery’s 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables. Anne, an eleven-year-old
girl, has come to live on a farm with a woman named Marilla in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Anne reveled in the world of color about her.
“Oh, Marilla,” she exclaimed one Saturday morning, coming dancing in with her arms full of gorgeous boughs,
“I’m so glad I live in a world where there are Octobers. It would be terrible if we just skipped from September to
November, wouldn’t it? Look at these maple branches. Don’t they give you a thrill—several thrills? I’m going to
decorate my room with them.”
“Messy things,” said Marilla, whose aesthetic sense was not noticeably developed. “You clutter up your room
entirely too much with out-of-doors stuff, Anne. Bedrooms were made to sleep in.”
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To demonstrate that Anne has a newly developed appreciation of nature
B. To describe an argument that Anne and Marilla often have
C. To emphasize Marilla’s disapproval of how Anne has decorated her room
D. To show that Anne and Marilla have very different personalities
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The following text is adapted from Aphra Behn’s 1689 novel The Lucky Mistake. Atlante and Rinaldo are neighbors
who have been secretly exchanging letters through Charlot, Atlante’s sister.
[Atlante] gave this letter to Charlot; who immediately ran into the balcony with it, where she still found Rinaldo in a
melancholy posture, leaning his head on his hand: She showed him the letter, but was afraid to toss it to him, for
fear it might fall to the ground; so he ran and fetched a long cane, which he cleft at one end, and held it while she
put the letter into the cleft, and stayed not to hear what he said to it. But never was man so transported with joy,
as he was at the reading of this letter; it gives him new wounds; for to the generous, nothing obliges love so much
as love.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It describes the delivery of a letter, and then portrays a character’s happiness at reading that letter.
B. It establishes that a character is desperate to receive a letter, and then explains why another character has not
yet written that letter.
C. It presents a character’s concerns about delivering a letter, and then details the contents of that letter.
D. It reveals the inspiration behind a character’s letter, and then emphasizes the excitement that another character
feels upon receiving that letter.
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The following text is adapted from Gwendolyn Bennett’s 1926 poem “Street Lamps in Early Spring.”
Night wears a garment
All velvet soft, all violet blue...
And over her face she draws a veil
As shimmering fine as floating dew...
And here and there
In the black of her hair
The subtle hands of Night
Move slowly with their gem-starred light.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It presents alternating descriptions of night in a rural area and in a city.
B. It sketches an image of nightfall, then an image of sunrise.
C. It makes an extended comparison of night to a human being.
D. It portrays how night changes from one season of the year to the next.
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The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell’s 1912 short story “‘Out There.’” An elderly shop owner is looking
at a picture that he recently acquired and hopes to sell.
It did seem that the picture failed to fit in with the rest of the shop. A persuasive young fellow who claimed he was
closing out his stock let the old man have it for what he called a song. It was only a little out-of-the-way store
which subsisted chiefly on the framing of pictures. The old man looked around at his views of the city, his pictures
of cats and dogs, his flaming bits of landscape. “Don’t belong in here,” he fumed.
And yet the old man was secretly proud of his acquisition. There was a hidden dignity in his scowling as he
shuffled about pondering the least ridiculous place for the picture.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To reveal the shop owner’s conflicted feelings about the new picture
B. To convey the shop owner’s resentment of the person he got the new picture from
C. To describe the items that the shop owner most highly prizes
D. To explain differences between the new picture and other pictures in the shop
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By combining Indigenous and classical music, Cree composer and cellist Cris Derksen creates works that reflect the
diverse cultural landscape of Canada. For her album Orchestral Powwow, Derksen composed new songs in the style
of traditional powwow music that were accompanied by classical arrangements played by an orchestra. But where
an orchestra would normally follow the directions of a conductor, the musicians on Orchestral Powwow are led by
the beat of a powwow drum.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To examine how Derksen’s musical compositions blend cultures
B. To argue that Derksen should be recognized for creating a new style of music
C. To describe the difficulties Derksen encountered when producing her album
D. To establish a contrast between Derksen’s classical training and her Cree heritage
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Michelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identified a dilemma inherent to research
on the status of women in her tribe during the 1600s and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives
and other accounts by male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power conferred on Choctaw women
by their traditional roles in political, civic, and ceremonial life. Pesantubbee argues that the Choctaw oral tradition
and findings from archaeological sites in the tribe’s homeland supplement the written record by providing crucial
insights into those roles.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It details the shortcomings of certain historical sources, then argues that research should avoid those sources
altogether.
B. It describes a problem that arises in research on a particular topic, then sketches a historian’s approach to
addressing that problem.
C. It lists the advantages of a particular research method, then acknowledges a historian’s criticism of that method.
D. It characterizes a particular topic as especially challenging to research, then suggests a related topic for
historians to pursue instead.
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Many archaeologists assume that large-scale engineering projects in ancient societies required an elite class to plan
and direct the necessary labor. However, recent discoveries, such as the excavation of an ancient canal near the
Gulf Coast of Alabama, have complicated this picture. Using radiocarbon dating, a team of researchers concluded
that the 1.39-kilometer-long canal was most likely constructed between 576 and 650 CE by an Indigenous society
that was relatively free of social classes.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It describes a common view among archaeologists, then discusses a recent finding that challenges that view.
B. It outlines a method used in some archaeological fieldwork, then explains why an alternative method is superior
to it.
C. It presents contradictory conclusions drawn by archaeologists, then evaluates a study that has apparently
resolved that contradiction.
D. It identifies a gap in scientific research, then presents a strategy used by some archaeologists to remedy that
gap.