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AC Motors and Generators

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27 views2 pages

AC Motors and Generators

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akilthomas007
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Akil Thomas

AC motors and Genertors

History of AC generators

The electric generator has its origins in the work of Michael Faraday and
Joseph Henry, who discovered electromagnetic induction. The first AC
generator was created accidentally by Hippolyte Pixii while he was
inventing the first dynamo in 1832, which delivered pulses of DC electricity.
In the late 19th century, Nikola Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse,
had shown that unlike direct current, alternating current can be converted
from one voltage to another using a transformer. So, power can be sent over
long distances using a high voltage and then throttled down to a lower
voltage to service customers.
https://itstillworks.com/13637203/about-ac-generators

History of AC motors

Alternating current technology was rooted in Michael Faraday's and Joseph Henry's 1830–31 discovery
that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit. Faraday is usually given credit
for this discovery since he published his findings first.[1]

In 1832, French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii generated a crude form of alternating current when he
designed and built the first alternator. It consisted of a revolving horseshoe magnet passing over two
wound-wire coils.[2]

Because of AC's advantages in long-distance high voltage transmission, there were many inventors in
the United States and Europe during the late 19th century trying to develop workable AC motors.[3] The
first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily, who gave a workable
demonstration of his battery-operated polyphase motor aided by a commutator on June 28, 1879, to
the Physical Society of London.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor#:~:text=In%201887%2C%20American%20inventor
%20Charles,Galileo%20Ferraris%20and%20Nikola%20Tesla.

Operating principles of both AC motors and generators

AC generator

When a current-carrying loop is rotated between a pair of poles, a voltage is induced cutting lines of
force. The resultant current is drawn off the loop by means of slip-rings (not a commutator, as in d.c.
generators) and is continually changing in direction and magnitude.
AC motor

The basic principle is similar in both cases. A rotating field is obtained by using two sets of windings: (a) a
starting winding; and (b) a running winding. The current flowing in the starting winding is made about
90° out of phase with the current in the running winding so that both sets of fields are of different
polarity at any instant in time, thus producing a rotating field effect.

Types of AC motors

Capacitor-start Induction Motor

A capacitor is connected

in series with the starting winding to give a ‘ leading ’ current in this winding. When the motor is run-up
the centrifugal switch on the rotor shaft opens the starting winding and the motor runs at normal speed
with the running winding.

Inductor-start Induction Motor

This type of split-phase motor uses a greater inductance in the starting winding to produce the split
phase effect necessary to produce a rotating field. A centrifugal switch is used as in the capacitor-start
type. A variable resistance is often used in the larger sizes of split-phase induction motors to reduce
starting current.

Shaded-pole Motor

This type of motor has only one winding. The rotating field effect is produced by closed copper loops
embedded on the pole faces. The starting torque is poor and the motor is only practical on very light
loads, for example, gramophone motors.

Repulsion-start Induction-run Motor

This single-phase motor has a single field system and a wound rotor. When an alternating voltage is
applied across the field winding a current is induced (by mutual inductance) into the armature
conductors. The interaction between the main field and the field due to the induced current in armature
conductors causes rotation. A shorting band is applied across the commutator segments by a centrifugal
action when the motor is run-up to speed and the motor runs as an induction motor.

A.C. Series or Universal Motor

This motor operates on the same principle as the d.c. series motor since both fields (series field and
armature field) are changing at the same instant. The characteristics are also similar: high torque on
slow speeds, with speed depending on load.

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