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15 views6 pages

Report 5

Uploaded by

Дмитрий Баранов
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© © All Rights Reserved
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LABORATORY: Electronics and electrotechnology

EXERCISE EXERCISE SUBMISSION


№: 6(s5) DATE: 25.06.2024 DATE: 09.07.2024
EXERCISE TOPIC: Semi-Conductor elements - transistor
YEAR: GROUP: NAME AND SURNAME: GRADE:
1 Year L01 Dmytro Baranov INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE:
Purpose of the exercise
The aim of the exercise is to become familiar with semiconductor elements, the transistor.

Theoretical part
Digital Multimeter Overview

A digital multimeter (DMM) is an essential tool in electronics for measuring various electrical
parameters such as voltage, current, and resistance. It combines multiple measurement
functions into a single device, providing high precision and ease of use for various electrical
measurements.

Measurement Principles

1. Voltage Measurement:
o Measures the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit.
o Voltage can be AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current).
o The multimeter is connected in parallel with the component whose voltage is to
be measured.
2. Current Measurement:
o Measures the flow of electric charge through a conductor.
o Current can also be AC or DC.
o The multimeter is connected in series with the component to measure the
current flowing through it.
3. Resistance Measurement:
o Measures the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit.
o Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
o The multimeter applies a small voltage through the resistor and measures the
current flow to determine the resistance.

The measuring system is designed in such a way that it is possible to control a device requiring
higher voltage using low voltage. The RB resistor is a resistor that limits the current consumed
by the control device, while the RC resistor is the receiver, i.e. the powered/controlled device
Practical part
1. Measurement of resistance with ohmmeter of 𝑹𝑩 and 𝑹𝑪
before turning the system on:
Resistor B – 46.78 kΩ
Resistor C – 0.9973 kΩ

Measurement table 1 (Voltage of U1 , Rc , and RB)


𝑈1[V] 𝑈𝑅B[V] 𝑈𝑅C[V]
0.0 0.0000 0.0000
0.2 0.0001 0.0001
0.4 0.0000 0.0004
0.6 0.0223 0.1142
0.8 0.2256 1.3204
1.0 0.4300 2.5640
1.2 0.5754 3.4570
1.4 0.8205 4.9430
1.6 0.9765 5.8920
1.8 1.1574 6.9650
2.0 1.3573 8.1140
2.2 1.5505 9.1710
2.4 1.7317 10.1220
2.6 1.9520 11.1620
2.8 2.1450 11.1663
3.0 2.3680 11.7690
3.2 2.5030 11.7980
3.4 2.7460 11.8260
3.6 2.9270 11.8390
3.8 3.1100 11.8480
4.0 3.3140 11.8560
4.2 3.5070 11.8630
4.4 3.7140 11.8680
4.6 3.9210 11.8720
4.8 4.1570 11.8780
5.0 4.3180 11.8810

2. Calculations
Formulas to calculate current [𝐼] for 𝑅𝐶 and 𝑅𝐵 :
VB U RB VC U RC
I B= → I B= I C= → IC =
RB RB RC RC
Formula to calculate current 𝐼E :
IE = IC + IB
Example of calculations:
4.3180 11.8810
I B= =0.092 A I C = =11.913 A IE = 0.092 + 11.913 = 12.005 A
46.78 0.9973
Measurement table 2 (Calculations)
𝑈1 𝐼B 𝐼C 𝐼𝐸
[V] [A] [A] [A]
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.2 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
0.4 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004
0.6 0.0005 0.1145 0.1150
0.8 0.0048 1.3240 1.3288
1.0 0.0092 2.5709 2.5801
1.2 0.0123 3.4664 3.4787
1.4 0.0175 4.9564 4.9739
1.6 0.0209 5.9080 5.9289
1.8 0.0247 6.9839 7.0086
2.0 0.0290 8.1360 8.1650
2.2 0.0331 9.1958 9.2289
2.4 0.0370 10.1494 10.1864
2.6 0.0417 11.1922 11.2339
2.8 0.0459 11.1965 11.2424
3.0 0.0506 11.8009 11.8515
3.2 0.0535 11.8299 11.8834
3.4 0.0587 11.8580 11.9167
3.6 0.0626 11.8711 11.9337
3.8 0.0665 11.8801 11.9466
4.0 0.0708 11.8881 11.9589
4.2 0.0750 11.8951 11.9701
4.4 0.0794 11.9001 11.9795
4.6 0.0838 11.9041 11.9879
4.8 0.0889 11.9102 11.9991
5.0 0.0923 11.9132 12.0055
3. Graphs
Conclusions

In this exercise, I have gained hands-on experience with digital


multimeters and the measurement of resistance using
ohmmeters and Ohm's law. By setting up and performing
measurements on resistors in various configurations (individual,
series, and parallel), they have reinforced their theoretical
knowledge and improved their practical skills.

The detailed instructions provided a structured approach to the


measurement process, ensuring accuracy and consistency in the
results. I learned to account for internal device resistances,
which is crucial for precise measurements. The exercise also
emphasized the importance of understanding the factors
affecting measurement accuracy.

Overall, this exercise has successfully bridged the gap between


theory and practice, equipping participants with the necessary
skills to accurately measure and analyze resistance in electrical
circuits.

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