Introduction and
Basics
OIL Ninn
1-27 (CO-Sem-3 & 4)
inane
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions |
for Python, Python IDE,
n Progr
Questions-Answers
CONTENTS 2)
Part-l + 127 to Ler
Introduction : The ...
Programming Cyele for
jing with Python Programs
Part-2 : Elements of Python, 1-67 to 1-127
‘Type Conversion
Part-3 : Basics : Expressions, . ones LARD to 1-137
Assignment Statement
Part-4 : Arithmetic Operators... 1-18T to 1-18T
Part-5 : Operator Precedence, . |-18T to 1-287
Boolean Expression
1-11 (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 1d. | Explain the programming eycle for Python.
Python's programming cycle is dramatically shorter than that af
4. Incases where dynamic module reloading can be use
to change and reload parts of a running program wit
all.
5, Fig. 1.1.1 shows Python's impact on the programming cycle.
‘Test behavior
‘Test behavior a
Edit program code
‘Stop the application
Edit program code
th module reloading
(a) Python's programming cy
Fig Lut.
there is a rapid tura
‘on’s parser is embedd
‘at runtime,
yaround after program
6 Since Python is interpreted, a puaantes
changes. And beeause Pythi
ystems, itis easy to modify programs
Que Ta] What is 1pHt Discuss some Pyenon mE.Python Programming
1-97 (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
woe ea dahiware package that consists of several tol for developing
An IDE helps the developer by automating the process.
IDEs integrate many tools that are designed for SDLC.
IDEs were introduced to diminish the coding and typing errors.
‘Some of the Python IDEs are
a. PyCharm :PyCharm assists the developers to be more productive
and provides smart suggestions. It saves time by taking care of
routine tasks, hence increases productivity.
Features of PyCharm :
i Ithas smart code navigation, good code editor, a function for
quick refactoring.
ii. The integrated activities with PyCharm are profiling, testing,
debugging, remote development, and deployments.
iii PyCharm supports Python web development frameworks,
‘Angular JS, JavaScript, CSS, HTML and live editing functions
b. Spyder : Spyder is widely us a seience works.
used to create a secure and scientific environment
Spyder Python uses PyQt (Python plug-in) which a developer ean
add as an extension
Features of Spyder:
It has good syntax highlighting and auto code completion
features,
ii Spyder Python explores and e
fii Itperforms very well in multi-langu:
¢. PyDev:lt is an external plug-in for
Python interpreter.
Features of PyDev:
i. PyDevhas trong parameters like refactoring, debuexing VP
hinting, code analysis, and code coverage function
fi PyDev supports tokens browser, PyLint integration, interactive
console, remote debugger, Unittest integration, ete
TLE: IDLE is abasic IDE mainly used by beginner level develoPer
EP) IDLE Python is a crose-platform IDE, hence it increases the
flexibility for users. at:
i Ttis developed only in Python in collaboration with Twinter
GUL toolkit.
.dits variables directly from GUL
age editor.
we and is very popular as
1-47 (CO-Sem-3 & 4) Introduction and Basics
iii. ‘The feature of multi-window text editor in IDLE has some
paid and free versions in the market with great
features.
QueASe | Discuss interaction with Python program with example.
“Answer
1. The Python program that we have installed will by default act as an
interpreter.
2. An interpreter takes text commands and runs them as we enter text
3. After Python opens, it will show some contextual information like this
Python 3.5.0 (default, dec 20 2019, 11:28:25)
{GCC 5.2.0] on Linux ;
‘Type “help”, “copyright, “credits” or “license” for more information
4. The prompt >>> defines that we are now in an interactive Python
interpreter session, also called the Python shell.
code for Python to run such as print(“Hello
should appear on the next line like this
7. After showing the results, Python will bring you back to the interactive
prompt, where we could enter another command or code.
8, Python program communicates its result to user using print statement:
WERT] wats Python? ow Python isinterpreted What ore
the tools that help to find bugs or perform static analysis ? What
[ARTO 2019-20, Marks 10]
are Python decorators ?Python Programming
eee is again translated
3. The python code we writ ere
BRGRGGkAcaie et eee
4. The bytecode compilation happer er
eres ae en eememee
5. Compilation is simply a translation step, and byte code is a lower-level,
and platform-independent, representation of source code. :
6. Each of the source statements is translated into a group of bytecode
instructions, This bytecode translation is performed to speed execution,
Bytecode can be run much quicker than the original source code
statements
7. The .pye file, created in compilation step, is then executed by appropriate
virtual machines.
8. The Virtual Machine iterates through bytecode instructions, one by,
one, to carry out their operations
9. The Virtual Machine is the runtime engine of Python an¢
present as part: ‘of the Python system, and is the comp
runs the Python scripts.
10. It is the last step of Python interpreter,
Following tools are the static analysis tools that help to find bugs
in python :
1. Pychecker :Pychecker is an open sours tool for
detects the bugs from source code and warns
complexity of the bug:
2 Pylint:
‘a Pylintis highly configurable and it acts
contro} warnings and errors, it is an exte
ssis and it looks
dard.
‘as Pyeharm, Spyder,
Python decorators :
1. Decorators are very powerful and aseful tol in Pyt
‘programmers to modify the behavior of funetion oF class.
hon since it allows
Sere tn ner
Que 15) What do you mean by comments in Python ?
‘grammer to explain the piece of code to
rogrammer in a simple language. Every
pr
3, Python uses the hash character (#) for comments. Putting # before =
text ensures that the text will not be parsed by the interpreter
4, Comments do not affect the programming part and the Pythoa
interpreter does not display any error message for comments
For example : Commenting using hash mark (#)
poo +9 ‘addition
" Output
>>>
2) sie example, ‘ation’ ia written with « bash mark, Hanes the
interpreter understands tas a comment and does not display any more
messages,
Tae | Favtsin identisions and keywords with example.
1A Python identifier is the name given 1%
module or other object.
variable, function, last,Python Programming
2. Anidentifier can begin with an alphabet (A
‘and can
—___ MT (€¢-sem-s &4)
de any munber'ere 2), oran underscore
spaces are not allowed,
8. Python will not accept @ $ and % as identi
4. Python is a case-sensitive langua
different identifiers. In python a lace oy
capital letter. _
‘Table 1.6.1. Examples of Identifiers
Valid Invalid
MyName My Name (Space is not allowed)
My_Name Safig (cannot start witha digit
YourName | Your#Name (Only alphal
Underscore (_) and numeric
Reserved keywords : Python has a list of reserved words known as keywords,
Every keyword has
a specific purpose and use.
Some of the reserved keywords in Python:
and
assert
break
class
continue
del
elif
else
except
false
finally
for
Java, ete.
In Python, variabl
reserve memory spaces as in other progr:
je holds a value that may change.
the variable name is called declaring the variable
do not need to be declared explicitly in order to
amming languages like C,
Je in Python, Python Interpreter
mn process.
1. The general format of assignment statement is as follows :
‘Variable = Expression
LAT (COSem3 44) Introduction and Basies
Example of
>>>year=2
>>> name=‘Albert!
The two give serve two memory spaces with variable names
year and nat 16 and Albert, are stored in these memory spaces.
Que 1,8. | What do you mean by data types ? Explain numeric and
string data type with example.
‘Answer
Data types :
i. The data stored in the memory can be of many types. For example, a
person's nameis stored as an alphabetic value and his addrese is stored
1. Numeric
ly divided into integers and real numbers
stegers can be positive or negative.
al numbers are called, floating point
numbers in programming languages. Such floating point numbers
‘contain a decimal and a fractional part.
For example :
>>> num1=2 # integer number
>>>num2=2.5 real number (float)
>>>numl
2 # Output
>>>num?
25 # Output
>>hon Prograramin
Haibes Eevee oa (Conca)
String: =
1
Single quotes or double quotes are used to represent strings.
2 Astring in Python can be as
‘and special characters.
For example :
ries or a sequence of alphabets, numerals
>>> sample_string=“Hello” # store string value
>>>sample_string ¢ display string value
‘Hello’ # Output
Que 1.9. ] Discuss list and tuple data types in detail.
Answer
List
1. Alist can contain the same type of items,
2, Alternatively, a list can also contain different types of items,
To declare alist in Python, we need to separate the items using commas
and enclose them within square brackets ({])
Operations such as concatenation, repetition and sub-list are done on
list using plus (+), asterisk (*) and slicing (2) operator
For examp!
>pofirst = [1, “two”, 3.0, “four”] # 1* list
>>second = ["five", 6] #2" list,
>>>first # display 1"list
wo", 8.0, four’) # Output
‘Tuple:
1. A tuple is also used to store sequence of items
2, Like alist, a tuple consists of items separated by commas.
3, Tuples are enclosed within parentheses rather than within square
brackets,
For example:
>>athird =(7, “eight”, 9, 10.0)
>>othird
(7, eight’, 9, 10.0) # Output
RETA] Expiain dictionary and Boolean data type.
Dictionary :
1. APython dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
1-10 T(CC-Sem-3 & 4) Introduction and Basies
2, When we have the large amount of data, the dictionary data type is
used.
3. Keys and values can be of any type in a dictionary.
Items in dictionary are enclosed in the curly-braces {) and separated by
the comma:
5. Acolon
bracket
For example :
is used to separate key from value. A key inside the square
used for accessing the dictionary items,
first line”, “second”: 2) # declare dictionary
="third
lay dictionary
e” #add new item
>>> diet #4
[1 first Line’, ‘second’: 2, 3:‘third line’) # Output
Boolean :
1. Ina programming language, mostly data is stored in the form of
alphanumeric but sometimes we need to store the data in the form of
"Yes! or ‘No’
2, In terms of programming language, Yes is similar to True and No is
similar to False.
3, This True and False data is known as Boolean data and the data types
which stores this Bi data are known as Boolean data types
For example:
>>> a= True
>>> type (a)
-
Que 1.11. | What do you mean by type conversion ?
aul
1. The process of converting one data type into another data type is
known as type conversion,
2 There are mainly two types of type conversion methods in Python
a, Implicit type conversion :
i. When the data type conversion takes place during compilation
or during the run time, then it called an implicit data type
conversion.
ii, Python handles the implicit data type conversion, so we do
not have to explicitly convert the data type into another data
type.Python Programming
1-11 T(CO-Sem-3 & 4)
eee
For example:
b=55
sum =a+b
print (sum)
print (type (sum))# ty
variable
Output :
105
‘
el) is used to display the datatype ofa
Inthe given example, we have
and float data types and added
Further, we have declared
stored the result of the adi
When we checked the data ty,
see that the data type of th
taken two variables of integer
them,
‘ariable named ‘sum’ and
the sum variable, we can
um variable has been
automatically converted into the float data type by the Python
compiler. This is
led implicit type conversion,
Explicit type conversion is also known as type casting,
Explicit type conversion takes place when the programmer
clearly and explicitly defines the variables in the program.
For example:
# adding string and integer data types using explicit type
conversion
a= 100
b="200"
result =a +b
b=int(b)
result2=a+b
print (result2)
Output :
Traceback (most recent call last):
File“, line 1, in
‘TypeError: unsupported operand type (s) for +: ‘int’ and'stt”
300
In the given example, the variable a is of the number data
‘ype and variable is of the string data type.
Introduction and Basics
, and when pri
PART-3
Basics : Expressions, Assignment Statement.
300 as output.
" Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Mediam Answer Type Questions
‘Que 1.12. | What is expression ?
Answer
1. Anexpression is a combination of symbols that evaluates to a value.
2 An expression is a combination of variables, operators, values
sub-expressions and a reserve keyword.
Whenever we type an expression in the command line, the interpreter
evaluates it and produces the result,
Expressions that evaluate to a numeric type are called arithmetic
expressions.
3.
4
5. Asub-expressionis any expression that is part ofa larger expression.
‘Sub-expressions are denoted by the use of parentheses.
For example: 4 +(3* 4)
An expression can also consist of a single literal or variable. Thus, 4,3,
and kare each expression.
‘This expression has two sub-expressions, 4 and (3 * &). Sub-expression
'3* k) itself has two sub-expressions, 3 and &.
5| What do you mean by assignment statement?
1, Assignment statements are used to create new variables, assign valves,
and change values.
2 Syntax of assignment statement :
# LHS <=> RHS
Variable = ExpressionPython Programming 1-13 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
3. There are three types of assignment statements
i, Value-based expression on RHS
ii, Current variable on RES
‘i, Operation on RHS
‘Que 144, | Discuss types of assignment statements with examples.
‘Types of assignment statement :
1. Value-based expression on RHS : In this type, Python allocates a
new memory location to the newly assigned variable
2524751071304
2. Current variable on RHS : In this type, Python does not allocate
new memory location.
For example
ype, we have an operation on the RHS of
fining factor of the type of our statement.
1-14 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
1. An operator is a symbol that represents an operation that may be
performed on one or more operands.
Operators are constructs used to modify the values of operands.
.e one operand are called unary operators,
.wo operands are called binary operators,
'y operators are categories into following seven
Introduction and Basies
i Arithmetic operators.
ii Assignment operators
iii, Bitwise operators.
Discuss arithmetic and comparison operator with
Brea
operators : These operators are used to perform arithmetic
‘operation such as at subtraction, multiplication and division.
‘Table 1.16.1. List of arithmetic operators.
[Operator Description 2 Example
+ Addition operator to add two operands. 10 + 20 = 20)
- [Subtraction operator to subtract two operands. /10—- 20 = ~10|
x {Mult
tion operator to multiply two operands, 0 x 20 = 200
i m operator to divide left hand by 5/2=25|
right hand operator.
+ | Exponential operator to calculate power. 5772225
% _ |Modulus operator to find remainder. 5%2=11
71 |Floor division operator tofind the quotient and | 5//2=2)
|remove the fractional part.
‘Comparison operators : These operators are used to compare values. It is,
‘also called relational operators. The result of these operator is always a
‘Boolean value i.e., true or false.Python Programming 1-15 T(CO-Sem-3 & 4)
‘Table 1.16.2. List ofcomparison operators,
Operator Description Example
== | Operator to check whether two operand | 10=—
CES eran (0 == 20, false
"sor | Operator to check whether two operand | 101=20, as
are not equal. ‘|
| > | Operator to check whether first operand 10>20, false
is greater than second operand,
1-16 T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 1.18, | Define bitwise operator with example.
eee]
Bitwise operators : These operators perform bit level operation on operands,
Let us take two operand x = 10 and y = 12. In binary format this can be
List of bitwise operators.
Description Example |
< | Operator to check whether first operand 10< 20, true|
is smaller than second operand,
jE
>= | Operator to check whether first operand | 10> = 20, false
is greater than or equal to
-cond operand
<= | Operator to check whether first operand
is smaller than or equal to second operand.
10<=20, true
‘Que 1.17, | Explain assignment operator with example.
=e]
Assignment operators : This operator is used to store right side operands
in the left side operand.
‘Table 1.17.1. List of assignment operators
IThis operatar performs AND operation| x & y
AND between operands. Operator copies bit
if it exists in both operands | 1000
|= lyresutstin0 |
[Bitwise | This operator performs OR operation
OR —_|between operands. Operator copies
bit ifit exists in either operand
[ Bitwise | This operator performs XOR operation| = Ay remults 0
XOn en operands, Operator copies
existsonlyinone operand. _|
|-titwise [This operators «unary operator weed |= remalts 010i
inverse _[toinverse the bite ofopersad |
> 2 results 0010 |
= |Storerightside operandin left side operand, [a=b+e bits towards right
+=. | Addright side operand tolef side operand and _|a+=bor 3 ; is :
eee siti Uh tlds oncrand Goeee Que719] Discuss logical and identity operator with example.
== |Subiractright side operandtoleftside operand [a—=bor | Bmawenl]
and store the result in left side operand a=a-b
Logical operators : These operators are used to check two or more
conditions. The resultant of this operator is always a Boolean value. Here x
and y are two operands that store either true of false Boolean values.Python Programming
— —
nel eS
1-18T(CC-Sem-3 & 4)
=
Introduction and Basies
‘Table 1.20.1. List of Membership operators,
Perator perform OR operation | andy rea
‘een operands. When any operand 3
y results true}
true, the resultant become true,
ot logical | This operato
ator is used to rev
fe operand state “ees
Identity operators : These oj
operands are same or not. Supy
40. Then x is y returns false and x not
turn true
‘ot in
PART-5
Operator Precedence, Boolean Expression.
- Questions-Answers
Table 1.19.2. List ofidentity operators F
Eo hes ; ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
is _| Return true, if the operands are same. 7
Return false, ifthe operands are not
notis | Return false, if the operands are same. | x notisy, results tru
the operands are not
Que 120. | Explain membership operator with example.
Membership operators :
1, These operators are used to chee
string, a list or a tuple.
Jc an tem or an element that is part of
an element:
2 Amembership operator reduces the effort of searching an clement 2
the list.
3. Su yse x stores a valus
and 40, Then x is a part of the list y bees
inthe list containing items 1
1 20 and isthe I the valve 205i
‘Que 121s | What do you mean by operator precedence ?
=]
1, Whenan expression has two or more o
the expressio
For example
10+5/5
‘When the given exp
becomes 3.
fight, the final answer
the expr is evaluated right
‘This shows that changing the
s are evaluated in the given expr
eft, the final answer
snce in which the
jon also changes the
condition that specifies the importance of each
0 the other.
3. Precedence
‘operator relPython Programming 1-19T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Table 1.21.1. Operator precedence from lower precedence to highe
Operator Description
NOT, OR AND Logical operators
ee
‘ot in
in, not ‘Membership operator
es
is, not is
operator
= %, l= thay =, +=, *=, **a= | Assignment operators Eke}
Equality comparison operator
Comparison operators
1-207 (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Introduction and Basics
0 # Output
6561 # Output
QueiZH] What do you mean by Boolean expression ?
oR
Write short notes with example: The programming cycle for Python,
elements of Python, type conversion in Python, operator
AKTU 2019-30, Marks 10
precedence, and Boolean expression.
Bitwise XOR and OR operator
Bitwise AND operator
Bitwise left shift and ri
hit
Addition and subtraction
Multiplication, Division, Modulus and
floor division
sr
Exponential operator
Que 1.22, | Explain operator associativity.
Answer
Associativity :
1. Associativity decides the order in which the operators with same
precedence are executed.
2. There are two types of associativity
a. Left to right : In left to right associativity, the operators of same
precedence are executed from the left side first.
b. Right to left : In right toleft associ he operators of same
precedence are executed from the right side first.
3. Most of the operators in Python have left to right associativity.
4. Left toright associative operators are mult mn, floor
and ** operator is right to left associative.
5, When two operators have the same precedence then operators are
evaluated from left to right direction.
For example:
>>> 394/16
2 # Output
>>>3*(4//6)
‘Answer |
Programming cycle for Python : Refer Q 1.1, Page 1-27, Unit-1
Elements of Python : Refer Q. 18, Page 1-81, Refer Q. 1.9, Page 1-91,
and Refer Q. 1.10, Page 1-9T; Unit-1
‘Type conversion in Python : Refer Q. 1.11, Page 1-107, Unit-L
187, Unit-l.
ion may have only one of two
values: True or False
For example : In the given example comparison operator ==) is used which
compares two operands and prints true if they are equal otherwise print
false
>>> 5==5
True # Output
>> 5==6
False # Output
Que 1.24. | How memory is managed in Python? Explain PEP 8.
Write a Python program to print even length words in a string.
Aawwer |
Memory management :
L_ Memory management in Python involves a private heap containing all
Python objects and di rructures.
2. The management of this private heap is ensured internally by the
Python memory manager.
3. The Python memory manager has different components which deal
with various dynamic storage management aspects, like sharing,
segmentation, preallocation or eaching,
4. At the lowest level, a raw memory allocator ensures that there is
enough room in the private heap for storing all Python-related¢
interacting with the memory manager of the operating systPython Programming
integer objects are
tuples or dicts managed differently
aries because integers
ements and speed/space tradeoffs, rua
hon memory manager thus delegates vane
object-specific allocators, but e1 es
ork to the
nsures, latter opera
the bounds of the private heap, nat ‘he latter operate within
PEP8;
1
= a ie design document providing information to the Python
muanity, or describing anew feature for Python or its processes st
environment.
2.
‘The PEP should provide a concise technical specification of the feature
3. PEP is actually an acron;
ym that stands for Python Enhancemen
Proposal m i
PEP 8 is Python's style guide. Itis a set of rules for how to format the
Python code to maximize its readability.
A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python
community, or describing anew feature for Python or its processes or
environment.
Program to print even length words in a string:
def printWord
# split the string
s=s.p)
# iterate in words of string
for word in s:
# if length is even
if len(word)%2==
print(word)
# Driver Code
5 =“iam muskan”
printWords(s)
Output :
am
muskan
+ the following
What will be the output afte
Ee
8
a
=
i
4) |;
jue 126,
statements?
x=8
y=2
print(x//y)
i
What will be the output after the
if
@Qaei27.| What will be the output after the following
statements ?
iP
a)%
Ee
é
(28)| What will be the output after the following
statements ?
x=3
What will be the output after the following
ments?
iB) Gt
‘Ek
q
statements ?
x=6
yes
print(x/y)
What will be the output after the followingsUeeeeeewmaags 123 T(CC-Sem-3 & 4)
y=7 ras
xeey
print(x)
=a
2
1-247 (CO-Sem-3 & 4) cee
‘QueT31-] What will be the output
statements ?
x=3
ya7
print(x == y)
after the following
What will be the output after the following
output after
the following
What will be the output after the following
output after the following
print(not y)
Answer
‘True
Que139.| What will be the output after the following
ESHER] what witt be the output after the following aeiceente®
statements ? x=20
x-72 y=40
y= 64 z=yif(y>x) clsex
Printix>> number = int (input (“Enter an integer number :")
>>> if (number % 2) == 0:
print “Number is even"
cle;
print “Number is odd”
Enter an integer number : 6
Number is even Output
ERA write « program to check the largest among the given
three numbers.
2>> x= int (input (“Enter the first number :”))
Enter the first number : 14
797 =int (input (“Enter the second nuraber :”))
Enter the second number : 21
>> 1 int (input (“Enter the third number :”))
Enter the third number : 10
>> ifa> 9) and (x > 2):
I=
x
ily > w) and ty > 2):
ley
hee:
dew
BIT te «Pinon program oct eines yar ina
joap yeor oF 00%.
aes
BRB wee « ryinonprorra to cna te Fbonaze
perenne
x27)
So> number = int Ginput ("Enter the valve for x here x> 2}1
jon Programmil DoT Ces
Python Programming TCO-Boms & 4
print (x1), ay
else
print (*Fibonacei sequence is")
xth=x1+x2
print (xth)
update values
xl=x2
x2=xth
count +=1
Output :
Enter the value for n (where n > 2)? 10
What do you mean by expression evaluation ?
Tn Python actions are performed in two forms :
2 Expression evaluation,
b. Statement execution,
‘Thekey difference petween these two fo ii sion.
Ee tants
onze varias ene rain
Sue ree
ae nee oes More statements, A statement
Python. ing it
bone, tet extatement by evaluating its expressions to values one
Conditionals and Loops
mn by evaluating the sub-expressions and
Output
Output
9 always a mathematical expression in Python. A
QeTAL | Discuss float representation in Python.
awe]
Floating point representations vary from machine to machine
Python float values are represented as 64-bit double-precision values
‘The maximum value any floating-point number ean be is approx
1.8 «10.
‘Any number greater than this will be indicated by the string inf in
Python.
Floating-point numbers are represented in computer hardware as base
2(binary) fractions. ape
Forexample, the decimal fraction 0,125 has value Y/L0-+ 2100 +
‘and in the same way the binary fraction 0,001 has value 02 + 04 + 18.
‘For example :# Python code to demonstrate float values.
Print(1.72308)
‘greater than 1.8 * 10°308
alae , If itis true, then the program enters the loop and executes the body
of the while loop,
© Te continues to execute the body of the while loop as long as the
condition is true,
4 When it is false, the program comes out of the loop and stops
repeating the body of the while loop.
For example :
>>>eount = 0
while (count <9)
print ‘The count is, count
Entering for loop for each item in
sequence
Exiting loop
ody of for loop
“Statement after the
for loo
‘The countis ;4
The countis: 521ST (CC Sema g
4
RBA wnat tn nested loop 1 Explain.
1. Loop defined within another loop is known us nested loop.
2 Nested loop are the loop that are nested inside an existing lon
loops are the body of another loop, a
Syntax:
for condition
for condition? :
Body af for loop
4 Forexample:
for iin range(1.9,2)
for} in rangeti)
printi i, end =*”)
Print)
Output :
1
333
55555
7777777
EBB] wnat is wreak statement in Python ?
Pe csc) Oe ee) ee
2167 (CC-Sems & 4)
1 The break keyword terminates the loop and transfers the control tothe
Conditionals and Loops
10
EBA exten continue statement with example
1
‘The continue statement causes execution to immediately continue ot
the start ofthe loop, it skips the execution of the remaining
the loop.
The continue keyword terminates the ongoing it
the control to the top of the loop and the tion is evaluated
‘again. Ifthe condition is true, then the next takes place.
Just as with while loops, the eantinue statement can alo be used in
Python for loops
For example:
>>> for iin range (1, 10):
Him 2 =O:
‘eontinue #ifcondition becomes true it skips the print part
intipython Progamming
Output :
2
2ATT(CC-Sem-3 & 4)
4
6
8
GEEHIT] explain the purpose and working of loops. Discuss brealc
and continue with example, Write a Python program to convert
time from 12 hour to 24-hour format. [AKU 2019-20, Marks 10]
‘Answer
Purpose and working of loops : Refer Q. 2.13, Page 2-11T, Unit-2.
Break statement : Refer Q. 2.17, Page 2-15T, Uni
[-2:] =="AMP and strif-2] == "12":
“007 + stri(2-— 2]
HOMIE yee recgreerts arsonists tite any wih ote
>>> count = 0
counter = count +1
else:
print ("Inside the else statement”)
Output :
aside the while loop
Inside the while loop
1
Inside the while loop
2
Inside the else
GaeFAL| Write a python program to print jhe numbers for a user
provided range.
"~ Pythons program to print the prime numbers for & user provided
range
‘input renge is provided from the user
>>> low = int(inputt“Enter lower range -"))
>> up = int (input(Enter upper range :"))
>>> for nin range (low, up + 1)
ifn>
for in range (2, 0)
f(a ei) ==0:
break
else
print (n)
Output :
Enter lower range : 100
‘Enter upper range
103,
107
109)
us
121
11
137
1239
ug
351Python Programming 219 T(CO-Sems @ 4
187
163
167
173
QeeFAA_] Ditrerentiate between for and while loop.
Properties For
Format Initialization, condition| 0:
ichecking, iteration statement | c
checking is done at
2207 (CCSem-B&4) Conditionals and Loope
121212
Gue2Zs.| What will be the output after the following statements?
fare written atthe the top of| Toop. oS
ebeneen, ‘print(‘not false’)
\Use ‘The ‘for’ loopis used only when| The ‘while’ loop is used onl
wwe already knew the number | when the number of Seer:
afiterations. are not exactly known false
(Condition [Ifthe condition isnot given in| Ifthe condition is not given in
‘for’ loop, then loop iterates) ‘
infinite times.
in ‘for’ loop the initialization|
lonce done is never repeated. |done during condi
‘checking, then initializations|
done each time the loop!
iterate,
bon
ae
=e
2;
cine
print(y, end='')
GeSTE] wnat wittbe the output ater the fellowing statements?
TERRE we we te ot ater the fetlewing statements?
my=25
eee
peiry. ends)
“yerd
1045
TERR] wnt wine ne output ater th lowing statements?
soresPython Programming. Z2ITCOSem9 gy
Sees
print onde?
eit 1621
TEERIT] what wine the output ater the following natementay
ea (Py, 8,0, 01
foriinx
print(i, end="”)
JERR] wan wave tne output after te fllowing statements?
fori in range(l 5
tied
Exeee
print end)
er)
SHB] wat witbe the output after the following statements?
x=15
ifx> 15:
ea What willbe the output after the following statements?
itx> 15:
Conditionals und Loops
print(ino’)
‘Answer
GaeFSA| What will be the output after the following statements?
x=50
i> 10 and x1:
elif > 28 and x 235:
print( false’)
else:
print(not false’)
=z
not false
QueSSS)] What will be the output after the following statements?”
“print(‘not false’)
not false
[GaEEIE wnat witbe te output ater the following vtatemenn?
xx15
if > 10 and x<= 15:
print(true)
clifx> 15 and x <25:abstain nH 100Smse,
print(‘not true’) ig
paige @
oe aies
Bee UNIT
©6O
Functions and Strings
CONTENTS
Part-1 + Function : Parte of @ccrocrsmamuanns S2T to 37T
Function, Execution of a
Function, Keyword and
Defaalt Arguments, Scope Rules
Part-2 : Strings : Length of the —--..-- S-8T to S107
String and Perform
Conestenation and Repeat
Operations in ft, Indexing
and Slicing of Strings
Part-3 : Pythons Data Structure ©... SAT bo $19
‘Toples, Unpacking
Sequences, Lists
nantes SOT to -26T
+ Mutable Sequences,
Liat Comprehension,
Sets and Dictionaries
Objects, Lambda Expressions
S17 (CC-Sem-3& 4)[Documentation omens] |
Galle action —
2 Once a function i creatd by the programmer fora specif ask, this ele
function ean be called anytime to perform that task.
3. Each function isgiven a name, using which we call it. A function may or
‘may not return a value. Function name: We define the function same for identification or to
eotty en caampe, he Fanti sae
4 There are many builtin fuetions provide by Python suc as dir, Cen Ne ering liens Oa ene rdaetoreing eae
Jabs (), et. iommex. Function a ws
Python,
5, Users can also build their own functions, which are called user-defined ©. Alas Oe nee ed el ok tie ee
ee 44. Angumente: Arguments are the values pamed othe fonctions beoreet
Advantages of using functions . parentheses. In the given example, two arguments are used, = and»
‘They reduce duplication of code in ‘These are called formal arguments
ee Body tion : The body processes the arpueats
‘They break the large complex problems into small parts Fy a ee ocean gl, body ete Soncon is noedd
3. They help in improving the clarity of code (i., make the code easy to wont the def keyword,
vedeoriandl. & Documentation comment (doestring) : 4 documeniason SSS
4 Apiece ofeade can be reused as many times as we want with the help of (Goering) ta doneribe what the, amet dacs, =
Pian “return maxisnim among x and y” isthe docsting
REBAA] How to define and call function in Python ? Explain & Function call: To execute a function, we have to call. the oe
different parts of a function, example, a = max (8, 6)is calling function with 3 and 6 a8 aTis==
Tower |] TRE cen te ene af eas ae
Punction is defined by “def ord f
Frain Keyword following by function name and cxample,
‘Syntax of function definition ; def function_aame ( ):suTiCCSem3£4) ——Punetions, 224 String,
—_—_— ris
= Python Programming a BOC Hema
Let consider an example to understand the execution of function ree %
PDR Output =
eos ee Fh att cre xox function square at OxS21B2DO0>
when the onde is exceuted. aie 5
WaeTA |] Wat do you mean by key ameeat
b Which it gives when we simply use “print x*x" code, but when yy, S “i ee on eee
fection print equa” gives-Nonc” as mn outpt. =e
© This is because when we call the fanction, recursion does not hay pease
and leads to end of the function. oe eae
: ee ohiestes 1 Keyword arguments arv related to the function calla
Symene tailing. ‘the fanctio 2. When we use keyword arguments ina function cll, the caller identifies
eens the arguments by the parameter name
squares): 2, This allows us to skip arguments or place them out of order bees the
‘prints Python Interpreter in sble to use the keywords provided te match the
ieshequare/4)) ‘values with parameters
: ‘or example
6 def printmnel str
ae “This prints a passed string into this function’
Step 2: When we retrieve the output using “return” command : ee
hen re ee the “returs” function and exeeute te code, it will gve the 4 Now you can cll priate faction
For example: rintme ste = "My string}
ae Output :
eee): My steing
returala*s)
a Default arguments :
piace 1 Adefault argument is an argument that asmumes a default value if a
ert ‘value isnot provided in the funetion eal for that argument.
‘or example :
sr ‘When function is treated as an object : # Function definition is here
* Tunetion en Python ae themselves a object, and an object has some ef printinfol name, age = 35:
“This prints a passed info into this function’
6 Whee we run
the command “print square” # returns the value of the print "Name:", name
© Since we have not pam print “Age”, ge
facetion to run hence it 207 argument, me do not have any specific return ;
the location of the apne 8 Seta value OxO21B2DI0) which is # Now you can call printinfo function
For example : Printinfol age = 50, name =“miki* )
def scquaretx) : printing, name-=“mili”)
retarmlxts) ‘Output:
‘Name: mikisarwosemseé) _Tueinaen
‘Age 50
Name: miki
dees
ERGHT] Pincus th ope rales in Python.
Seope of a name is the part of the program in which the name can be
used.
2, Two variables can have the same name only if they are declared in
separate scopes.
|. Avariable cannot be used outside its scopes.
4, Fig. 25.lillustrates Python's four scopes.
Built-in (Python)
[Names preassigned in the built-in names module: open, range,
Enclosing function locals
rope of any and all enclosing functions
in any way within a function
(def or lambda), and not declared global in that function.
5. The LEGB rule refersto loca so
oe ‘eflers to local scope, enclosing scope, global scope, and
6. Local scope extends forthe body ofa
indented the function definition
including the parameter, that
, that are defined in the body of ©
are local to that: functi Bie
on ar el th funtion an eanot Be accessed utd
8. Theenclasing sope refers to variable
‘Toeelacing scape refers to variables that are defined outside a funcioe
9. Ia funtion i defined with
vases ar vali aie nn ge arble an hs
the cnslonng cope are svallbletostalomentenea ee
fon and refers to anything
8-17 (CC-Sem-4& 4)
Python Programming al
GRETA] viscune function in Python with ite parts and seope.
eplain with example, Take simple ealeulator with add, subtract,
division and multiplication).
Pas
Scope : Refer @. 3.5, Page 3-61, Unit-3
For example : Simple calculator using python
‘tion adds two numbers
xty
‘subtracts two numbers
”
y
‘multiplies two numbers
=", ade(num!,num2))
#2, subtract(aumi,num2))
jultiply(num1,num3))
=", divide(num1,aum2))
pprint(“Invalid input”)S-8T(CC-Sem3 & 4) Functions and g,
Strings
eee rig
La ee
1. Strings are created by enclosing various characters within quotes. Python
does not distinguish between single quotes and double quot
Python, can be used as a single data type, o
essed in parts. This makes strings really use!
handle in Python,
For example :
>>> varl = Hello Python!”
>>> var2.= "Welcome to Python Programming!”
>>> print var
Hello Python! # Output
>>> print var2
Welcome to Python Programming! # Output
For example:
>>> var =“Hello Python!”
Python Programming
3-97 (CO-Sem-3 & 4)
string with house of quar races.
bring hich consist of ears between
tterat index but exsuding tbatatm
Dhindex
Hor einige
poner «oo ythontsuoTCCSemS8
>>> print alphabet (1: 8:3)
beh # Output
Inthe given example, the slice is (1:8: 3], which meansit will take the
element st 1*index sd tll 7 element. Since step
is it will will print 1 clement, then 4° element and then 7* element
he bed
RSG Expiain the term indexing in Python,
1. Indexing means referring to an element of an iterable by its position
within theiterable.
2 Forexample : Create a list using a list comprehension,:
‘my list = [_for_in ‘abedefhi)
smy_list
(at, "ee, 2,
‘Now to retrieve an element of the list, we use the index operator (()),
For example:
sy_List{O}
| Tn Python, lists are “zero indexed’, so [0] returns the zeroth (ie, the
Jeft-most) item in thelist.
Inthe given example there are 9 elements in i
‘We want to access my_list(9] then it throws an
of range.
Python also allows to index from the end of the list
P o ind e ‘using a negative
a atest indices, we start counting from the right instead
Negative indices start from—1,
through [8)) and if
list index out
Python Programming
PART-3
‘Pythons Data Structure : Tuples, Unpacking Sequences, Lists.
months in a year can be defined in a tuple
/, February, ‘March’ ‘Apri, ‘May, June’, Suly’s12T(CC-Sem3 &4) Functions ang Strings
peas,
>otuple = 49, 6, ‘house!
>>>print tuple
(49,6,"bouse’) # Output
BE How are the values in a tuple accessed ?
‘Accessing values in tuples :
ss the values in tuple, it is
in square brackets along wi
Output
TERSAM] explain tuptes as return values and variable-length
arguments tuples with the help of example.
Tuple as return values :
1. Tuples can also be returned by the function as return values.
2. Generally, the function returns only one value but by returning tuple, *
function can return more than one value
For example If we want to compute a division
Want to know the quotient and the remainder
‘the remainder can be computed at the same
ae i a aoe Ss Ts Yat ac
returned. quotient and remainder, by using the tle a8
>>>defdiv.mod(a,b): # defining function
Python Programming,
3-13 T(CC-Sem-3 & 4)
remainder # function returning two values
‘two tuples, This is done by using + operator in Pythong-14T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
»
-
Functions and Sting
Repetition : The repetition operator repeats the tuples a given numbe,
trames. Repetition is performed by the * operator in Python,
i Gee ahs in no, it give: ance put,
otherwise false.
For example:
>>>tuple = (10, 20, 30, 40)
>>>20in tuple
True # Output
Interation : It can be done in tuples using for loop. It helps in traversing
the tuple.
For example :
>eotuple =(1, 2,3, 4, 5,6)
>>> for x in tuple
printx
REBAR] wnat ao you mean by unpacking sequences ? G**
example to explain.
SAS T(CC-Sem3 & 4)
smponents of the sequence into
ents can be performed simultaneously
ents in Python where we can have multiple
LHS sige rom conespntiog values at the RHS, This isan example
‘and RBS must have equal length That
i RS should he assigned to LHS,
5. Strings and tuples are example of sequences. Operations applicable on
sequences are: Indexing, repetition, concatenation,
For example
>>> atudent
Aditya’, 27, (Python, ‘Abha’,303))
‘>>> name, roll, regdcourse = student
(Python Aba’ 305)
6. Since strings are also sequences, we can also get individual characters
in the string using unpacking operation
For
‘abba!
>>> print (x1, x2, x3, x4)
abha
HEB site sere note ost
A list is also a series of values in Python.
Ina list, all the values are of any type.
‘The values in a list are called elements or items
A list is a collection of items or elements.
‘The sequence of data in a list is ordered and can be accessed by their
veerspserecosems@a) __Funstions and Siig,
2 # Output ie
>>> list [3]
4 # Output
ene] Explain the copying method in list.
aver |
Wecan make a duplicate or copy of an existing list.
‘There are two ways to make copy of a list.
L Using[:] Operator:
>>> list_original = [1, 2, 3,
>>> list_copy =list_original []_# Using [:] operator
>>> print list_copy
11, 2,3, 4)
2 Using built-in function : Python has a built-in copy function which
can be used to make copy of an existing list. In order to use the copy
function, first we have to import it.
For example :
>>> from copy importcopy # Import library
>>> list_original = (1, 2,3, 4]
>>> list_copy =copyllist_original) # Copying list
‘>>> print list_copy
0, 2,3, 4)
[EERIE] How clements are deleted from alist ?
1. Python provides many ways in which the elements in a list can be
deleted.
‘Methods of deleting element from a list :
1. pop operator :
4. If we know the index of the element that we want to delete, then
we can use the pop operator,
110,20,401 # Output
The op operator deletes the element on the provided inde® =
co lement ina variable forfurther wie.
operator: The del operator deletes the value on the provided nd?®
b
but it does not store the value for further use.
python Programming
BATT (CCSem-3 & 4)
(w,¥.'2] # Output
3, Remove operator:
a, We use the remove operator if we know the item that we want to
remove or delete from the list.
(20, 30, 40] # Output
b. _Inorderto delete more than one value from a list, del operator with
slicing is used
>>>print list
11, 4,5, 6, 7, 8] # Output
FBEEE) Discs bustin st operators in detail
Built-in list operators are as follows :
1. Concatenation : The concatenation operator is used to concatenate
two lists. This is done by the + operator in Python.
For example :
>>>listil = [10, 20, 30, 40]
>>>list2 = [50, 60, 70]
>>plist = list] + list2
>>>print list
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,70] # Output
2 Repetition : The repetition operator repeats the list for a given number
of times. Repetition is performed by the * operator.
For example:
>>olistl = [1, 2, 3]
>>olist 14
(1,2,3, 1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3] # Output
& Inoperator :
The in operator tells the user whether the given string existsin the
list or not.Functions and g
suriccsmseo
ees ean opt tar ofa
a eS tre eww
otherwise, false
For example:
sozlist = [Hell’, Python’, Program’)
>>> Hell in ist
‘True # Output
>>> World in list
False # Output
[eB] Write various built-in list methods. Explain any thrg
with example.
Python includes many built-in methods for use with list as shown in
Table 821.1.
‘Table 8.21.1. List ofbuilt-n list methods
| S.No. Method : Description
T | emp(tstt, list2) | It compares the elements of both lists list
and list2
2 | maxdist) Tt returns the item that has the maximum
value ina lst.
3. | min ist It returns the item that has the minimum
value in a list.
Tt converts a tuple intoa
Ttadds the item to the end of
Ttreturns number of times the item 9eeu's
inthe list.
7. |listextend (seq) | Ttadds the elements ofthe sequence ath
fend of the list.
8. _| list. remove tem) | _Itdeletes the given item from the
Ttreverses the position (index number
the items in the lst.
10, | istsort ({fancl) | Ttsorts the elements inside the
‘compare function if provided.
9 [listreverse()
Tist and
2 Append method : This method canada new element o #0? toa
Python Programming 2197 (CCSem-9 4 4)
ey, # Output
Sort method : This method arranges the list in ascending order.
For example =
post = 14, 2,5,8, 1,91
>>>list.sort()
>>>print list
11,2,4,5,8,9)
‘Python represents allits data as object, Mutat of pects determines
byits type.
2 Some of these objects like lists and dictionaries are mutable, meaning
‘we can change their content without changing their identity
3. Other objects like integers, oats, strings and tuples are immutable,
‘meaning we cannot change their contents4. Dictionaries are mutable in Python :
‘a Dictionaries in Python are mutable.
bh. The values in adictionary can be changed,
cc. Ifthe key is present in the dictionary, the:
with that key is updated or changed; othe:
pair is added.
('age’: 30, ‘name’:‘Akash') # Output
>>> dictI(address]]=‘Alaska’ # adding a key: value
>>pprint dict
‘tage’: 30, name'‘Akash’, ‘address’ ‘Alaska') # Outpu
Inthe given exampl
ka’ is added tothe dictionary.
>>> var = ‘hello Python’
>>>-var [0] =p!
Output:
‘Type error :'str’ object does not support item assignment
Here, we try to change the O* index of the string to a character PD
the python interpreter generates an error.
pained ie ce is to generator a new string rathe®
For example:
>>> var = "bello Python’
>>> new_var ='p' + varll
>>> print new_var
palloPython # Output
python Programming
eae —————
3-217 (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
In the given exampl
concatenate it
‘not have any effe
the original string and
insert in the string. It does
6
For example:
>>> list = (10, 20, 30, 401
>>> list (1)
20 # Output
Inthe given example, we act
index number and the inter
Now, if we want to change a valiue
For example :
>>> list [3] =50
# Output
alue of the 4" element is changed to 50.
Set builder notation isa notation i amathematical notation for describing
ect by stating the property that ta members should satisfy. The syntax
[cexpression> for in if >> print intersection
set({1,2, 51) # Ovtput
>>> union = set] | set2 # Union of set] and set2
>>> print union
set ({1, 2,3,4,5, 8,91) # Output
>>> difference = set1—set2 # Difference of set 1 and set2
>>> print symm_diff
set ((3, 4, 8,91) # Output
Que 325) What is dictionary in Python?
1. The Python dictionary is an unordered collection of items or elements.
2. All other compound data types in Python have only values as their
elements or items whereas the dictionary has a key : value pair. Bach
value is associated with a key.
In dictionary, we have keys and they can be of any type:
Dictionary is said to be a mapping between some set of keys and values
‘The mapping of a key-and value is called as a key-value pair and together
they are called one item or element.
A key and its value are separated by a colon: ) between them.
‘The items or elements ina dictionary are separated by commas and al
the elements must be enclosed in curly braces.
A pair of curly braces with no values in between is Known as a8 =P
dictionary.
9. ‘The vahiee in a dictionary can be duplicated, bt the heya inthe icSonary
are unique.
TERBG] row do we create a dictionary in Python?s2AT(CC-Sem3 & 4)
1. Creating adictionary is simple in Python.
2. Thevaluesin adictionary can be of any dat
ofimmutable data types (such as string,
jonary with mixed keys =
(name’ ; Rabul’, 3: (Hello’, 2, 3])
1
3}, name’ :‘Rahul) # Output
Explain the operations performed on dictionary with
‘This example prints the key: value pairsin the dictionary dict
2 Membership:
Using the membership operator (in and notin), we can test wt
‘akey isin the dictionary or not.
ii Tnoperatortakes an input key and finds the key inthe dction®
python Programming
ee
8,3: 27,4:64,5: 125, 6: 216)
Re # Outpat
35> 1T notin cubes
ae. # Output
Gata | Write some built in dictionary methods used in Python
with example.
‘There
givenin Table 3.28.1
‘Table 3.28.1. Built-in dictionary methods,
‘are some built-in dictionary methods which are included in Python
[No] Fonction
7, | all(diet)
2 | aay (dict) Tt is also a Boolean type function, which
returns true ifany key ofthe ditionary is
true. It returns false ifthe dictionary is
empty.
3. [Jeataien the numberof items length) in
5
G
7__| dict. copy () Tt returns a copy of the dictionary.
& | dict.get (key, For key key, returns value or default if
default =None) | key notin dictionary.
9 | dictitemsO) Te returns list of entire key: valve pai of
dictionary.
10. | dictkeyaO Teretur teLit ofallte keys in dion
11. _| dictupdate (aiet2 "dds the items from diet to diet.
12 dict.values () “qurns all the values in the dietionsry.3-267 (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Seca AO __Festony And Stein,
ann String
8,3: 27,4: 64, 5: 125, 6 : 216)
>>>all (cubes)
ae 4 Output
>>>any (cubes)
Oar # Output
>>>len (cubes)
é # Output
>>>sorted (cubes)
# Output
4 64,5: 125, 6: 216) Output
PART-5
(Order Functions : Treat Functions as First-Class Objects,
Lambda Expressions, a
ions and classes are treated as objects which are
jets, allowing them to be manipulated in the same
waysas built-in data types.
2 Bydefinition, first class objects are the following which is:
a Createdat runtime
b. Assigned asa variable or in a dat
and
_- return Lifn <2 else n* factorial(n ~ 1)
>>> factorial (42)
‘python Programming
_ S217 (CC-Sem & 4)
qaesa| ‘Explain Lambda expression.
Tower |
“Lambda expressions is used to create the anonymous function.
2, ‘The anonymous functions are the functions created using a lambda
keyword
9, They are not defined by using def keyword. For this reason, they are
called anonymous functions,
4 Wecan pass any number of arguments to a lambda form functions, but
still they return only one value in the form of expression
5. Ananonymous function cannot directly call print command asthe lambda
needs an expression.
6 1s the parameters that are not defined in its own,
1 yymous function is a single line statement function.
& Syntax:
lambda fargl {,arg2, ...., argu] expression
lambda fanction is a single statement
For example :
# function definition here
>>>mult =lambda val1, val2:vall*val2;
‘function call here
>>> print “value:", mult(2040)
Value: 800 # Output
Inthe given example, the lambda function is defined with 9
val and val2, The expression vall*val2 does the
twovvalues, Now, in function call, we can direst
with two valid values as arguments and produce
given exampleFunctio;
a tlt,
ee in higher order function with respec
Ques3l ‘Explain high Pect to lambgy
expression. Write a Python code to count occurrences of an ¢}
Teme,
AKTU 201620, Hania yp
ina list.
“Answer
1. Reduced), filter, map() are higher order functions used in Python
smbda definition does not include a “return” statement, it aly,
2 Lane i expresin whichis returned -
‘We can also put a lambda definition anywhere a function is expecte
+ awe do not have to assign it toa variable at all pected,
‘4 Lambda functions can be used along with built-in higher order
functions like filter), map() and reduce().
‘Use of lambda with filter( =
1 Thefilter() function in Python takes in a function and a list as arguments
2. This function helps to filter out all the elements of a sequence “sequence”
for which the function returns true.
For example : Python program that returns the odd numbers froman
inputlist
# Python code to illustrate filter
i= (5, 7, 22, 97, 54, 62, 77, 23, 73,
final_list = list(filter(ambdax: (x*%2!="
print(final_list)
Output :
15, 7,97, 77, 23, 73, 611
h lambda
argument.
2, The function is called with a lambda function and a list and
reduced result is returned. This performs a repetitive operation °v>> hef (20, 40)
20 #Output
>>phef (529, 456)
1 #Output
value of * +a +" is", ord (a))
is',65) #Output
#Finding ASCII value of space
("The ASCII value of ‘’ is", 32) #Output
tots
TREBBA] Write a function to convert a decimal number
binary, octal and hexadecimal equivalents.
d.| Write a function to find the ASCII value of the character.
priton Programming :
Eton
‘Finding binary, octal, hex value of 10
#Ontput
hexadecimal equivalent’)
060Sieve of Eratosthene,
and File 1/9
CONTENTS
Part-l Sieve of Eratosthenes
vo 427 to 44
Parta : File YO : File Inpat and. 44 to ert
Output Operations in
Python Programming
Part-3 : Exceptions and Assertions 47T to 4197
Part-4 + Modules : Introduction, . 4-187 to 417T
Iniporting Modules, Abstract
Data Types : Abstract Data
‘Types and ADT Interfere
in Python Programming
Part-5 : Classes : Class Definition . 4-177 to 4207
and other Operations in the
Classes, Special Methods
(Guch as_init_, _str_,
Comparison Methods,
Arithmetic Methods,
etc), Class Example
+ Inberitance :
Inheritance and OOPS
417(CO.Sem. kd)
427 (CC-Sem-5 & 4)
al
1. Let us take an example when n = 50. So, we need to print all print
‘numbers smaller than or equal to 50.
2. We create a list of all numbers from 2 to 50.
“PART:
Sieve of Brat
‘mumber (which is the next pr
QeeTR" | Explain Sieve of Bratosthenes with example.
is Sieve of Eratosthenes ?
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
‘and repeat from step.
a[s[e[s[el7]s][s| 0]
hae bas pe fas fae a [ie [8 | ao
a) ae [an | oe [ as | a8 [ar | oe | 29 [90
pe | ss fe fas [as |] el 0
apelele |e ]«>a |e] elopython Programming
to the algorithm we vill mark,
3, According 1 nd orogrester than or equal
5 | 6
qs | 16* [17
25 | 26 | 27 29 | 30°
33 | sar_| 35_| 36 | 37 39 | 40
a |e | 45 | 48" | 47 49 | 50°
Gext unmarked number 3 and mark all the numbery
4, Nowwemove to our
Now very multiples of and are greater than or equal tothe square xt
it
omnes ees Suen] eB
Te [| a7_| 28" [19 [ane
Tr fase | 1s [ae | 15°
aie (aa | 23 | exe | 25 | 26% | ee | oer | 29 om
Tile [rss roses ioor)|) az ser | 59°) oe
sig Ose ees (ese en ee || 4 | 4 |
‘ur next unmarked nusmber 5 and mark all multiples of5
‘rthan or equal to the square of it
e | 7 | 8
a6" | iz? | 18
5. We move to
and are greate!
ullikainl|Lae
ii _|aze | 13 | 14"
4 driver program
if_name_‘=='_main_’
n= 30
print “Following are the prime numbers smaller”,
print “than or equ: *
SieveOfEratosthe:
- File 1/0: File Input and Output Operations
in Python Programming.
gir [aoe | 2a | 24" ger | 27* | 28*
a1 [aot | ag | aan | ase _| 36" | 97" | 98"
aa fae | 43 | ae a5e | 46" | ae | 48"
‘We continue this process and our final table will
gears eare|oeb. 68 | 7
ti faz | 13 | a4* [ 15" | 16* | 17
ait [aoe | 23 | 24 | 25* | 26% | 27°
a1 [aan | 33% | 34" | 36+ | 36* | 37
41 faze | 43 | 4ae | 45* | 46" | 47
So the prime numbers are the unmarked ones :2, 3,5,
than or equal to 7 using Sieve of Eratosthenes.
def SieveOf Eratosthenes (n) :
Create a boolean array “prime(0. .n\” an
# allentries it as true. A value in primeli] will
jtialize
GRETA] wrat are files ? How are they useful?
Answer]
1. A file in acomputer is a location for storing some related data.
2. Ithasaspecifie name.
8. ‘The files are used to store data permanently on to a non-volatile memory
(such as hard disks),
4. Aswe know, the Random Access Memory (RAM) is a volatile memory
type because the data in tis lost when we turnoff the computer. Henes-
‘we use files for storing of useful information ‘or data for future reference.
REGED] Describe the opening a file function in Python.python Programming
Lek phe Sean
1. Python has a.
4-6 (COSomes g
: C-Som-5 4)
open () function to open files from
are mainly needed by the open
contains a string type value cont
fe want to access.
by Access_mode : The value of access_mode specifies the mod
Access tant to open the file, ie, rend, write, append ete.
3 Syntax:
fle_object = openifile_name |, aecess_mode])
For example :
>>of= open (‘test.txt”) ‘Opening file current directory
‘>ef'= open (“CyPython27/README. txt”)
#Specifying full path —-40utput
poof
open file‘C/Python27/README.‘xt' mode rat Ox02B05128>
#0 vtput
GEGAET | Explain the closing a file method in Python.
Answer
TL When the operations that are to be performed on an opened file are
finished, we have to close the file in order to rele
2, Python comes with a garbage collector responsi
earntorenced objects from the memory, we must not rely onit t>> f= open (*test, txt”, “wh")
# perform file operations
>>> f.dlose() # close the file
TERRA] Discuss writing to a file operation.
a. We sbould
overwriting persists in case:
>of. write (writing to the file Ene 4)
# clos the file after writing
>>> felose ()
‘The given example creates a file named test tx:
overwrites intoit ifit exists If we open the file,
content in it.
Output:
Writing to the file tine 1
Writing to the file line 2
Writing to the file line 3
Writing to the fileline 4
not exist, and
‘ind the following
RRSTRD] explain reading from a file operation with example.
“Aaswer |
1
Inorder toed fom lene mst pent inte eg
made).
‘We can use read (size) method to read the data specified by size
Ino size is provided, it will end up reading to the end of the file.
The read() method enables us to read the strings from an opened Sie
Syntax:
file object. read ({sizel)
For example:
open the file
peeHTT COBem.9 4 4)
ryuhon roam _——
cc sPython’
ofaata
EEE Discuss te VO in Python. How to perform open, read,
Heed cose inte a Mle? Write «Python program to read fl
1 W187, Mark
tine-by-tine store it into a variable.
File YO: Refer @. 4.4, Page 4-47, Unit-4
‘The syntax for assert is: assert Expression |, Arguments}
iz,
3a
4, -AnAssertionError exception is raised if the condition evaluates false
5
6. _ Ifthe assertion fails, Python uses ArgumentExpression as the argument
Open, read, write and close into a file : Refer Q. 4.5, Page 447, far the AssertionExror.
me age (eT, Refer Q. 4.7, Page 4-5T, and Refer @ 45, RE sasnte'=
: ‘Consider a function that converts a temperature from degroes Kelvin
ror - *Students\n" degrees Fahrenbet. Since zero degrees Kelvin aa cold as gta, pad
# writing to file function fails if it sees a negative temperature =
fel =opentmyfile txt’, *W) ‘#Jaser/bipfpython
ee 1) def KelvinToF ahrenheit(Temperature)
‘# Using readlines() assert (Temperature >= 0),“Colder than absolute zero”
Sa sist?) return ((Temperature — 273)*1.8) + 32
Lines = filel_readlines() print KelvinToFahrenbeit (273)
count = 0 print int(Kelvin’
+#¢ Strips the newline character sea 1ToFahrenheit (505.78)
for line in Lines: B 1ToFahrenheit (— 5)
print(line.strip() When the above code is executed, it produces the following result
print(*Line(): ()" formaticount, line.strip)) 320
neat 451
BRR wn ao you moan by exceptions?
1L While writing a program, we oftea end up making some errors TRere
‘are many types of error that can occur in 8 PrograPython Programming
a=
py writing an improper
these are also called comy
‘at runtime and these runt
‘The error caused
or parsing ero":
Brrors can also occur
as exceptions.
OFS are known,
here are various types of runtime error it Python.
saple, when a file we try to open does not exit, we
Fr ert poordErer. ie a6 division by zero happens, we get 5
Filet etjsonBror, When the module we are trying to import doe
exist, we get an Import Error.
Python creates an exception ot
time errors.
‘The user must write a piece
rot eapable of handling the error, the program prints atrace back
eae along with the details of why the error has occurred
For example:
Compile time error (syntax error)
ject for every occurrence of these run
of code that can handle the error.
pppa=3
>>> iffa<4) # semicolon is not ‘included
SyntaxError invalid syntax # Output
ZeroDivisionError =
>>>510
Output :
‘Traceback (most recent call last) :
File “cpyshell#71>”, line 1, in
5/0
ZeroDivisionError : Integer division or modulo by zero
Queda, | Explain exceptions handling with syntax.
1
2
a
‘Whenever an exception occurs in Python, it stops the current proce
‘and passes it to the calling process until itis handled.
Ifthere isno piece of code in our program that.can handle
then the program will crash.
For example, assume that a function X calls the function Y, which in
turn calls the function Z, and an exception occurs in 2. IF this exception
isnot handled in itself, then the exception is passed to Yand thento®,
Ifthis exception is not handled, then an error message Wille aisplaye
‘and our program will suddenly halt.
the exceptio”:
Ba
ic
the operation which can cause exception here,
ifthere is exception, execute this.
except Exception? =
ifthere is exception?, execute this.
else
if no exception occurs, execute this.
Python has optional finally clause that
can be associated:
b. Thestatements written in finally clause will alwaysbe executed
by the interpreter, whether the try statement raises an
‘exception or not.
try clause, we can use either except or finally, but not
both.
d. We cannot use the else clause along with a finally clause
Peete ccm:
>ostry:
file = open(“C/Python2i/test.txt",-W")
file write(“hello python”)
exeeptlOError :
print “Error: cannot find file or read data
else
2 print “content written successfully”sea Propemming Ta
‘Sem 4g
ate Gren cumple wea A aes
access mode, and want t write to that file. ‘added ee
‘
except blocks
the required file is not found 9°
tine file, an exception is raised ite
4, The exception is handled by the except block and the following statemen.
Pimor eannot find file or read data
Tata is written to the file then the else bck
print the following.
Output :
Content written successft
FEPTEE cive nampa:
poo try
i function is,
file = opent“testfile”,“w")
try
file. write(’Write this to the file")
1. Inthegiven example,
try block, the
2 ‘Aner al the statements inside the nally block are ©
aes rcion in, rained agnin and is handled by the exept block that is
aaeseiated with the next higher layer try block-
Discuss exceptions and assertions in Python. How to
handle exceptions with try-finally ? Explain five built-in exceptions
— (arms.
Taswer_|]
Exception : Refer Q. 4.11, Page 4-8T, Unit-4,
‘Assertions : Refer Q. 4.10, Page 4-8T, Unit-4.
Handle exceptions : Refer Q. 4.12, Page 4-9T, Unit-4. exception At
Five built-in exceptions: oc Ka Alsibuiotrroriavaised
L lin ert Tina tho bane class for hate aly such as when a non-
sree ray orien aaden amare = ‘or example :
invalid or not found. The exceptions raised are : 6lass Attributes(object)
a KeyError __ Pass
eee Rk
bo IndexError :
Print object. attributeaxe
Peas __ +8 TCCSema ay
Hs ee?
atest got recent calls
a cis acta Yn
tribute
‘Goror.’Attributes' object has no attribute attribute’
' ules Introduction, Importing Modules, Abstract Data ‘
Mogae Iran I nero n Prion Progaming
GuedAG| Define the term modules.
J Amoriuleis file containing Python definitions and statements, Amorile
can define functions, classes and variables,
2, Iwallows.us to logically organize our Python code.
ule name with the suffix py appended.
clude runnable code. Grouping related code into s
‘module makes the code easier to understand and use.
5 Definitions from a module can be imported into other modules or into
‘the main module.
For example :
Here is an example of a simple module named as support py
def print_funel par ):
print “Hello”, par
return
GaeAAE | Explain the import statement with the help of example
ewer |
1. Theimport statement isthe most common way of invoking the impot
‘machinery. te
2, Animport statement is made up of the import keyword along wit
name of the modul ane
3, Theimport statement combines two operations it searches "1" aa
module, then it binds the results of that search to a name !2
scope.
414 T(CC-Sem-3 & 4)
se
For example:
to import standard module math
and File VO
Answer
1. Abstract Data type (AD’
by aset of value and a
2. There are three types of ADTs
a. List ADT: The di
head structure cor
function needed to comp:
b. Stack ADT:
In stack ADT Implementation inst
Eee hemes stead of data heing stored in
ii The program allocates memory
passed to the stack ADT.
we data and address is
‘The head node and the
jode and the data nodes are encapsulated in the
‘The calling function can only see the pointer tothe stack:
The stack head structure also cont
structure also contains a pointer to top and
count of number of entries currently in stack. :
© Queue ADT:
i The queue abst
data type (ADT) follows the basic design of
data type.
contains a void poi
to the data and the link
iii, The program allocates the memory for storing the data.
BEER] explain ADT interface in Python programming.
1 ae
ADTony defines as what operations arto be performed but st how
se operati ented
Il be organized in memory and'what
lementiig the operations4 The process of pr ng only the esse
Tatertace
Application
Program,
Data Structures
Linked List
Memory
Fig. 4.19.1.
need to know how that data t
5. The user of data type does not need to know hi types
Jmplemented, for example, we have been using primitive values like int,
lost, char data types only with the knowledge that these data type can
operate and be performed on without any idea of how they are
implemented.
6 So,auser only needs to know what a data type can do, but not how it will
be implemented.
GaeABE]] Discuss ADT in Python. How to define ADT? Write cade
for a student information.
‘Answer ee
ADT in python : Refer Q. 4.18, Page 4-14T, Unit- ?
‘The een Stack are used to define Abstract Data Types (ADT) 19
Python.
Code for student information :
class Student :
#Constructor
def init__(self, name, rolino, m1, m2):
self.name = name
self.rollno = rollno
self] = m1
selfm2 = m2
# Function to create and append new student
def accept(self, Name, Rollno, marks1,marks2):
_ # use ‘int(input())’ method to take input from user
ob = Student(Name, Rollno, marks1, marks?)
|s.append(ob)
4-16T (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
sthenes and File VO
4 Function to display a
def display(self, ob
print(“Name -*
ifflsfil.rolino == rn)
return i
4# Delete Function
# Update
def update(self, rn, No}:
obj.search(rn)
# Create alist to add Students
Is =f]
# an object of Student class
obj = Student’, 0, 0, 0)
S \s used, ”)
Print(*\n1 Accept Student details \n2 Display Student Details\a"/
/*3.Search Details of a Student \n4 Delete Details of Student”
/*\nb.Update Student Details \n6 Exit”)
ch =int(input(“Enter choice:”))
itch == 1):
‘obj. accept(“A”, 1, 100, 100)
obj.accept(“B”, 2, 90, 90)
obj.accept("C”, 3, 80, 80)
eliftch == 2):
print(“\n")
print(*\nList of Students\0”)
for i in range(ls._len_0:
obj. display(Isfil)
elifich == 3):
print(“\n Student Found,”)
5 = obj.search(2)