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11 Chemistry

This is pdf of coordinate chemistry

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14 views5 pages

11 Chemistry

This is pdf of coordinate chemistry

Uploaded by

dhonisingh437
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASS NOTES

CLASS:11 Topic: Thermodynamics

Subject: Chemistry

• Work Done in Isothermal and Reversible Expansion of Ideal Gas

• Isothermal and Free Expansion of an Ideal Gas


For isothermal expansion of an ideal gas into vacuum W = 0

• Enthalpy (H)
It is defined as total heat content of the system. It is equal to the sum of
internal energy and pressure-volume work.
Mathematically, H = U + PV
Change in enthalpy: Change in enthalpy is the heat absorbed or evolved
by the system at constant pressure.
ΔH = qp
For exothermic reaction (System loses energy to Surroundings),
ΔH and qp both are -Ve.
For endothermic reaction (System absorbs energy from the Surroundings).
ΔH and qp both are +Ve.
Relation between ΔH and Δu.

• Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transformation


Enthalpy of fusion: Enthalpy of fusion is the heat energy or change in
enthalpy when one mole of a solid at its melting point is converted into
liquid state.

Enthalpy of vaporisation: It is defined as the heat energy or change in


enthalpy when one mole of a liquid at its boiling point changes to gaseous
state.
Enthalpy of Sublimation: Enthalpy of sublimation is defined as the
change in heat energy or change in enthalpy when one mole of solid
directly changes into gaseous state at a temperature below its melting
point.

• Standard Enthalpy of Formation


Enthalpy of formation is defined as the change in enthalpy in the formation
of 1 mole of a substance from its constituting elements under standard
conditions of temperature at 298K and 1 atm pressure.

Enthalpy of Combustion: It is defined as the heat energy or change in


enthalpy that accompanies the combustion of 1 mole of a substance in
excess of air or oxygen.

Conventions regarding thermochemical equations


1. The coefficients in a balanced thermochemical equation refer to the
number of moles of reactants and products involved in the reaction.

• Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation


The total amount of heat evolved or absorbed in a reaction is same
whether the reaction takes place in one step or in number of steps.
• Born-Haber Cycle
It is not possible to determine the Lattice enthalpy of ionic compound by
direct experiment. Thus, it can be calculated by following steps. The
diagrams which show these steps is known as Born-Haber Cycle.

• Spontaneity
Spontaneous Process: A process which can take place by itself or has a
tendency to take place is called spontaneous process.
Spontaneous process need not be instantaneous. Its actual speed can vary
from very slow to quite fast.
A few examples of spontaneous process are:
(i) Common salt dissolves in water of its own.
(ii) Carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide of its own.
• Entropy (S)
The entropy is a measure of degree of randomness or disorder of a
system. Entropy of a substance is minimum in solid state while it is
maximum in gaseous state.
The change in entropy in a spontaneous process is expressed as ΔS
• Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
A new thermodynamic function, the Gibbs energy or Gibbs function G, can
be defined as G = H-TS
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
Gibbs energy change = enthalpy change – temperature x entropy change
ΔG gives a criteria for spontaneity at constant pressure and temperature, (i)
If ΔG is negative (< 0) the process is spontaneous.
(ii) If ΔG is positive (> 0) the process is non-spontaneous

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