9/9/2020

DISPLACEMENT APPROACH –
MoMent distribution Method

Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel

Adani Institute of Infrastructural Engineering
B.E. (Civil), M.E. (Structure – Gold Medal), Ph.D.
ISTE, GICEA, ISES, AMIE, IGS(A), FIV
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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD - AN

OVERVIEW

• INTRODUCTION

• BASIC PRINCIPLES

• BASIC DEFINITIONS

• SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS

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Introduction
• All structures must satisfy equilibrium, load-displacement, and compatibility
of displacements requirements in order to ensure their safety.
• There are two different ways to satisfy these requirements when analyzing a
statically indeterminate structure. The force (Compatibility) method of
analysis, is based on identifying the unknown redundant forces and then
satisfying the structure’s compatibility equations. Ex. Method of Consistent
Deformations, Theorem of Least Work (Strain Energy), Approximate Methods for
Lateral Loading, Flexibility (Matrix) method, etc.

• In the displacement method, the unknown displacements are written in

terms of the loads by using the load-displacement relations, then these
equations are solved for the displacements. Once the displacements are
obtained, the unknown loads are determined from the compatibility
equations using the load-displacement relations. Ex. Slope – Deflection Method,
Moment Distribution Method, Kani’s Method, Stiffness method, etc.

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Introduction
• The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for
statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. ...
From the 1930s until computers began to be widely used in the design and
analysis of structures, the moment distribution method was the most widely
practiced method.

• In this method, the results may be obtained to any desired degree of

accuracy. It is very simple and is being used even today for preliminary
analysis of small structures.

• In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be

analysed is fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed
joint is sequentially released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time
of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent members until
equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in mathematical
terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous
equations by means of iteration.
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Useful FEM

- +

- +

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Useful FEM
- +

- +

- +

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Free Bending Moment (μ Dia)

• When a beam is free to rotate at both ends, no
bending moment can develop at the supports, then
the bending moment diagram resulting from the
applied loads on the beam is known as the Free
Bending Moment Diagram.

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Fixed Bending Moment (μ’ Dia)

• When a beam is fixed at the ends (encastre) such that it cannot
rotate, i.e. zero slope at the supports, then bending moments
are induced at the supports and are called Fixed-End Moments.

• The bending moment diagram associated only with the fixed-

end moments is called the Fixed Bending Moment Diagram.

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Fixed Bending Moment

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Behaviour of beams

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Basic Principles
• Consider the continuous beam ABCD, subjected to the given loads, as
shown in Figure below. Assume that only rotation of joints occur at B, C
and D, and that no support displacements occur at B, C and D. Due to the
applied loads in spans AB, BC and CD, rotations occur at B, C and D.

150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m

A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m

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In order to solve the problem in a successively approximating manner, it can be

visualized to be made up of a continued two-stage problems viz., that of locking
and releasing the joints in a continuous sequence.

Step I
• The joints B, C and D are locked in position before any load is applied on
the beam ABCD; then given loads are applied on the beam. Since the
joints of beam ABCD are locked in position, beams AB, BC and CD acts as
individual and separate fixed beams, subjected to the applied loads;
these loads develop fixed end moments.

-80 kN.m 15 kN/m -80 kN.m -112.5kN.m 10 kN/m

112.5 kN.m -53.33 kN.m 53.33 kN.m
150 kN
3m
A B C
8m B C D
6m 8m

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In beam AB
Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m
Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m

In beam BC
Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62
= -112.5 kN.m
Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62
= + 112.5 kN.m

In beam AB
Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m
Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m

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Step II
Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the
fixed-end moments), now the joints B, C and D are released and
allowed to rotate. Due to the joint release, the fixed end moments on
either side of joints B, C and D act in the opposite direction now, and
cause a net unbalanced moment to occur at the joint.

150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m

A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m

Fixed moments 80.0 -112.5 112.5 -53.33 53.33

+59.17 53.33
Net unbalanced moment -32.5

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Step III
These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments
at B, C and D, according to their relative stiffness at the respective joints. The
joint moments are distributed to either side of the joint B, C or D, according
to their relative stiffness. These distributed moments also modify the
moments at the opposite side of the beam span, viz., at joint A in span AB, at
joints B and C in span BC and at joints C and D in span CD. This modification is
dependent on the carry-over factor (which is equal to 0.5 in fix end).

Step IV
The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints to
which they are carried over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-over
or distributed moment becomes small.
Step V
Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint
moments.
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Basic Definitions

Bending (Rotational) Stiffness

• The displacement can be a shear displacement, an
axial displacement, a bending (rotational)
displacement or a torsional displacement.
• When considering beam elements in continuous
structures using the moment distribution method of
analysis, the bending stiffness is the principal
characteristic which influences behaviour.

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Bending (Rotational) Stiffness

• A fundamental relationship which exists in the elastic behaviour
of structures and structural elements is that between an applied
force system and the displacements which are induced by that
system,

• Force = Stiffness x Displacement

P =kxδ

• Stifness, k = P/δ

• when δ = 1.0 (i.e. unit displacement) the stiffness is: ‘the force
necessary to maintain a UNIT displacement, all other
displacements being equal to zero.’
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Stiffness and Carry-over Factors

Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement

or rotation at a point, for given support constraint conditions

MA MB
A clockwise moment MA is
A
A A
B applied at A to produce a +ve
bending in beam AB. Find A
RA RB and MB.
L
E, I – Member properties

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Rotation of Support B

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Sinking of Support B

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Farther End Fix

• The force (MA) necessary to maintain this displacement

can be shown (e.g. Using McCaulay’s Method) to be equal
to (4EI)/L.
• If the bending stiffness of the beam is equal to
(Force/1.0), therefore k = (4EI)/L.
• This is known as the absolute bending stiffness of the
element.
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Farther End Hinge

• The force (MA) necessary to maintain this displacement

can be shown (e.g. Using McCaulay’s Method) to be equal
to (3EI)/L.
• If the bending stiffness of the beam is equal to
(Force/1.0), therefore k = (3EI)/L.
• This is known as the absolute bending stiffness of the
element.
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Pinned End

‘the stiffness of a pin-ended

beam is equal to ¾ × the stiffness of a
fixed-end beam.’

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General Principles & Definition

• Member stiffness factor

or
• Joint stiffness factor
• The total stiffness factor of joint A is

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Carry-Over Moment
• When the beam element deforms due to the applied
rotation at end A, an additional moment (MB) is also
transferred by the element to the remote end if it has
zero slope (i.e. is fixed).

• The moment MB is known as the carry-over moment.

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Carry-Over Moment

• Therefore be stated that ‘if a moment is applied to

one end of a beam then a moment of the same sense
and equal to half of its value will be transferred to
the remote end provided that it is fixed.’
• If the remote end is ‘pinned’, then the beam is less
stiff and there is no carry-over moment.

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Distribution Factor

Distribution factor is the ratio according to which an externally

applied unbalanced moment M at a joint is apportioned to the
various members mating at the joint

+ ve moment M M
A B MBC C
A MBA
C
B I2
I1 MBD
L2
L1 I3
L3 At joint B
M - MBA-MBC-MBD = 0
D D

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i.e., M = MBA + MBC + MBD

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Solve the previously given problem by the

moment distribution method

150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m

A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m

Fixed end moments

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Fixed end moments

Stiffness Factors (Unmodified Stiffness)

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Moment Distribution Table

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 1 0.4284 0.5716 0.64 0.36 0
FEM -80 80 -112.5 112.5 -53.33 53.33
Balance -53.33
CO -26.67
Net Moment -80 80 -112.5 112.5 -80 0
Diff. (optional) -32.5 32.5
Distribution 13.923 18.577 -20.8 -11.7
CO 6.9615 -10.4 9.2885

Distribution 4.45536 5.94464 -5.94464 -3.34386

CO 2.22768 -2.97232 2.97232

Distribution 1.27 1.70 -1.90 -1.07

CO 0.635 -0.95 0.85 0
Final Moments -70.81082 99.65 -100.6 96.96 -96.11 0
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Computation of Shear Forces

15 kN/m 10 kN/m
150 kN

B C
A D
I I I
8m 3m 3m 8m

Simply Supported
Reaction 60 60 75 75 40 40
Net Moment of Span 30.22 -3.97 -96.42
Span Length 8.00 6.00 8.00
End Reaction due to
FEM -3.78 3.78 0.50 -0.50 12.05 -12.05
Final Support
Reaction 56.22 63.78 75.50 74.50 52.05 27.95

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Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

52.077
75.563
2.792 m
56.23

27.923
3.74 m 74.437
63.77

S. F. D.
Mmax=+38.985 kN.m
Max=+ 35.59 kN.m
126.704 31.693
35.08

48.307
-69.806 3.74 m
84.92 98.297 2.792 m

-99.985 -96.613
B.Prof
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Example

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Solution

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Solution

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 1 0.4 0.6 1
FEM -8000 8000
Distribution 3200 4800
CO 1600 2400
Final Moments 1600 3200 -3200 10400

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Example
Determine the internal moment at each support of the
beam. The moment of inertia of each span is indicated.

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Example

Fixed End Moments

ab = - × . × .
= -23.625 KNm
× . × .
ba =+ = +55.125 KNm
×
bc = - = -20 KN m

×
cb = = + 20 KNm

cd =-10 KNm
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Example

Joint A B C
Member AB BA
BC CB CD
DF 0.6809
0.3191
FEM -23.625 55.125
-20 20 -10
Balanced -5 -10
Distribution -20.511 -9.6144

CO -10.255
Final Moments -33.88 34.614 -34.614 10 -10

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Example

Span Name AB BA BC CB CD
Simply Supported
Reaction 22.5 52.5 30 30 10
34.6143
Final FEM -33.8803 6 -34.6144 10 -10
Net Moment of Span 0.73 -24.61
Span Length 5.00 4.00
End Reaction due to FEM -0.15 0.15 6.15 -6.15 12.05
Final Support Reaction 22.35 52.65 36.15 23.85 22.05

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Example

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Example
Determine the internal moment at each support of the
beam. The moment of inertia of each span is indicated.

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Example

Joint A B C D
Member AE AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0.667 0.333 0.5 0.5 1
FEM 2.25 -8 16 -13.33 13.33 -16 16
Balanced 5.75 2.875
Net FEM 2.25 -2.25 18.875 -13.33 13.33 -16 16
Distribution -3.6985 -1.8465 1.335 1.335

CO 0.6675 -0.9232 0.0668

Distribution -0.4452 -0.2223 0.4616 0.4616

CO 0.2308 -0.1111 0.0231

Distribution -0.154 -0.0769 0.0556 0.0556

Final Moments 2.25 -2.25Prof (Dr.)

14.577
V M Patel
-14.577 14.148 -14.148 16.09
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Example
BMD

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Example
Determine the internal moment at each support of the
beam. The moment of inertia of each span is indicated.

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Solution

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Solution

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External Moment 40 kN.m is shared at joint B according to its DF.

i.e. MBA = 10, MBC = 10 & MBD = 20 kN.m

Fixed End Moments Distribution Factor

- ∗ DF ba = 0.25
ab = = -30 KNm
DF bc = 0.25
ba = +30 +10 = 40 KNm
× DF bd = 0.50
bc = - = -16.67 + 10 = -6.67KN.m

cb = + 16.67 KN.m

bd = 0 + 20 = 20 KNm

db = 0 KNm

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Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC BD CB DB
DF 0 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 1
FEM -30 40 -6.67 20 16.67 0
Balanced 30 -16.67
CO 15 -8.33
Net FEM 0 55 -15 20 0 0
Distribution -15 -15 -30 0
CO -15

Final Moments 0 40 -30 -10 0 -15

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Draw BMD out to Joint

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Problem:
• Draw BMD of beam shown in figure.

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Problem:

• The roof of a 8m wide hall is supported on a portal frame

spaced at 4m intervals. The height of the portal frame is
4m. The continuous slab is 120 mm thick. Live load on
roof = 1.5 kN/m2, SBC of soil = 150 kN/m2. The columns
are connected with a plinth beam and the base of the
column may be assumed as fixed. Derive design
moments of column & beam members of the portal frame.

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Data given:

• Spacing of frames = 4m

• Span of portal frame = 8m

• Height of columns = 4m

• Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2

• Thickness of slab = 120mm

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Step1: Preliminary design of beams and columns

Beam:
• Effective span = 8m
• Effective depth based on deflection criteria
= 8000/12 = 666.67mm
• Assume over all depth as 700 mm with effective depth =
650mm, breadth b = 400mm
Column:
• Let column section be equal to 400 mm x 600 mm.

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Step2: Analysis
Load on frame
i) Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 = 2.88 kN/m2
• Weight of roof finish = 0.50 kN/m2 (assumed)
• Ceiling finish = 0.25 kN/m2 (assumed)
• Total dead load wd = 3.63 kN/m2
Load from slab = (3.63+1.5) x 4 = 20.52 kN/m

ii) Self weight of rib of beam

= 0.4 x (0.7-0.12= 0.58) x 24 = 5.56 kN/m
Total = 27.00 kN/m
• The portal frame subjected to the UDL considered for analysis is
shown in Fig.
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Step2: Analysis (Contd.)

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Step2: Analysis (Contd.)

• The moments in the portal frame fixed at the base and loaded
as shown in Fig. are analysed by moment distribution method
• IAB = 400 x 6003/12 = 72 x 108 mm4,
• IBC= 400 x 7003/12 = 114.33 x 108 mm4
• Stiffness Factor:
• KBA= IAB / LAB = 18 x 105
• KBC= IBC / LBC = 14.3 x 105

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Step2: Analysis (Contd.)

• Distribution Factors:

• Fixed End Moments:

• FEM AB = FEM BA = FEM CD = FEM DC = 0
• FEM BC = -144 kN-m
• and FEM CB = 144 kN-m

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Step3:Analysis - Moment Distribution Table

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Step 2: Analysis – Deflection Shape &Bending Moment diagram

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Example
Determine the Dist. Factor & FEM at each joint of the
frame. The moment of inertia of each span is indicated.

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Example

Fixing End Moment:

• FEMAB= -4.0 kN.m
• FEMBA= 2.667 kN.m
• FEMBC= -7.5 kN.m
• FEMBA= 7.5 kN.m
• REST = 0 Prof (Dr.) V M Patel 68

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Example

Stiffness Factor: JOINT B: JOINT C:

• KBA= 0.25 EI • DBA= 0.325 • DCB= 0.571
• KBC= 0.333 EI • DBC= 0.432 • DBC= 0.429
• KBD= 0.1875 EI • DBD= 0.243
• KCE= 0.25 EI
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Analysis of Frames With Side Sway

• So far we have considered frames in which the joints

are not allowed to translate laterally.
• However, in frames, the translation (side sway) of some
joints is common due to forces acting in the lateral
direction or due to asymmetrical forces or due to
asymmetry in the make-up of the frame even though
the load is symmetrical.

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Analysis of Frames With Side Sway

• In frames undergoing lateral translation, the analysis is
carried out in two stages.
1. In first stage, the frame is prevented from undergoing any lateral
translation by applying an artificial joint restraint “R” as shown in
Fig. The procedure is then similar to the one adopted for frames
without sway.
2. The value of artificial restraining force R is obtained by first
evaluating the shear at the bases of columns. Then from the
equilibrium condition, ∑FH = 0, the value of R can be evaluated. At
this stage the end moments obtained are true only when
restraining force R is acting. To achieve the true condition of the
structure, the frame has to be analysed again by applying a force
equal and opposite to artificial restraining force R.
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Analysis of Frames With Side Sway

• In frames undergoing lateral translation, the analysis is
carried out in two stages.
3. In second stage, apply any convenient value of δ or
corresponding value of Fixed End Moment Due to δ to the
frame.

4. Find the respective value of restrain R in case (ii). Let k be a

factor by which the solution of case (ii) needs to be
multiplied to match the value of “R”.

5. Now the actual end moments in the frame are,

MAB = M1AB + K*M2AB
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Ha = [(Mab + Mba) / H2] + [P * a / H2]

Hd = [(Mcd + Mdc) / H1]

R = P – (Ha + Hd)
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Example
Determine the end moment of the members of the frame
shown in figure. EI is same for all the members.

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Example
Stiffness Factor:
• KBA= 0.33 EI
• KBC= 0.25 EI
• KCB= 0.25 EI
• KCD= 0.333 EI

JOINT B: JOINT C:
• DBA= 0.571 • DCB= 0.429
• DBC= 0.429 • DCD= 0.571

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Example
Fixed End Moment Due to
Applied Loading:
• MAB= 0
• MBA= 0
• MBC= -10 kN.m
• MCB= +10 kN.m
• MCD= 0
• MDC= 0

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Case 1: Frame is Prevented From Sway

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Case 1: Frame is Prevented From Sway

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Ha = [(Mab + Mba) / H2] + [P * a / h2]

= (-3.601 - 7.254 / 3) + (10 * 0 / 4)

= -3.62 kN

Hd = [(Mcd + Mdc) / H1]

= (3.601 + 7.257)/3

= 3.62 kN

R (reaction) = P – (Ha + Hd)

= 10 – 3.62 + 3.62

= 10 kN

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Case 2: Frame With Arbitrary Known Side Sway

Since δ is arbitrary, Choose any convenient value of δ or
corresponding value of Fixed End Moment Due to δ.
Corresponding Value of Moment M = 6EI δ / l2

•MAB= -100 kN

•MBA= -100 kN

•MBC= 0

•MCB= 0

•MCD= -100 kN

•MDC= -100 kN

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Case 2: Frame With Arbitrary Known Side Sway

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Ha = [(Mab + Mba) / H2] + [P * a / h2]

= (-53.08 - 76.26 / 3)

= 43.11 kN

Hd = [(Mcd + Mdc) / H1]

= (-53.08 - 76.26)/3

= 43.11 kN

R (action) = P - (Ha + Hd)

= 0 – 43.11 – 43.11

= 86.22 kN

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Let k be a factor by which the solution of case (ii) needs to

be multiplied. Now actual moments in the frame is obtained
by superposing the solution (i) on the solution obtained by
multiplying case (ii) by k. Thus k*R cancel out the holding
force R such that final result is for the frame without holding
force.
K*R = F

K=F/R
= 10 / 86.13
= 0.1161

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Now the actual end moments in the frame are,

MAB = MAB + KM’AB

MAB = 3.63 + 0.116 * (-76.26) = - 5.211 kN.m

MBA= 7.26 + 0.116 * (-53.08) = 1.111 kN.m

MBC= = -7.26 + 0.116 * (53.08) = - 1.117 kN.m

MCB= = 7.26 + 0.116 * (53.08) = 13.42 kN.m

MCD= = -7.26 + 0.116 * (-53.08) = -13.42 kN.m

MDC= = -3.63 + 0.116 * (-76.26) = - 12.47 kN.m

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