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INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM

Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel

Adani Institute of Infrastructural Engineering
B.E. (Civil), M.E. (Structure – Gold Medal), Ph.D.
ISTE, GICEA, ISES, AMIE, IGS(A), FIV
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INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENCE LINES

Have you observed vibration of bridges?

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INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENCE LINES

Influence Line and Moving Load Series in Trusses?

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INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENCE LINES

• Fixed loads on the structures are because of the loads like self-weight,
finishes, walls, parapets, etc., which are termed as dead loads.

• Loads like humans furniture, vehicles, etc., which are not fixed in position are
termed as live loads. Live loads which cause vibration in the structure, such
as moving cranes in industrial structures, moving trucks on highway bridges,
etc. are called impact loads.

• As the loads are moving, they will produce different shears, moments, etc. for
their different positions. Any structure or any element of the structure shall
have to be designed for the most severe stress conditions that can occur in it.

• Influence Line is the most useful device for the calculation of most severe
stress (Shear, Bending, Torsional, Axial, etc.) in the member.

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INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENCE LINES

• Influence Line method was first used by Prof. Winkler of Berlin in 1867.
• An influence line represents the variation of either the reaction, shear,
moment, or deflection at a specific point in a member as a force moves over
the member.
• Once this line is constructed, one can tell at a glance where the moving load
should be placed on the structure so that it creates the greatest influence at
the specified point.
• For these reasons, influence lines play an important part in the design of
bridges, industrial crane rails, conveyors, and other structures where loads
move across their span.
• Influence Line Diagram is plotted on the span as the base with the variable
function (SF, BM, etc.) as ordinate against the load position as abscissa. Each
ordinate of the graph, thus shows the value of the function when the load is
at that ordinate.
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Introduction to Influence Lines

• Influence lines describe the variation of an analysis variable (reaction,
shear force, bending moment, twisting moment, deflection, etc.) at a point (say at C
in Figure )

C
A B
• Why do we need the influence lines? For instance, when loads pass over a structure,
say a bridge, one needs to know when the maximum values of shear/ reaction/
bending-moment will occur at a point so that the section may be designed

• Notations:
• Normal Forces - +ve forces cause +ve displacements in +ve directions
• Shear Forces - +ve shear forces cause clockwise rotation & - ve shear force
causes anti-clockwise rotation
• Bending Moments: +ve bending moments cause “cup holding water” deformed
shape

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Influence Lines for Beams

• Procedure:

(1) Allow a unit load (either 1b, 1N, 1kip, or 1 tonne) to move over beam
from left to right

(2) Find the values of shear force or bending moment, at the point under
consideration, as the unit load moves over the beam from left to right

(3) Plot the values of the shear force or bending moment, over the length of
the beam, computed for the point under consideration

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INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENCE LINES

SFD & BMD of Typical Beams

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Moving Concentrated Load

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Moving Concentrated Load

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Moving Concentrated Load

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Moving Concentrated Load

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Moving Concentrated Load

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Moving Concentrated Load

x/10

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Moving Concentrated Load

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Problem
Draw the Influence Lines for:
(a) Shear Force at C of the girder
(b) Moment at E.

x
A´ B´ C´ D´ E´ F´

A B C D E F
5 spaces @ 10 m each = 50 m

To Understand The Whole ILD, It Is Better To Draw

Five Positions Loading SFD & BMD
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Problem
Place load over region A´B´ (0 < x < 10 m)
Find the shear over panel CD
VC= RA – P OR VC= - x/50 OR VC= -RF

C D F
At x=0, VC = 0 Shear is -ve RF=x/50
At x=10, VC = -0.2

F
E
Find moment at E = +(x/50)(10)=+x/5 +ve moment RF=x/50
At x=0, ME=0 10 m
At x=10, ME=+2.0
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Problem

-ve
0.2

I. L. for VC

2.0
+ve

I. L. for ME

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Problem Continued -
Place load over region B´C´ (10 ft < x < 20ft)

VC = -x/50 kN
At x = 10 m
VC = -0.2
C F
At x = 20 m D

VC = -0.4 Shear is -ve

RF = x/50

D F
ME = +(x/50)(10) E
= +x/5 kN.m Moment is +ve RF = x/50
At x = 10 ft, ME = +2.0 kN.m
At x = 20 ft, ME = +4.0 kN.m

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x
B´ C´

-ve
0.2 0.4

I. L. for VC

+ve 4.0
2.0

I. L. for ME

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Place load over region C´D´ (20 m < x < 30 m)

When the load is at C’ (x = 20 m)

C D
Shear is -ve
RF=20/50
VC = -0.4 kN =0.4

When the load is at D´ (x = 30 m)

A
B C D
RA= (50 - x)/50 Shear is +ve
VC= + 20/50
= + 0.4 kN
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ME = + (x/50)(10) = + x/5

x
Load P
E
+ve moment RF= x/50
D´
A´ B´ C´

A B C +ve
0.2
-ve 0.4 D

I. L. for VC

+ve

2.0 4.0 6.0

I. L. for ME
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Place load over region D´E´ (30 ft < x < 40 ft)

VC= + (1-x/50) kN
A E
B C D

RA= (1-x/50) Shear is +ve

ME= +(x/50)(10)
= + x/5 kN.m
E
Moment is +ve
RF= x/50
At x = 30 m, ME = +6.0
At x = 40 m, ME = +8.0

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Problem
x

A´ B´ C´ D´ E´
0.6

0.4 +ve 0.2

I. L. for VC
8.0
+ve 6.0
2.0 4.0

I. L. for ME

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Place load over region E´F´ (40 ft < x < 50 ft)

VC = + 1-x/50 At x = 40 m, VC= + 0.2

At x = 50 m, VC = 0.0

x 1.0

A
B E
C D
RA= 1-x/50 Shear is +ve
ME= + (1-x/50)(40) = (50-x)*40/50 = +(4/5)(50-x)

A
B C D E F
Moment is +ve
RA=1-x/50 At x = 40 m, ME= + 8.0 kN.m
At x = 50 m, ME = 0.0
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x 1.0

A´ B´ C´ D´ E´ F´

0.6

0.4
+ve 0.2

-ve
0.2

0.4
I. L. for VCD

2.0 6.0 +ve 8.0

4.0

I. L. for ME

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Problem
Find Ra & Rb if 15 kN Load is acting at 3 m from support A and 3m from support B. Refer
given ILD for reference.

ILD
for RA

ILD
for RB

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Problem
Draw the Influence Lines Diagrams of RA, RB, Vz, Vx, Mx
and Mz for an overhanging beam as shown in figure.

To Understand The Whole ILD, It Is Better To Draw

Five Positions Loading SFD & BMD

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Problem

ILD for RA

ILD for RB

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Problem

ILD for Vx

ILD for Mx
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Problem

ILD for Vz

ILD for Mz

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Problem
Draw the Influence Lines Diagrams of Vc for the beam
as shown in figure.

Find the sectional equation of Vc with variable x.

From A-C From C-D
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Problem
Draw the Influence Lines Diagrams Vc for the beam as
shown in figure.

ILD for Vc

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Qualitative Influenced Lines - Muller-Breslau’s Principle

• The principle gives only a procedure to determine of the influence line of a

parameter for a determinate or an indeterminate structure
• But using the basic understanding of the influence lines, the magnitudes
of the influence lines also can be computed
• In order to draw the shape of the influence lines properly, the capacity of the
beam to resist the parameter investigated (reaction, bending moment, shear
force, etc.), at that point, must be removed
• The principle states that:The influence line for a parameter (say, reaction, shear
or bending moment), at a point, is to the same scale as the deflected shape of
the beam, when the beam is acted upon by that parameter.
• The capacity of the beam to resist that parameter, at that point, must be
removed.
• Then allow the beam to deflect under that parameter
• Positive directions of the forces are the same as before
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Influence Line for a Determinate Beam by Muller-Breslau’s Method

Influence line for Reaction at A

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Influence Lines for a Determinate Beam by Muller-Breslau’s Method

Influence Line for Shear at C Influence Line for

Bending Moment at C

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Influence Line Diagram Due to Series of Point Loads

• To find out the value of the function due to a series of concentrated loads (PL),
multiply each concentrated load by the corresponding value of the function
from influence line diagram and sum up all of them.
• In fig., influence lines for Vx and Mx are drawn. Let a series of concentrated
loads W1, W2, W3 and W4 travel across the girder and occupy the given load
position as shown in the figure.

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Influence Line Diagram Due to Series of Point Loads

• In the ILD for Vx, let f1f1’, f2f2’, f3f3’, and f4f4’ be the coordinates under
W1, W2, W3 and W4 respectively. The SF at the section X due to W1
will be W1 x f1f1’; due to W2 will be W2 x f2f2’ and so on.
• The total SF at section X will be given by

Vx = (W1 x f1f1’) + (W2 x f2f2’) + (W3 x f3f3’) + (W4 x f4f4’)

The first two terms, for the load position shown, being negative

• Similarly, The total BM at section X will be given by

Mx = (W1 x m1m1’) + (W2 x m2m2’) + (W3 x m3m3’) + (W4 x m4m4’)

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Influence Line Diagram Due to UDL

• A UDL may be looked upon as a series of point loads. Let w be the

uniformly distributed load per unit length (intensity). Consider an
elementary length δl of the load. The elementary load δW on it is
equal w*δl.

• Let ff’ and mm’ be respectively the mean ordinates under this
load in the influence lines for Vx and Mx for a given section X of
the beam.

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Influence Line Diagram Due to Series of Point Loads

• The total SF at section X due to δW will be given by
Vx = (w x δl x ff’)
= (w x area of the elementary strip in SF diagram)

The total shear force at X due to UDL will, therefore given by

Vx = ∑w x area of elementary strip

= w x area of the ILD covered by the load position

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Influence Line Diagram Due to Series of Point Loads

• Similarly, The total BM at section X due to elementary load δW is

Mx = (W x mm’) = (w* δ l * mm’)

= w x area of elementary strip in BM diagram

Total bending mement at X due to the UDL will, therefore, be

Mx = w x area of influence line diagram covered by the

load position

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Problem
Find out the shear force at the section K for the loaded
girder as shown in the figure by ILD method.

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Problem

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Influence Line Diagram Due to Series of Point Loads

SF at C = (W1 x f1f1’) + (W2 x f2f2’) + …..

= (70 * -2/12) + (60 * -5/12) + (50 * 4/12)

= -20 kN

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Problem
Two wheel loads 80 kN and 200 kN, spaced 2m apart move on a girder of
span 16 meters. Find the maximum positive and negative shear force at a
section 4 meters from the left end (Point D). Any wheel load can lead the
other.

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Problem

Maximum Positive SF at D = (W1 x f1f1’) + (W2 x f2f2’) + …..

= (200 * 12/16) + (80 * 10/16)

= 200 kN

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Problem

Maximum Negative SF at D = (W1 x f1f1’) + (W2 x f2f2’) + …..

= (200 * -4/16) + (80 * -2/16)

= -60 kN
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Problem
Two wheel loads 80 kN and 200 kN, spaced 0.8m apart
move on a girder of as shown in figure. Find the maximum
positive and negative shear force at a section C and
maximum positive moment at C.

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Problem

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Problem

Maximum Positive SF at C = (W1 x f1f1’) + (W2 x f2f2’) + …..

= (2/3 * 200) + (1.2/3 * 80)

= 165.33 KN

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Problem

Maximum Negative SF at C = (W1 x f1f1’) + (W2 x f2f2’) + …..

= (-2.2/3 * 80) + (-1 * 200)
= -258.67 KN Prof (Dr.) V M Patel 55

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Problem

• For Maximum Positive Moment at C, CG of all Point Loads should match with the Point
C.

• Check the maximum point load with reference point at which we need max. moment.
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Problem

With reference to C

200 * x = 80 * (0.8 - x)
280 x = 64

x = 0.228 so (1.5-x = 1.271)

Maximum Positive Moment at C = Mc = (W1 x m1m1’) + (W2 x m2m2’)

= [(200 * (¾) * (1.271/1.5)] + [(80 * (3/4) * (0.929/1.5)]

= 127.1 + 37.16 = 164.26 KN.m Prof (Dr.) V M Patel 57

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Problem
Four wheel loads 80 kN, 225 kN, 150 kN and 200 kN, spaced 0m, 0.5m, 1.2m and 2m
apart from 80kN load and move on a girder of span 16 meters. Find the maximum
positive and negative shear force at a section 4 meters from the left end (Point D). Any
wheel load can lead the other. Find maximum positive moment possible at D.

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Problem
UDL of intensity 4 kN/m of length 3 m is acting on a girder
of as shown in figure. Find the maximum positive SF at C
and maximum positive moment at C.

• For Maximum Moment at C, average load of UDL in left side of C should match with
average load on right side of C (OR loading intensity in both side of C should match) .

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Shear Force Vc = w x area of the ILD covered by the load

position
= [4 x 3 x (4/6 + 1/6)/2]
= 5 kN
Bending Moment Mc

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Bending Moment Mc
Comparing average load on both side of point C
(4 * x / 2) = (4 * (3-x) / 4
X=1m
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Maximum Positive Moment at C = Mc = (w x area of ILD below load)

= 4 * 1 * [(8/6 + 4/6)/2] + 4 * 2 * [(8/6 + 4/6)/2]
= 12 kN.m
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Problem
A UDL of Intensity 15 kN/m and length 4.5 m is rolling on girder AB of span 16
+ 3 meters. Find the maximum positive and negative shear force at a section 4
meters from the left end (Point D). Also find the maximum positive moment
at point D.

3m

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3m

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Problem
A simply supported beam AB as shown in figure is subjected to
two wheel loads acting at a distance 5m apart from each other.
Each wheel transmit a load of 3 kN and may occupy any position
along the beam. If the beam is an I section having section
modulus Z = 16.2 cm3. find maximum bending stress.

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Problem

• For Maximum Moment at any point on beam, position of loads should be such that
center of span is mid way between center of gravity of load system and load under
consideration.

• Load under consideration is that load which is either nearest to the CG of load
system or next nearer to CG but heavier than nearest load to CG.
• If nearest load is heavier than the next nearer load than maximum bending moment
will occur under this load only. If the case is vice versa than the maximum moment
will occur at any of this two location.
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Bending Moment under load consideration

B.M = [(3*5.935)+ (3*3.7305)]

B.M = 28.9965 kN.m

From, = =

. ∗
Bending stress (σ )= =
. ∗

Bending stress (σ) = 1789.9 MPa or 1.789 GPa

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Problem
A simply supported beam AB as shown in figure is subjected to
two wheel loads 80 kN and 200 kN, spaced 2m apart from each
other. If the beam is an I section having section modulus Z = 20
cm3. find maximum bending stress across the beam and
maximum bending stress at point D.

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