Things You Should

Before you begin this

able to chapte,
. draw and interpret a pictogrank
" draw andinterpret bar
double bar graphs graphs and
" calculate mean, median
ungrouped data and tnode

Things ou WillLearn
By the end of this chapter, yoU wll
" draw and interpret pie charts
" calculate probabilityyof agiven be:ets
event

DataHandling
Statistics is a branch of mathematics which deals with collection, classification, representation. anahce
and interpretation of data. In the previous grades, we have learnt to collect, tabulate and prese
information in terms of tabular form (ungrouped frequency distribution) and graphs (Bar Graphs ang
Pictographs). We have also learnt about the measures of central tendency (mean, median and mo!
which help us make an inference about the given data.

Did you Know?

As per a survey done in the year 2015, the number of road motor vehicles per 1000 people
in India was 50. As per the survey, the total number of motor vehicles registered in Indiawas
about 5.6 crores. Youwill be surprised to know that India ranked 133 in terms of the number
of motor vehicles per 1000 people. The Republic of San Marino tops the list with 1263 motoT
vehicles per 1000. United States of America comes second in the list with 910motor venie
per 1000 people. There were about 25 crore registered motor vehicles in USA in the year zu
 Checkpoint
data gives the number of books read by 25 students
questions1to5: The foilowing follow.
pirectionsfor data and.answerthe questionsthat
Studythe 2, 6, 4,. 3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 6, 6, 4, 2, 5
ofaclaass. 3, 2, 5, 1, 3, 4, 2, 3,
order.
observations in an ascending
Arrangethe above data.
distribution representing the
frequency
Construct a 3 books.
2. students who have read
number of than 4 books.
, Sind the students who have read more
number of books
Findthe have read less than 5
4. who
the numberof students belowshows the number of cars sold by a
r Bind graph given
for questions 6to 11:The bar Studythe bar graph and answerthe questions that
Directions months of a year.
the first six
dealer during
follow.
Numbers of Cars Sold

700
’
Cars 600
500
of 400
No. 300
200
100
May Jun
Jan Feb Mar Apr
Month ’

in January?
6. Howmany cars were sold
sell the maximum number of cars?
7. In which month did the dealer
sell the minimum number of cars?
8. In which month did the dealer
of cars solid in January and March?
9. What is the difference between the number
months?
10. What is the total number of cars sold in the first six
11. Which two months saw the same number of car sales?

Directions for questions 12 to 16: The number of apples sold by a fruit seller during a certain
week is given below:
Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Day Mon Tue
Number of 35 55 60 70 45
50 80
Apples Sold
 l2. Draw a suitable pictograph to represent the above data.
sold?
13. On which day of the week maximum number of apples were
14. How many apples were sold on Saturday?
15. What is the total number of apples soldin the week?
16. on Sunday than on Wednesday?
How
Directions many more apples17 were
for questions sold
to 20: The following pictograph shows the number of studenty
= 200 students
enrolled in a schoolin different years. Scale used:
Number of Students
Year

2011

2012 hhnhrh
2013
hhhnhh
2014

2015

questions below:
Study the pictograph and answer the
enrolled in the year 2013?
17. HoW many students were
How manv?
register maximum number of enrolments?
18. In which year did the school
which year did the school register minimum number of enrolments? How manv?
19. In
enrolments in the years 2012 and 2014.
20. Find the difference between the
provides the information on
Directions for questions 21 to 24: The following double bar graph
2.Study the graph and answer
the marks scored bySuman in five subjects in Term 1 and Term
the following questions.
Marks Scored by Suman
Scale: 1 Unit = 10 marks
60
’Marks50
40
30
20
10

Math Hindi English Science Social Science

Subjects -’
Term 2
Term 1
 improvement from
Term 1to Teren 27
sutbjects did Suman show an
many
1.In
how performance of Suman did not show any change?
subjectdidthe
which
the difference between the marks seored in Term 1and Term 2 the
22n subjectis
which
For
28highest?
marks scored by Suman in Term 1 and Term 2?
difference between thetotal
the
What s
24.

RealLife Connect
chances of getting the bus on time
wondered wwhat your winning the
youever thought about the chance of
Have you've
school?COr maybe
for tournament?
sports of
likelihood or chance
considered the
scenarios where you
Tict afew
doingsomething:

we
valuable in real lite. In our everyday lives.
concepts are
learning chances and probability the weather forecast or
realizing it. Whether it's checking
freguently use probability without even probability plays a significant role in various aspects of
considering the likelihood of certain events,
Ourlives.

Knowledge Capsule 1

Pie Charts or Circle Graphs Time Spent on Different

Acircle graph or pie chart is a way to represent the relationship Activities by Amar
between awhole and its parts. The whole is represented by a circle
and the different parts or components are represented by means
of non-overlapping sectors of the circle. Each sector represents a Others
4 hrs
component of the whole and its size is proportional to the magnitude Sleep
Eat 8 hrs
of the component. 2 hrs
Consider the adjoining pie chart. It shows the time spent by Amar on
Gifferent activities during a day (24 hours). Observe that he has spent Play
the most time on 'Sleep' and the least time on the 4 hrs
activity Eat'. You Study
Ldn observe that the sector representing the
activity 6hrs
largest and the sector representing the activity 'Eat' is'Sleep' is the
the smallest.

Mathematics -Data Handling

 Drawing a Pie Chart
We have seen that the size or area of a sector representing a component
of the component. We also know that the area of a sector is
is proportionalto
directly proportional to
Thus, in order to draw a
sector
itsr
the.centagntral arg:ua
(the angle made by the arc at the centre of the circle).
Component, we first find the central angle of the sector.
a
represerting
angle of a sector representing
The sum of the angles of allsectors is 360°, Hence, the central
can be calculated as:
Comporas
Value of the component 360°
components
Central angle of a component Sum of the values of all

Steps to construct a pie chart:

Step I: Find the sum of the values of all components.
component using the relation given above.
Srep I: Findthe centralangle of each
Step ll: Draw a circle of any convenient radius. centralangles aks.
sectors corresponding todifferent componentsbased on the
Step IV: Draw the
in step Il.
differently and label them.
Step V: Colour/shade each sector

1: The following table shows the time spent by Amar onditferent activities in aday (24 hour
Example
Draw a pie chart to represent this data.
Play Eat Others
Activity Sleep Study
6 4 2 4
No. of Hours

Solution:
8+6+4+2 +4 = 24
Total number of hours spent on all activities =
Central angle of each component:
|Time Spent on Different Activities
Activity No. of Hours Measure of Central Angle
-x 360° = 120°
Sleep 24 Others
6
60
Sleep
-x 360° = 90°
Study 6 24 Eat 120
30
4
4
-x 360° = 60
Play 24 Play
60°
2 Study
2
-x 360° = 30° 90
Eat 24
4
-x360° = 60°
Others 4 24
thtÃ
representing
Based on the central angles obtained in the table above, we draw different sectors
components.
Hand
Mathematics- Data
78
 Example 2: The following table shows the data on the favourite sport of students of a class
this data. Draw a pie
chart to represent
Sport Cricket Football Hockey Kabaddi
30% 20% 10% 40%
% of Students

Solution:
contribution of each component is given in per cent. In such a case we express as a
case the
In this
fraction obtainedto find the corresponding central angle.
fraction and use the
component:
Central angle of each Favourite Sport of Students
Measure of
% of Fraction
Sport Students Central Angle
30
m
3 3 -x 360° =108°
Cricket 30% 100 10 10 Cricket
Kabaddi
144° 108°
20 1 1-x 360°=72°
Football 20% 100 5 5

10 1 1 x 360° =36°
Hockey 10% 10 Football
100 10
72°
40 2 2-x 360°=144° Hockey
Kabaddi 40% 36°
100 5 5

we draw different sectors representing the

Based on the central angles obtained in the table above,
components.

Interpreting a Pie Chart

can infer alot of informatior
Apie chart represents the relationship between awhole and its parts. We
by studyingapie chart. Let us look at some examples that require us to interpret a pie chart.
Example 3: The pie chart given below shows the monthly expenditure on different items and monthly
savings of a family. Study the pie chart and answer the following
questions.
Rent
(a) On which item did the family spend the most? Education
20% 15%
(b) What fraction of the monthly income is saved by the family?
Ic) If the monthly expenditure of the family on food is Z4000, find
Food
the monthly expenditure on education. 25%
(d) If the monthly savings of the family is Z4800, find the Savings
monthly 30%
expenditure on rent. Others
(e) Find the central angle of the sector 10%
representing education.
Solution:
(a) Since the percentage contribution of Food (25%) is the maximum, the familh
food.
(b) 30
30% =
100 10
(c) 25% represents 74000.
20% represents 400 x20 =3200.
25
Thus, the monthlyexpenditure on education is ?3200.
(d) 30% represents 74800.
4800
.. 15% represents . -x15 =2400.
30
Thus, the monthly expenditure on rent is 2400.
20
-x360° = 72°
(e) Central angle of the sector representing education = 100
Example 4: The pie chart given belowshows the distribution of books of different languages in aibrg
If there are 300 Telugu books in the library, find the:
Bengali
(a) total number of books in the library. 30

(b) number of Bengali books in the library. Telhugu

number of Hindi books in the library.

(d) number of Tamil books in the library.

(e) number of English books in the library. English
150
Solution:

(a) 60° represents 300 books.

300 x360 = 1800.
.:.360° represents
60
Thus, the total number of books in the library is 1800.
30
(b) Number of Bengali books = -x1800 = 150.
360
90
(c) Number of Hindi books = -x1800 = 450.
360
30
(d) Number of Tamil books = -x1800 = 150.
360
150
(e) Number of English books = -x1800 = 750.
360
 Milestone 1
krtm

the following problems.

questions 1 to 8:: Solve favourite superhero of a group of students. Draw a
for the
Directions showsthe data on
followingtable data.
The representthis Shaktiman Iron Mar
1. to Batman
pie chart Spiderman
Superman 20 17
Superhero 15
8
12 of
No.ofStudents
modes of transport used by a group
the different
shows the data on represent the data.
following table chart to
The pie Walk
2. school. Drawa School Bus
students togo to Car
Mode ofTransport
Bicycle 40% 20%
10%
No. ofStudents
30%
Study the data given below
differentcountries.
attendedby delegates from 5
conference was
3.
A represent the data.
to Australia
chart France
and drawa pie India Russia
USA 40
Country 30
100 20
50 men.
No. of Delegates
movie genres of agroup of
favourite
shows the dataon the
below
The table given
4
chart tO represent the data.
Draw apie Science Drama Adventure
Horror Action Fiction
Genre Comedy
45 102
135 90
108 60
No. of Men
Ahmed on various activities
shows the dataon the time spent (in %) by
5. The table given below
chart to represent thisdata.
in a day. Draw apie
Physical Study Others
Eat Play
Activity Sleep Exercise
15% 20% 15%
30% 10% 10%
No. of Hours

favourite sports of a group of 120 students. Study the pie

6 The pie chart shows the data on the Favourite Sport of Students
chart and answer the following questions.
(a) Which sport is the most popular among the students?
Tennis
45 Cricket
90°

(b) Which two sports are equally popular among the students? Football
120° Hockey
60
Basketbal
45
 (c) What fraction of students like Footbali the most?

(d) How many students like Hockey the most?

number of students
whose favourite sport is Crickar
(e) What is the difference between the Basketbal?
number of students whose favourite sport is
and the

scored 80 marksin English

scored by Paul in five subjects. If Paul
7. The pie chart shows the marks Marks Scored in Five Subjects
answer the following questions.
Paul score the least?
(a) In which subiect did
SocialSclente Math
60 72

Paul score the highest?

(b) In which subject did Science
80 Hindi
84

marks Scored by Paul in five subjects? English

(c) What is the total 64

Rahul score in Social Science?

(d) Howmany marks did

and Hindi?
the marks scored by Paul in English
(e) What isthe difference between

marks scored in Social Science and Science?

(f)What is the ratio between the

Study the p
shows the data on the expenditure of Manish on different items.
8. The pie chart Expenditure on Different tems
chart and answer the following questions.
food?
(a) What fraction of the expenditure is spent on
Food
Othen 209%
15%

Trantport
10% Rent
20%
clothes and
(b) Find the ratio between the amount spent on
Education
the amount the amount spent on rent. 25%

Handin8
Mathematics- Data
82
 spent ?500o on education, then find the
t amount soent by
lc) If Manish MahNrsor

Manish spend the most?

which item did
(d) On

rent. then find the difference between the amounts spent by

Manish spent 2000 on
le) If
Manish on food
and clothes.

Knowledge Capsule 2

cannot be
Probability scenarios whereinthe result of an event
come across manysuch the chance of the event to
take
to day life, we try to predict
day can only
Inour
total certainty.In such cases we cannot be predicted
with certainty are called
predicted with outcome
experiments in case of which the of an event to take place is known as
its
Such likeliness
place. of chance or
experiments. The measure
random
as the
probability. experiment is carried out are known
random
can arise when a
possibilities that
Tho different
of the experiment. For example: or Tail (T). When a
fair coin
outcomes coin is tossed: Head (H)
There are two possible outcomes when a chance of gettinga tail. Thus, we say
(a) as the
gettinga head is the same
is tossed the chance of outcomes.
the outcomes H and 'T are equally likely
that together: HH, HT, TH, TT
tossed
There are four possible outcomes when two coins are
(b)
dice is rolled: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Here, again when a fair
outcomes when a
(c) There are six possible
equally likely outcomes.
dice is rolled these six outcomes are
Calculating Probability
of outcomes of an experiment. To find the probability of
An event is either an outcome or a collection
agiven event E,we use the formula given below:
Number of outcomes that make the event
P(E)= Totalnumber of outcomes of the experiment
Ihe probability of an event lies between 0 and 1.
 then PE) 1.
IfEis asureevent,
to happen. a certain event,then PE)
Sure Event: An event which is certaincertainto happen, HEs
Impossible Event: An event which is
calculating,

Let us nowlook at some examples

which explainto usthe
method of
orobability of an
Solved Examples getting a:
probability of
Findthe
Example 5: Afair coin is tossed.
(b) tail.
(a) head.
tossed: Headd(H), Tail (T)
Solution:
possible when a coinis
outcomes
There are two equally likely experiment = 2
outcomes of the
number of
Hence, total
outcomes resulting in Head = 1
(a) Number of
head) =*2
’ P(gettinga
outcomesgiving 6 = 1
(b)Number of 1
’P(getting atail) = 2 afan:
Find the probability ofgetting (d) number greater than.
rolled.
Example 6: Afair dice is (c) odd number.
(b)6.
(a)3.
4, 5,6.
Solution:
possible when adice is rolled:1, 2, 3,
outcomes
There are six equally likely
experiment =6
outcomes of the
Hence, total number of
giving 3=1
(c)Number of outcomes
1
»P(getting a3) =6
6 =1
(d) Number of outcomes giving
1
’P{getting a6) =6
5
(e) Outcomes that are odd numbers: 1,3,
numbers = 3.
Hence, the number of outcomes that are odd
’P(getting an odd number)= 63 21
(f) Outcomes that are greater than 4:5, 6
Hence, the number of outcomes that are greater than 4 = 2.
 2 1
4) =
P(getting a number greaterthan 6 3

even number is Find the probability

When, afair dice is rolled the probability of getting an 2
Example 7:
number.
gettingan odd
of
Solution: in
an even number. Hence,E' is the event of not getting an even number.
the event of getting
LetE be
the event of getting an odd number.
words, E' is
other
1H|N
Hence, P(E')=1-P(E) = 1- 2 2

number is
probability of getting an odd 2
Thus. the
Milestone 2
km
random experiment is described.
In each of the following problems a
Directions for questions 1 to 5: case of each experiment.
outcomes in
Write all the possible
1 Acoin is tossed.

2. Twocoins are tossed.

Adice is rolled.
3.
Green, Blue) is rotated. The spinning wheel is
four sectors (Red, Yellow,
4 Aspinning wheel with
equal area.
divided into four sectors of
bag.
cards number 1 through 10. Acard is drawn from the
5. Abag contains 10

following problems.
Directions for questions 6 to 15: Solve the
6. coin is tossed. Find the probability of getting:
A
(a) head.
(b) tail.
(c) not heads.
TwO coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting:
(a) two heads.
(b) two tails.
 at est ome hR

ie no heads

of gettng
Sice s roled Fnd the probabiity
A
la a number &

banumber less than 3

id an even number.

d aprime nnumber.

le) amultiple of 3.
(f a factor of 6.
Aspinner withfour egual size sectors (shown in the adjoining figure) is spun. Finddthe probabi
9.
of getting 3
a)green sector. Red

Yellow
(b)a sector which is not red.

(c) a blue sector or a yellow sector.

10. Aspinner with eight equal size sectors (shown in the adjoining figure) is Green
spun. Findthe probability of getting a:

(a) green sector. (b)red sector.

Green

YellowGreen

(c) blue sector. (d) a sector which is not blue.

11. Numbers 1to 20 are written on different cards and are put in a box, The cards are mixeo e
and a card isdrawn. Find the probability of getting:
(a) an even number. (b) a prime number.

(c) a multiple of 4. (d) a two-digit number.

 12.
(e) afactor of

2s blue and 5 green coloured balls. If a ball is picked

from this box at
Contains 20 red,
is:
AbON
the probability that the ball picked
random, find (c) red or blue.
(b) blue.
(a)red.

(e) not green.

(c)green.

basket.
mango is selected at random fromthis
If a
mangoes in a basket are rotten.
out 60
13. 12 that the mango is:
find the probability
(b)not rotten.
(a) Rotten.

the
from natural numbers 1 to 100. Find
random
thinking: Anumber is selected at
Critical
number selected is aperfect square.
probabilitythat the

is 2. Find the probability that the event will not

15. The probability that an event will take place
take place.
 Questions
StudyBased
Case and Yellow. The
ratio off
Yelow
Green, probability of picking
different colours: Red, the a
the bag,
balls of three from
seleCt a ball
1 In a bag, there are 45 randomly
Red balls is 3: 2. if
you
balls to
4
Green ball is

of green bals?
(a) What is the number

and Yellow balls are in the bag?

(b)How many Red

probability of picking a yellow ball?

(c) What is the

One Level Up
observations inthe table given below:
Take dice
a and roll it 120 times. Note down your
1.
4 5 6
1 2
Qutcome

No. of
Occurrences
probability of the following:
Based on the above data, find the
(a) Atoss resulting in an even number.
(b) Atoss resulting in a prime number.
modes of transport
2. Life skills and values: Find the different
Fill the
used by the students of your class to come to school.
table below and draw a pie chart to represent the data.
Others
Car School Bus Walk
Mode of Transport Bicycle
No. of Students

Handlinß
Mathematics- Data
88
 blood groups (A, 8, O
Cros$-urricular There are four main
3. nNost common.
Approvimatey 47%
sd ASA The group Os the
has the blood group as 0. Each ofthe biood groups
population example, a
further cdassified as positive or negative. For
can be negative
blood group 0, may be Opositive (O+) or O
nerson with students of
to tind the blood group of
survey
0- Carry out a to create a pie
chart.
use the data
VOur class and AB* Others
A
Blood Group
Number ofStudents
find the
research on the Internet to
literacy: Carry out matches played by
india.
4 Technology one-day cricket
outcome of the last 50
resuits in the table given below.
Tabulate your Total
Lost
Tie
Blood Group

India winning its next match.

calculate the probability of
Use the information to

Self-Assessment
music preference of a
2: The table given below shows the data on the
Directions for questions 1 and
and answer the following questions.
group of students. Study the table Pop Country Jazz
Classical Rock
Genre of Music
18 12 20
No. of Students 14

represent the data.

1. Construct a pie chart to
music?
2. What per cent of the students prefer pop

questions 3 to 5: The pie chart shows the data on the composition of acommittee
Directions for
warming. Study the pie chart
tormed from members of different states to study the effects of global
Composition of the Committee
and answer the following questions.
3. Whichstate hasthehighestrepresentation? Telangana
Maharashtra 60
4. What is the ratio between the number of members from Punjab 969

and the number of members from Maharashtra? Tamil Nadu

60

Punjab
72° Uttar Pradesh
70
 S. If the number of members from Tamil Naduis 20, findthe total number of memher

Uttar Pradesh.
committee. Also, find the number of members from
problems.
Directions
6. Abag for contains
questions
25 bals
6to 8:numbered
Solve thefoliowing
from 1 to 25. If a ballis picked fromthe bag at random fina

drawn is:
the probability that the number on the ball (b) prime.
(a) odd.
multiple of3.
(d) not a
(c) multiple of 5.
7. A dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a:
less than 4.
(b) number
(a) factor of 4. with
sectors and marked
sized
Aspinner is divided into 12 equally suchaspinner is
spun, 5
5
figure. When
numbers as shown in the adjoining 2

find the probability of getting: 3

3
(a) an odd number. S
3
(b) an even number.

(c) a prime number.

Let'sCompete
number of orders received by a
Pirza che
The pie chart shows the
Directions for questions 1 to4: pie chart and answer the questions tha
of first shift. Study the
during itsoperation hours (6 hours) Number of Orders
follow.
were the
1. During which hour range
received?
maximum number of orders 5 to 6
0
80
to2
(a) 2 -3
(b) 3- 4 4 to 5
100
(c) 4 -5 2t03
120
(d) 5 -6
received
2. What isthe total number of orders 3 to 4
in the first shift? 160

O000
(a) 580
0to 1 l to 2 2to 3 3to 4 4to 5
5t06

(b) 560
(c) 570
(d) 600
and
 4 (d) 42
Sr ke given ogiors chose the correct option.
era urnoers 1 to 100. What is the prababiity that it

3
20 10

WnhHk Wh epaoty thatit shows a different outcome each time?

(d) 0
4

basg5 tn4 he ahatilitythat the number shown is neither a multiple of 2nor a

1
3

gtdsitne ih red balls, 15 green balls and 25 blue balls. Aball is drawn at random from
g ind the probability that the ball drawn is not red in colour.
()06 c) 0.7 d) 0.8
 Assertion and Reasoning

I. Assertion: A pie chart represents the relationship between a whole and its parts.
Reasoning: Pie chart is very effective when we have so many data series.
(a) Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning correctly explains the
assertion
(b) Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning does not correctly
assertion.
explain the
(c) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.

1
2. Assertion: When rolling a fair six-sided die, the probability of roling an even number is 2
Reasoning: There are three even numbers (2, 4, and 6) out of six possible outcomes, making he
1
probabilit 2
(a) Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning correctly explains the
assertion

(b) Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning does not
correctly explain th:
assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
 Quick Look

the relationshig
Piecharts
way to represent
Adircle graph or pie chartis a
its parts. is
betweenawholeand component of the whole andits size
represents a component.
Each sector magnitude ofthe
proportionalto the
component x360
Value ofthe
all components
central angie = Sum ofthe values of

Data
place is
Handling Probability likeliness ofan eventto take
chanceor
The measure of
probability. the event
knownas its outcomes that makeexperiment
Number of outcomesofthe
PEJ=Totalnumber of

0< P(E)s1
isa sure event,
eventwhich is certain to happen. If E
Sure Event: An
then P(E)=1.
which is certain to happen. If Eis a
Impossible Event:An event
certain event, then P(E) = 0.

My Learning Reflection
a)in the relevant column as applicable.
Yes Partially Need Help
Accomplishments
ian draw pie charts.
LIan interpret pie
charts.
anfind the number of possible outcomes of an
rperiment.
talcuiate chance or probability related to real