SOLUTION TO TUTORIAL QUESTIONS ON SLAB DESIGN
RCD3700
Tutorial Question 3
Determine the bending moments for the slab supported by beams at gridlines as shown
in Figure 1. Live load = 5.0 kPa, finishes = 1.0 kPa. Calculate the reinforcement required
for the largest sagging and hogging moment if 25 MPa concrete is used.
More information: 255 mm thick slab, Concrete Density is 24 kN/m2
1 2 3 4
7500 mm 7500 mm 7500 mm
6000 mm
6000 mm
6000 mm
Figure 1
1
SOLUTION
𝑙𝑥 = 6.0 m ; 𝑙𝑦 = 7.5 m
Loading
Self-weight of concrete = 24 x 0.255 = 6.12 kN/m2
Dead load = 6.12 + 1.0 = 7.12 kN/m2
Live load = 5.0 kN/m2
n = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = 16.54 kN/m2
𝑙𝑦
⁄ = 1.25 < 2, therefore, it is a two-way slab.
𝑙𝑥
slab meets conditions for use of Table 15 of the code
𝑙 7.5
for all panels 𝑙𝑦 = 6.0
= 1.25
𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑛𝑙𝑥2 = 16.54 × 6.02 = 595 𝑘𝑁
Using Symmetry, the slab panels can be labelled as follows
A C A
B D B
A C A
A = 2 adjacent sides discontinuous
B = 1 short edge discontinuous
C = 1 long edge discontinuous
D = 4 continuous edges (internal panel)
Bending moment in 𝑙𝑥 direction, 𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝜷𝒔𝒙 n𝑙𝑥 2
Bending moment in 𝑙𝑦 direction, 𝑚𝑠𝑦 = 𝜷𝒔𝒚 n𝑙𝑥 2
2
Moment coefficients and bending moments
PANEL SHORT SPAN LONG SPAN
MIDSPAN INTERNAL MIDSPAN INTERNAL SUPPORT
SUPPORT
A 𝛽𝑠 0.049 0.066 0.034 0.045
mS 29.2 39.3 20.2 26.8
B 𝛽𝑠 0.038 0.050 0.028 0.037
mS 22.6 29.8 16.7 22.0
C 𝛽𝑠 0.045 0.059 0.028 0.037
mS 26.8 35.1 16.7 22.0
D 𝛽𝑠 0.034 0.044 0.024 0.032
mS 20.2 26.2 14.3 19.0
Assume 12 mm bars cover = 30 mm
d = 255 – 30 – 6 = 219 mm (Short span)
maximum hogging moment = 39.3 kNm/m
maximum sagging moment = 29.2 kNm/m
Hogging
𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
39.3 × 106
𝐾= 25 ×1000 × 2192
= 0.0328 < 0.156 Therefore, no compression reinforcement is required.
𝐾
𝑍 = 𝑑( 0.5 + √0.25 − )
0.9
𝑧 𝑧
𝑑
= 0.962 > 0.95. Therefore take 𝑑 = 0.95
𝑧⁄ = 0.95
𝑑
𝑧 = 0.95d
39.3 × 106
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 482.5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.87 × 450 × 0.95 × 219
3
Minimum reinforcement:
0.13𝑏ℎ 2 2
𝐴𝑠.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 331.5 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚 < 𝐴𝑠𝑥.𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 482.5 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚. Therefore, it is okay.
100
Using bar ∅ = 12 mm 𝐴𝑠.1 = 113.1 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴
No. of bars required 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑠.1 = 4.3 Take 𝑛 = 5
𝑠
Spacing required = 200 mm
Check maximum spacing:
100𝐴𝑠.𝑥
Since the slab thickness, ℎ = 255 > 200 𝑚𝑚 and 𝜌𝑥 = = 0.233, therefore 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 must be
𝑏𝑑𝑥
read from the table.
At span 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 350 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
At support 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
Since all the spacing is less than the maximum, the spacings provided are okay.
Provide Y12 @ 200 mm c/c
:. Provide 5 Y12@200 mm c/c = 565 mm2/m
Sagging
𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
29.2 × 106
𝐾= = 0.0244 < 0.156 Therefore, no compression reinforcement is required.
25 ×1000 × 2192
𝐾
𝑍 = 𝑑( 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 )
𝑧 𝑧
= 0.972 > 0.95. Therefore take = 0.95
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧⁄ = 0.95
𝑑
𝑧 = 0.95d
29.2 × 106
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 358.5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.87 ×450 × 0.95 ×219
4
Minimum reinforcement:
0.13𝑏ℎ 2 2
𝐴𝑠.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 100
= 331.5 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚 < 𝐴𝑠𝑥.𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 358.5 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚. Therefore, it is okay.
Using bar ∅ = 10 mm 𝐴𝑠.1 = 78.55 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴
No. of bars required 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑠.1 = 4.6 Take 𝑛 = 5
𝑠
Spacing required = 200 mm
Check maximum spacing:
100𝐴𝑠.𝑥
Since the slab thickness, ℎ = 255 > 200 𝑚𝑚 and 𝜌𝑥 = 𝑏𝑑𝑥
= 0.173, therefore 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 must be
read from the table.
At span 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 350 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
At support 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
Since all the spacing is less than the maximum, the spacings provided are okay.
Provide Y10 @ 200 mm c/c
:. Provide 5 Y10@200 mm c/c = 393 mm2/m
5
Tutorial Question 4
A parking slab 255 mm thick is supported by 300 x 600 mm beams (Figure 2) with the
following characteristics:
Live load = 5 kN/m2
Finishing slab = 1.0 kN/m2
Cover = 25 mm
Fcu = 25 MPa; Fy = 450 MPa
Available reinforcement Y12 only.
Design the slab for flexure. Check for shear and deflection.
Detail the slab.
Beam 300 x 600 mm
8.6 m
Slab 225 mm
9.6 m
Figure 2
6
SOLUTION
Self-weight = 0.255 x 24 = 6.12 kN/m2
Finishing = 1.0 kN/m2
Dn = 6.12 +1 = 7.22 kN/m2
Ln = 5 kN/m2 (given)
n = (1.2 x 7.22) + (1.6 x 5.0) = 8.66 + 8 = 16.7 kN/m2
ly = 9.6 – 0.3 = 9.3 m
lx = 8.6 – 0.3 = 8.3 m
𝑙𝑦 9.3
𝑙𝑥
= 8.3
= 1.12 < 2, therefore, it is a two-way slab.
𝑀𝑠 = ꞵ𝑠𝑛𝑙𝑥2 = ꞵ𝑠 × 16.7 × 8.32 = 1150.46ꞵ𝑠
Panel in case 9 --- Four edges discontinuous
values of ꞵ𝑠 are as follows:
Position Coefficient Moment (kNm)
Short span positive 0.067 77.08
Short span negative - -
Long span positive 0.056 64.43
Long span negative -
Assuming Y12 main steel SHORT SPAN
d = 255 – 25 – 6 = 224 mm (final length)
K1 = 0.156
𝑀 77.08 × 106 77.08 × 106
𝐾= = = = 0.061 < 𝐾 1 𝑂𝐾
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 2242 × 25 1254.4 × 106
𝐾
𝑍 = 𝑑( 0.5 + √0.25 − 0.9 )
𝑍
= 0.927 => 𝑍 = 0.927 × 224 = 207.65 𝑚𝑚
𝑑
𝑀 77.08 × 106 77.08 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = = = = 948.152
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑍 0.87 × 450 × 207.65 81294.975 𝑚
7
=> 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡 10𝑌12@100 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (1130 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚)
0.13
Min 𝐴𝑠 = 100
× 1000 × 255 = 331.5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
Max 𝐴𝑠 = 4% × 1000 × 255 = 10200 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
Adopt 10Y12@100 c/c
Check maximum spacing:
100𝐴𝑠.𝑥
Since the slab thickness, ℎ = 255 > 200 𝑚𝑚 and 𝜌𝑥 = = 0.5, therefore 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 must be read
𝑏𝑑𝑥
from the table.
At span 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 350 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
At support 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
Since all the spacing is less than the maximum, the spacings provided are okay.
Provide Y12 @ 100 mm c/c
:. Provide 10 Y12@100 mm c/c = 1130 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
50% 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 565 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
2 × 100 = 200 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 can curtail
SHEAR
𝑤𝑙
𝑉=
2
16.7 × 8.3
𝑉= = 69.31 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑉
𝑣=
𝑏𝑑
69.31 × 103
𝑣=
1000 × 224
69.31×103 −1
= 224 ×103
= 0.31 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2< 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = the lesser of {0.75√𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Therefore, it is okay.
8
Determine shear resistance:
100𝐴𝑠 100 × 565
= = 0.252
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 224
1 1 1
0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3 100(0.5𝐴𝑠.𝑥 ) 3 400 4
𝑣𝑐.𝑥 = ( ) ( ) ( )
1.4 25 𝑏𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 0.536 x 1 x 0.632 x 1.156 = 0.392 N/mm2
V = 0.32 < 𝑣𝑐 = 0.392 OK
Anchorage:
Only 50% of reinforcement continues to support, while the rest will be curtailed at a
distance from center of the support of
0.1𝑙𝑥 = 830 mm for short span
DEFLECTION
Basic Span/d ratio = 20 (End restricted)
Service Load = (1.1 x 7.22) + (1 x 5) =7.94 + 5 = 13 kN/m2
𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
fs = 0.87fy x × ×
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏
13.0 948.152
= 0.87 × 450 × × ×1
16.7 1130
= 391.5 x 0.778 x 0.839 = 255.548 N/m2
𝑀 77.08 × 106 77.08 × 106
= = = 1.536
𝑏𝑑2 1000 × 2242 50176000
477− 𝑓𝑠
Modification factor = 0.55 + 𝑀
120(0.9+ )
𝑏𝑑2
477−255.548
= 0.55 + 120(0.9+ 1.536)
221.452
= 0.55 + 292.32
= 1.308
Allowable span/d ratio = 20 x 1.308 = 26.16
9
Actual span/d ratio = 8300/224 = 37.05 > allowable
fails
Check long term service deflection, if it fails again, then change in thickness can be considered.
Long term service deflection
1000 ×2553 16.58 ×109
Ixx = = = 1.38 × 109 𝑚𝑚
12 12
E = 26000 N/mm2, but reduced to 16000 N/mm2 long term effects
𝜔𝑙 4 ꞵ𝑠
𝛿max = × This is for the restricted end as assumed
384𝐸𝐼 0.125
5𝜔𝑙 4 ꞵ𝑠
For normal simply supported, it will be 𝛿max = 384𝐸𝐼
× 0.125
𝜔𝑙 4 ꞵ𝑠
𝛿max = ×
384𝐸𝐼 0.125
13 ×83004 0.067
= 384 ×16000 ×1.38 ×109
× 0.125
13 × 4.75 × 1015
= × 0.536 = 3.9 𝑚𝑚
8.48 × 1015
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 8300
Recommended limit = 250
= 250
= 33.2 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝐾
LONG SPAN
d = 255 – 25 – 12 - 6 = 212 mm
K1 = 0.156
𝑀 64.43 × 106 64.43 × 106
𝐾= = = = 0.058 < 𝐾 1 𝑂𝐾
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 2122 × 25 1.124 × 109
𝐾
𝑍 = 𝑑( 0.5 + √0.25 − )
0.9
𝑍
= 0.931 => 𝑍 = 0.931 × 212 = 197.37 𝑚𝑚
𝑑
𝑀 64.43 × 106 64.43 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = = = = 833.83
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑍 0.87 × 450 × 197.37 77270.355 𝑚
10
Using bar ∅ = 12 mm 𝐴𝑠.1 = 113.11 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴
No. of bars required 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑠.1 = 7.37 Take 𝑛 = 8
𝑠
Spacing required = 125 mm
0.13
Min 𝐴𝑠 = 100
× 1000 × 255 = 331.5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
Max 𝐴𝑠 = 4% × 1000 × 255 = 10200 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
=> 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡 8𝑌12@125 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 (904.88 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚)
Check maximum spacing:
100𝐴𝑠.𝑦
Since the slab thickness, ℎ = 255 > 200 𝑚𝑚 and 𝜌𝑦 = = 0.427, therefore 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 must be
𝑏𝑑𝑦
read from the table.
At span 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 350 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
At support 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Therefore, it is okay.
Since all the spacing is less than the maximum, the spacings provided are okay.
Provide Y12 @ 125 mm c/c
:. Provide 8 Y12@125 mm c/c = 904.88 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
Detailing
To calculate the no of bars for each span, use the formula below:
Total length – Clear cover
No of bars = center to center spacing
+ 1
9600 −(25+25 )
No of bars in short span = + 1 = 96.5, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 97
100
8600 −(25+25 )
No of bars in long span = + 1 = 69.4, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 70
125
11
97Y12 01@100 B1 ALT
70Y12 02@125 B2
8.6 m
9.6 m
12
