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History of Computer: A U F E C S E D

The document discusses the history of computers from ancient counting aids like the abacus to modern devices. It describes first generation computers from the 1940s-1950s that used vacuum tubes, punched cards, and magnetic tape. The ENIAC was an early general-purpose computer. The second generation saw the development of transistors which made computers smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. Programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were also created during this time.

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Pratik Patel
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73 views11 pages

History of Computer: A U F E C S E D

The document discusses the history of computers from ancient counting aids like the abacus to modern devices. It describes first generation computers from the 1940s-1950s that used vacuum tubes, punched cards, and magnetic tape. The ENIAC was an early general-purpose computer. The second generation saw the development of transistors which made computers smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. Programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were also created during this time.

Uploaded by

Pratik Patel
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING COMPUTER AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


COMPUTER AND PRODUCTIVITY

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Names:

1) 2) 3) 4)

DINA IBRAHIM HASSAN . MAHA GOMAA TALHA . RABIA NASR MOHAMMED . MOSTAFA AHMED GALAL BAHNASAWY

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The abacus :
IT was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication and division are slower). The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east. A modern abacus consists of rings that slide over rods, but the older one pictured below dates from the time when pebbles were used for counting (the word "calculus" comes from the Latin word for pebble).

Napier's Bones :
In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones .

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

First generation (1940s 1950s) :


The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and punched cards then magnetic tapes for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator):


note that it wasn't even given the name of computer since "computers" were people . To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches that you can observe on the right. To program a modern computer, you type out a program with statements like:

Circumference = 3.14 * diameter

The Second Generation


The second generation saw several important developments at all levels of computer system design, from the technology used to build the basic circuits to the programming languages used to write scientific applications. 2nd Generation computers were more reliable and faster in performance (read and write operations) than the 1st generation . These computers make use of the transistors invented by Bell Telephone laboratories and they had many of the same components as the modern-day computer.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes:


In 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace the vacuum tube forever. This invention was the transistor which functions like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals.

Advantage of transistor:
allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.

The transistor was:


Faster, more reliable, smaller and much cheaper to build than a vacuum tube One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes.

Why they were very cheap to produce?


These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, an abundant element (second only to oxygen) found in beach sand and glass.

vacuum tubes disadvantages:


They were much larger, required more energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone to failures. Disadvantage of transistor: Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube

Second-generation programming Language:


Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN Assembly language

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
consists of letters of the alphabet. This makes programming much easier than trying to program a series of zeros and ones.

1957: FORTRAN:
FORTRAN, was the first successful programming language. This language used words and sentences instead of the binary machine language. FORTRAN could be read by ordinary people with no previous programming experience or knowledge, and it made it easier for computers to be programmed. FORTRAN was extremely useful in that given a single statement, many instructions would be produced.

1959: COBOL:
COBOL, business programming language that allowed for computer programs to be easily read.

Characteristics of 2nd generation computers :


Had got memory size of 32bytes speed of 10mbps. Produced less heat compared to first generation computers. They uses punch card for data storage. Consumed less energy compared to first generation computers. the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.

1960: PDP-1:
The PDP-1 was a mainframe computer famous for its low costs. Compared to other computers. The PDP-1 could be sold at such a low price because it did not contain many advanced peripherals and software. In other computers, these advanced systems amounted to nearly 80% of the computers' cost.

1961: IBM 1400 Series:


The first computer in this series is the IBM 1401. The 1401 was a computer system that used transistors instead of the vacuum tubes .

1962: Space War!


Space War is the first interactive computer game.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

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