Appendix 1 Appendix

Appendix 1A
Single-Sided Normal Distributiona
u 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4365 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0253
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.00964 0.00914 0.00866
2.4 0.00820 0.00776 0.00734 0.00695 0.00657
2.5 0.00621 0.00587 0.00554 0.00523 0.00494
2.6 0.00466 0.00440 0.00415 0.00391 0.00368
2.7 0.00347 0.00326 0.00307 0.00289 0.00272
2.8 0.00256 0.00240 0.00226 0.00212 0.00199
2.9 0.00187 0.00175 0.00164 0.00154 0.00144
3.0 0.00135
3.1 0.000968
3.2 0.000687

continued

725
726 Modern Analytical Chemistry

Single-Sided Normal Distributiona—continued

u 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

3.3 0.000483
3.4 0.000337
3.5 0.000233
3.6 0.000159
3.7 0.000108
3.8 0.0000723
3.9 0.0000481
4.0 0.0000317
4.1 0.0000207
4.2 0.0000133
4.3 0.00000854
4.4 0.00000541
4.5 0.00000340
4.6 0.00000211
4.7 0.00000130
4.8 0.000000793
4.9 0.000000479
5.0 0.000000287

aThis table gives the proportion, P, of the area under a normal distribution curve that lies to the right of the deviation z, where z is defined as
z = (X – μ)/σ
For example, the proportion of the area under a normal distribution curve that lies to the right of a deviation of 0.04 is 0.4840, or 48.40%. The area to
the left of the deviation is given as 1 – P. Thus, 51.60% of the area under the normal distribution curve lies to the left of a deviation of 0.04. When the
deviation is negative, the values in the table give the proportion of the area under the normal distribution curve that lies to the left of z; therefore,
48.40% of the area lies to the left, and 51.60% of the area lies to the right of a deviation of –0.04.

Appendix 1B
t-Tablea
Value of t for confidence interval of: 90% 95% 98% 99%
Critical value of ötö for α values of: 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
Degrees of Freedom

1 6.31 12.71 31.82 63.66

2 2.92 4.30 6.96 9.92
3 2.35 3.18 4.54 5.84
4 2.13 2.78 3.75 4.60
5 2.02 2.57 3.36 4.03
6 1.94 2.45 3.14 3.71
7 1.89 2.36 3.00 3.50
8 1.86 2.31 2.90 3.36
9 1.83 2.26 2.82 3.25
10 1.81 2.23 2.76 3.17
12 1.78 2.18 2.68 3.05
14 1.76 2.14 2.62 2.98
16 1.75 2.12 2.58 2.92
18 1.73 2.10 2.55 2.88
20 1.72 2.09 2.53 2.85
30 1.70 2.04 2.46 2.75
50 1.68 2.01 2.40 2.68
∞ 1.64 1.96 2.33 2.58
aThe t-values in this table are for a two-tailed test. For a one-tailed test, the α values for each column are half of the stated value. For example, the first

column for a one-tailed test is for the 95% confidence level, α = 0.05.
 Appendix 1 727

Appendix 1C.1
F-Table for One-Tailed Test at α = 0.05
(95% Confidence Level)
ν2/ν1a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 Ç
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 245.9 248.0 254.3
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.43 19.45 19.50
3 10.13 9.552 9.277 9.117 9.013 8.941 8.887 8.845 8.812 8.786 8.703 8.660 8.526
4 7.709 6.944 6.591 6.388 6.256 6.163 6.094 6.041 5.999 5.964 5.858 5.803 5.628
5 6.608 5.786 5.409 5.192 5.050 4.950 4.876 4.818 4.772 4.735 4.619 4.558 4.365
6 5.987 5.143 4.757 4.534 4.387 4.284 4.207 4.147 4.099 4.060 3.938 3.874 3.669
7 5.591 4.737 4.347 4.120 3.972 3.866 3.787 3.726 3.677 3.637 3.511 3.445 3.230
8 5.318 4.459 4.066 3.838 3.687 3.581 3.500 3.438 3.388 3.347 3.218 3.150 2.928
9 5.117 4.256 3.863 3.633 3.482 3.374 3.293 3.230 3.179 3.137 3.006 2.936 2.707
10 4.965 4.103 3.708 3.478 3.326 3.217 3.135 3.072 3.020 2.978 2.845 2.774 2.538
11 4.844 3.982 3.587 3.357 3.204 3.095 3.012 2.948 2.896 2.854 2.719 2.646 2.404
12 4.747 3.885 3.490 3.259 3.106 2.996 2.913 2.849 2.796 2.753 2.617 2.544 2.296
13 4.667 3.806 3.411 3.179 3.025 2.915 2.832 2.767 2.714 2.671 2.533 2.459 2.206
14 4.600 3.739 3.344 3.112 2.958 2.848 2.764 2.699 2.646 2.602 2.463 2.388 2.131
15 4.534 3.682 3.287 3.056 2.901 2.790 2.707 2.641 2.588 2.544 2.403 2.328 2.066
16 4.494 3.634 3.239 3.007 2.852 2.741 2.657 2.591 2.538 2.494 2.352 2.276 2.010
17 4.451 3.592 3.197 2.965 2.810 2.699 3.614 2.548 2.494 2.450 2.308 2.230 1.960
18 4.414 3.555 3.160 2.928 2.773 2.661 2.577 2.510 2.456 2.412 2.269 2.191 1.917
19 4.381 3.552 3.127 2.895 2.740 2.628 2.544 2.477 2.423 2.378 2.234 2.155 1.878
20 4.351 3.493 3.098 2.866 2.711 2.599 2.514 2.447 2.393 2.348 2.203 2.124 1.843
∞ 3.842 2.996 2.605 2.372 2.214 2.099 2.010 1.938 1.880 1.831 1.666 1.570 1.000

aν = degrees of freedom in numerator; ν2 = degrees of freedom in denominator.

1

Appendix 1C.2
F-Table for Two-Tailed Test at α = 0.05
(95% Confidence Level)
ν2/ν1a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 Ç
1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 984.9 993.1 1018
2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.43 39.45 39.498
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.25 14.17 13.902
4 12.22 10.65 9.979 9.605 9.364 9.197 9.074 8.980 8.905 8.844 8.657 8.560 8.257
5 10.01 8.434 7.764 7.388 7.146 6.978 6.853 6.757 6.681 6.619 6.428 6.329 6.015
6 8.813 7.260 6.599 6.227 5.988 5.820 5.695 5.600 5.523 5.461 5.269 5.168 4.849
7 8.073 6.542 5.890 5.523 5.285 5.119 4.995 4.899 4.823 4.761 4.568 4.467 4.142
8 7.571 6.059 5.416 5.053 4.817 4.652 4.529 4.433 4.357 4.295 4.101 3.999 3.670
9 7.209 5.715 5.078 4.718 4.484 4.320 4.197 4.102 4.026 3.964 3.769 3.667 3.333
10 6.937 5.456 4.826 4.468 4.236 4.072 3.950 3.855 3.779 3.717 3.522 3.419 3.080
11 6.724 5.256 4.630 4.275 4.044 3.881 3.759 3.664 3.588 3.526 3.330 3.226 2.883
12 6.544 5.096 4.474 4.121 3.891 3.728 3.607 3.512 3.436 3.374 3.177 3.073 2.725
13 6.414 4.965 4.347 3.996 3.767 3.604 3.483 3.388 3.312 3.250 3.053 2.948 2.596
14 6.298 4.857 4.242 3.892 3.663 3.501 3.380 3.285 3.209 3.147 2.949 2.844 2.487
15 6.200 4.765 4.153 3.804 3.576 3.415 3.293 3.199 3.123 3.060 2.862 2.756 2.395

continued
728 Modern Analytical Chemistry

F-Table for Two-Tailed Test at α = 0.05

(95% Confidence Level)—continued
ν2/ν1a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 Ç
16 6.115 4.687 4.077 3.729 3.502 3.341 3.219 3.125 3.049 2.986 2.788 2.681 2.316
17 6.042 4.619 4.011 3.665 3.438 3.277 3.156 3.061 2.985 2.922 2.723 2.616 2.247
18 5.978 4.560 3.954 3.608 3.382 3.221 3.100 3.005 2.929 2.866 2.667 2.559 2.187
19 5.922 4.508 3.903 3.559 3.333 3.172 3.051 2.956 2.880 2.817 2.617 2.509 2.133
20 5.871 4.461 3.859 3.515 3.289 3.128 3.007 2.913 2.837 2.774 2.573 2.464 2.085
∞ 5.024 3.689 3.116 2.786 2.567 2.408 2.288 2.192 2.114 2.048 1.833 1.708 1.000

aν = degrees of freedom in numerator; ν2 = degrees of freedom in denominator.

1

Appendix 1D
Critical Values for Q-Test
N/α 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01

3 0.941 0.970 0.976 0.988 0.994

4 0.765 0.829 0.846 0.889 0.926
5 0.642 0.710 0.729 0.780 0.821
6 0.560 0.625 0.644 0.698 0.740
7 0.507 0.568 0.586 0.637 0.680
8 0.468 0.526 0.543 0.590 0.634
9 0.437 0.493 0.510 0.555 0.598
10 0.412 0.466 0.483 0.527 0.568

Appendix 1E
Random Number Table
23733 43499 92848 39382 65423 52443 41812 90777 42345 39906
57880 74874 94181 90599 55012 18321 18766 31656 22117 31932
16446 72008 81701 90740 56193 15918 11383 19009 12891 79288
29317 89360 22245 19021 13613 48029 18412 13461 76692 22631
33897 18660 58252 10512 64982 11378 20874 42643 79780 57597
42119 71919 34890 28512 46025 26436 90134 80172 88083 24811
99173 19823 55086 63276 26295 96233 89540 87300 37651 72632
26509 83658 57363 20297 43957 99727 24619 88851 46397 75952
99527 34791 35965 39549 31292 76368 64897 10940 31625 37920
51477 86644 97853 27286 52256 61036 13485 39191 86568 36054
77050 97664 52009 79924 46681 87091 91046 58698 96379 64325
36167 85529 43159 29083 10326 99195 25138 73863 62097 26824
58567 27030 52337 18779 79381 22082 50045 93486 70336 87715
86573 94804 42825 54559 97987 41256 60800 70200 31662 40669
31893 90234 41062 62755 33545 59069 17986 99255 98675 92860
88094 84469 50846 88467 50297 31536 36189 84433 48281 52258
45251 13773 60075 82857 31205 66074 68602 37893 33277 57724
66147 61078 91044 25890 85664 66375 21245 67183 69835 19025
82454 79002 50734 75464 26500 78228 77829 14984 42235 10653
12791 38550 18383 56867 77215 50166 97525 16877 67902 87906