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Eti 2504: Wireless Communication 1: Lecturer: Mrs. Onyango Class: Year 5 Semester 1 24 May 2024

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33 views35 pages

Eti 2504: Wireless Communication 1: Lecturer: Mrs. Onyango Class: Year 5 Semester 1 24 May 2024

Uploaded by

Eucabeth Achieng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ETI 2504: WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION 1
Lecturer: Mrs. Onyango
([email protected])

Class: Year 5 Semester 1

24th May 2024


INTRODUCTION

Prerequisites
 ETI2411 Signals and Communications II
 ETI2413 Digital Communications Principles

Purpose
The aim of this course is to enable the student to;
1. Understand the principles of satellite communications
2. Understand the principles of Radar
3. Understand how Wireless Local Area Networks (W-LAN) operate
INTRODUCTION

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, the student should be able to;


1. Describe how a satellite communication system works
2. Calculate satellite link budget
3. Describe wireless communication channel access schemes
4. Describe how W-LAN networks operate
COURSE DESCRIPTION
 Overview of wireless communication systems: historical perspective, basic
terminologies, applications.

 Path Loss, Shadowing and Fading models.

 Satellite communication systems: orbits, station keeping, satellite altitude,


Satellite link design, the satellite system, effective isotropic radiated power,
regional international Telecommunication satellites systems. Terrestrial
microwave communication systems. VSAT systems.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
 Radar communication systems: Principles of radar, pulsed and continuous
wave radar, free space radar range equation, radar transmitting systems
and charging methods, rotary spark gap modulator, radar receivers,
automatic tracking radar, moving target indicator (MTI) and suppression of
permanent echoes, performance factors, the range pulse width, pulse
reception frequency.

 Multiple access schemes: FDMA, FDMA/FDD, TDMA, FAMA, DAMA, CDMA,


Pure Aloha, Slotted Aloha.

 Short range wireless communication technologies: WIFI, Blue Tooth, Infra-


red, WIMAX
COURSE DESCRIPTION

Teaching Methodology
 One hybrid lecture per week.
 Laboratory sessions organized on a rotational basis.

Mode of course assessment


1. Assignments…..5%
2. Continuous assessment tests (2)…10%
3. Laboratory work……15%
4. Written University examination……70%
INTRODUCTION

 Communication: the process of transferring information from one location


to another.

 Telecommunication: communicating over long distances(tele- distance).

 Media is of 2 types: Guided (wired)

Unguided (wireless)
INTRODUCTION

 Guided media: there is physical media applied in the transfer of


information.

 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

 Shielded twisted pair (STP)

 Coaxial cable

 Fiber optic cable


INTRODUCTION
Guided media
INTRODUCTION

 Unguided media: involves the use of unguided media to transfer information


from one point to another therefore leading to the concept of wireless
communication. Different media signals include:

 Light

 Infrared

 Microwaves

 Radio waves

 Sound waves
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 a. Smoke signal
 b. Semaphores
 c. Heliographs
 d. Drums

 Challenges??
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Before 1800s: smoke, fire, drums & horns.

 1830s: invention of the telegraph.

 1867: Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. He


combined the different expressions being used today in electromagnetism
which were earlier developed by people like Ampere and Gauss.

 1887: Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves.

 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

 1890s : Marconi developed a communication system that led to the 1st


transoceanic communication in 1901.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 1901: 1st transoceanic communication as a result of Marconi’s system

 In the 1st world war there were many developments in radio


communication from a simple radio system to a heterodyne radio system
by 1920.

 Mobile radios were developed and fitted in cars.

 1923-1935: development of TV systems.

 1935: FM systems developed.

 2nd world war led to the development of microwave systems; RADAR


systems developed.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 1946: the first public mobile telephone service in the USA. Single high-
powered transmitter on large tower (50 km coverage). Bandwidth 120 kHz
for 3 kHz user bandwidth.

 1979: First cellular system. Nippon Telephone and Telegraph company (NTT)
in Japan (600 FMduplex channels, 25 kHzchannel bandwidth, 800
MHzfrequency range)

 1981: In Europe: The Nordic Mobile Telephone system (NMT 450), (200
FMduplex channels, 25 kHzchannel bandwidth, 450 MHzfrequency range)

 1983: In USA: The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), (666 FMduplex
channels, 30 kHzchannel bandwidth, 800 MHzfrequency range)
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 1997: the 1st form W-LAN was introduced transmitting a few Mbps (up to
2Mbps).

 1999: two of the standards 802.11a and b were introduced. 802.11b came 1st
with 1.11Mbps and using 2.4GHz frequency for transmission. 802.11a followed
with 1.54Mbps and operating at a frequency of 5GHz.

 2003: 802.11g was introduced operating at 2.4GHz.

 2009: 802.11n standard was introduced at a frequency of 2.4GHz and 5GHz.

 Bluetooth: in 1998 by Ericson for short range communication at 2.4GHz.

 Wimax: in 2003 as a licenced frequency.


Examples of wireless communication
systems
Mobile radio telephone...1924 A cordless Telephone System
Examples of wireless communication
systems
Wide area paging system
Current Wireless Systems

 Cellular Systems
 Wireless LANs
 Satellite Systems
 Radar Systems
 Paging Systems
 Bluetooth
 Ultra wide band radios
 Zigbee radios
 Sensor Networks
Examples of wireless communication
systems
Ad-hoc networks
Sensor Networks
Applications of Wireless
Communications
Wireless Sensor Networks: Data
collection and control
Applications in Health
Overview of basic techniques
Two-Way Communication
Overview of basic techniques
Duplexing
Overview of basic techniques

Multiple Access
Advantages of Wireless
Communication Systems
 Cable management is not required.

 Easy to maintain and control.

 Less susceptible to vandalism and destruction.

 Less expensive in the long run.

 Supports portable equipment.

 Occupies less space.

 Can be used in inaccessible locations.


Challenges of Wireless
Communications
 Wireless channels are a difficult and capacity-limited broadcast
communications medium.

 Traffic patterns, user locations, and network conditions are constantly


changing.

 Applications are heterogeneous with hard constraints that must be met by


the network.

 Signal degradation over distance.

 Environmental factors like weather conditions could affect signal


transmission.
Quality-of-Service (QoS)

 QoS: requirements associated with a given application.

 It is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that supports requirements of


different applications.

 Examples of QoS metrics: data rate, latency/delay, packet delivery rate,


energy efficiency, network lifetime
Wireless Communication Standards
 Standards: rules and procedures laid down by telecommunication bodies
to be followed by consumers and companies producing different
communication products.
Importance
1. Interoperability for different equipment.
2. Protect local markets
3. Protect consumers
4. Ensure quality products are produced
5. Enable specialization therefore companies producing communication
products are able to improve on them and make them better.
Wireless Communication Standards
Wireless Communication Standards
Bodies enforcing standards

 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers


 ITU International Telecommunication Union
 FCC Federal Communication Commission
 Intel Sat International Telecommunication Satellite
 ISO International Organization of Standards
 ANSI American National Standards Institute
 TIA/EIA (for cabling standards)
 TIA -Telecommunication Industry Association
 EIA -Electronic Industry Association
 CCK Communications Commission of Kenya
 KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards
 EBK Engineering Board of Kenya
Assignment 1

 Give details of the various standards defined by the


listed enforcing bodies explaining the classes of users
they control. (20 marks)

 Due date: 7th June 2024

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