Question 1.

What kind of change is shown by the tearing of paper? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
The tearing of paper is a physical change although, it cannot be reversed.

Question 2.
Melting of wax is a change where a solid changes to a liquid state. Give one more such change which
you observe in your surroundings. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:
The melting of ice is also a change where a solid changes into a liquid state.

Question 3.
Name the gas which turns lime water milky.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) turns lime water milky.

Question 4.
Give an example of a physical change which occurs by the action of heat.
Answer:
Melting of ice to form water is a physical change which occurs by the action of heat.

Question 5.
Write the colour of the copper sulphate solution obtained when iron nails are dipped in it.
Answer:
When iron nails are dipped in copper sulphate solution, then the colour of the solution changes to
green.

Question 6.
What colour of the flame is observed when magnesium ribbon is burnt in the air?
Answer:
When magnesium is burnt in the air then a brilliant white flame is obtained.

Question 7.
How can you say that the ripening of a fruit is a chemical change? [HOTS]
Answer:
Ripening of fruit is a chemical change because after ripening, a new product with different properties
is formed.

Question 8.
Is souring of milk a physical change or a chemical change? Why?
Answer:
Souring of milk is a chemical change because the original substances present in milk lose their nature
and identity and form new chemical substances.

Question 9.
Complete the following reaction
Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → [HOTS]
Answer:

Question 10.
What is the nature of magnesium oxide solution?
Answer:
Magnesium oxide is basic in nature because it turns red litmus solution to blue.

Question 11.
Name the process by which common salt is obtained from seawater.
Answer:
The common salt can be obtained by the evaporation of seawater.

Question 12.
Name the metal which is used for galvanising iron.
Answer:
Zinc metal is used for galvanising iron.

Question 13.
Name the metals which are mixed (alloyed) with iron to make stainless steel.
Answer:
Metals like chromium and nickel are mixed (alloyed) with iron to make stainless steel.

Question 14.
Suggest two methods to prevent rusting.
Answer:
The two methods to prevent rusting are

 Painting the iron articles.

 Greasing or oiling the iron articles.

Question 15.
We should eat freshly cut apples. Why?
Answer:
We should eat freshly cut apples because if we leave the apple after cutting, it starts turn to brownish
due to the oxidation of the essential nutrients present in it and its food value decreases.

Question 2.
Explain the following.
(a) Lime water turns milky by passing carbon dioxide gas through it.
(b) Bubbles are produced when acetic acid is added to a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
[NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) Carbon dioxide gas produced in the reaction passing through freshly prepared lime water as shown
in the figure.
Lime water is a calcium hydroxide solution. When carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water,
then calcium hydroxide combines with carbon dioxide to form a white solid substance, calcium
carbonate which makes lime water milky. This chemical change can be written in the form of a word
equation as follows:

The reaction between lime water and carbon dioxide gas is a chemical change because a new
substance calcium carbonate is formed during this change. The turning of lime water into milk is a
standard test of carbon dioxide.
(b) When baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid) are mixed, then a
chemical change takes place between sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid to form three new
substances.
The change in the test tube is as follows:

Question 3.
Is cloud formation a physical change or a chemical change? Explain.
Answer:
The formation of clouds is a physical change. Clouds are formed by the condensation of water
vapours present in the atmosphere. When rainwater goes back to the earth, no new product is formed.
Therefore, it is a physical change.

Question 4.
Write the differences between physical and chemical changes.
Answer:
Differences between physical and chemical changes are

Physical change Chemical change

No new substance is formed. A new substance is formed.

It is a temporary change. It is a permanent change.

Physical change is easily reversible. Chemical change is irreversible.

Very little energy (heat, etc) is absorbed or given out in a A lot of energy (in the form of heat, light, sound etc

physical change. absorbed or given out in a chemical change.

Question 5.
In addition to the formation of new products, what changes do the chemical changes accompany?
Answer:
In addition to new products, the following may accompany a chemical change:

 Heat, light or any other radiation (e.g. ultraviolet) may be given off or absorbed.
 Sound may be produced.
 A change in smell may take place or a new smell may be given off.
 A colour change may take place.
 A gas may be formed.

Question 6.
Magnesium ribbon bums in the air and changes to a white substance, i.e. magnesium oxide. When
magnesium oxide dissolves in water, what type of change takes place? Give a reason in support of
your answer. Express the change in the form of the equation. [HOTS]
Answer:
Mixing of ash obtained by the burning of magnesium with water is a chemical change. When
magnesium is burnt in the air, it forms magnesium oxide in the form of white ash.
Magnesium (Mg)+ Oxygen (O2) → Magnesium oxide (MgO)
When magnesium oxide dissolves in water, it forms a new substance, magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) + Water (H2O) → Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
So, it is a chemical change.

Question 7.
What is stainless steel? How is stainless steel made? State an important property of stainless steel.
Answer:
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron. When iron is mixed (or alloyed) with carbon, chromium and nickel,
then stainless steel is obtained. Stainless steel does not rust at all.

Question 8.
Plants prepare their food by a process called photosynthesis. Can we call photosynthesis a chemical
change? Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:
During photosynthesis, the plants intake carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and
sunlight to form two new substances, i.e. glucose (food) and oxygen gas. So, photosynthesis is a
chemical change.

Question 9.
The process of digestion is a chemical change. Explain why.
Answer:
In the process of digestion, the various food materials break down to form new substances which can
be absorbed by the body. So, the process of digestion is a chemical change.

Question 10.
How ozone layer act as a protective shield?
Answer:
The ozone layer protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiations which come from the sun. Ozone
absorbs ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun and breaks down to form oxygen.
In this way, the ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Question 11.
Which type of change takes place in the following and state whether the energy is evolved or
absorbed during the change.
Burning of a candle, lightning of a bulb, preparation of food by green plants, volcanic eruption,
evaporation of petrol, burning of LPG.
Answer:

 Burning of a candle Chemical change as well as physical change and energy evolved.
 Lightning of a bulb Physical change, energy evolved.
 Preparation of food by green plants Chemical change, energy absorbed.
 Volcanic eruption Chemical change, energy evolved.
 Evaporation of petrol Physical change as no new chemical substance is formed, and
energy is absorbed.
 Burning of LPG Chemical change because LPG on burning form CO2 and H2O, energy
absorbed.
Question 12.
Give two examples for each of the following cases:
(a) reversible Physical changes.
(b) Physical changes which are not reversible.
(c) Chemical changes
(a)

 Folding of paper
 Melting of ice

(b)

 Tearing of paper
 Breaking of glass

(c)

 Reaction between vinegar and baking soda.

 Burning of a matchstick.

Question 13.
Explosion of a cracker is a chemical change Explain.
Answer:
When we burn a cracker, it explodes Explosion produces heat, light, sound and unpleasant gases that
pollute the atmosphere.
Many new products are formed. So, it is a chemical change.

Question 14.
Why cannot a chemical change be normally reversed?
Answer:
In a chemical change, the products are quite different from the reactants. Therefore, a chemical
change cannot be normally reversed.

Question 15.
A student took a solution of copper sulphate in a beaker put a clean iron nail into it and left it for
about an hour.
(a) What changes do you expect?
(b) Are these changes chemical in nature?
(c) Write a word equation for the chemical change, if any.
Answer:
(a)

 The colour of the solution in the beaker changes from blue to green.
 A brown-coloured deposit is found on the surface of the iron nail.

(b) The changes are chemical in nature as new substances, iron sulphate (green) and copper (brown)
are formed.
Question 16.
Describe two harmful changes. Explain why you consider them harmful. How can you prevent them?
Answer:
Harmful changes are

 Rusting of iron.
 Decaying of fruits.

Rusting of iron is harmful because it slowly destroys iron articles and makes them useless. Since, iron
is used in making a large number of objects or articles such as bridges, grills, railings, gates and
bodies of cars, buses, trucks ships, etc. Rusting of iron causes a great loss over some time.
Prevention Rusting can be prevented by oiling, greasing or painting. It can also be prevented by
galvanisation.
Decaying of fruits causes health hazards. Due to the decaying of fruits, there is a lot of monetary loss
in the food industry.
Prevention Fruits can be preserved by keeping them at low temperatures and by using some specific
preservatives.

Question 17.
What happens when an iron blade of a knife is dipped in a copper sulphate solution? What kind of
change takes place? (HOTS]
Answer:
When an iron blade of a knife is dipped in a copper sulphate solution, the iron blade is coated with
reddish-brown deposits of copper.
The blue colour of the copper sulphate solution changes to light green due to the formation of iron
sulphate. So, it is a chemical change.

Question 1.
Give an example of a chemical reaction for each of the following situations: [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) A colour change is observed.
(b) A gas is evolved.
(c) Sound is produced.
Answer:
(a) Chemical reaction between copper sulphate solution and iron metal. In this reaction, the blue
colour of the copper sulphate solution changes to a light green colour due to the formation of iron
sulphate.

(b) When baking soda and vinegar are mixed then a chemical change takes place and bubbles of
carbon dioxide gas are formed along with some other substances.

(c) Explosion of a firework produces heat, light, sound and unpleasant gases. The explosion of a
firework is a chemical change.
Question 2.
Rahul was a student of Class VII. His father purchased a new bicycle for him on his birthday. After a
few months, he found that the cycle chain and even the handle were rusted. His father advised him to
apply a coating of paint to the cycle and not to keep it in the open in future.
Now, answer the following questions:
(a) Why does his cycle get rusted?
(b) What do you mean by rusting of iron?
(c) What values are shown by Rahul’s father? [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Rahul’s cycle was kept in the open for a longer time. As air contains both oxygen and moisture.
Thus, in the presence of oxygen and water, his cycle slowly gets rusted.
Iron(Fe) + Oxygen + Water →Rust (Iron oxide)
(b) If iron objects are left in humid conditions for a longer time, they get covered with a reddish-
brown ferric oxide (Fe2O3) layer. This is called rusting of iron.
(c) Rahul’s father is caring, aware and intelligent.

Question 3.
In the summer holidays, Karan went to Rann of Kutch in Gujarat with his parents. Karan was aware
that in the coastal regions of India especially in the Rann of Kutch common salt is obtained from
seawater. Karan was very excited to see that place. He told his father that he wanted to see the process
of obtaining salt from the sea. His father helped him and they went to see the place where common
salt was collected.
And he also explained the whole process. Karan was very happy to see the process.
Now, answer the following questions.
(a) How is common salt obtained from seawater?
(b) Name the process by which salt is collected from seawater.
(c) What values are shown by Karan? [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Sea water is collected in shallow pits. It is then allowed to evaporate in the sun. As the water
evaporates, the salt solution becomes supersaturated (concentrated). This supersaturated solution
cannot hold the excess salt. Thus, it separates in the form of salt crystals. These salt crystals are
collected and redissolved in water and filtered to remove insoluble impurities. The clear solution is
again evaporated to obtain the crystals of pure salt.
(b) Salt is obtained from seawater by the process of evaporation.
(c) The values shown by Karan are curious, aware and intelligent.

Question 4.
When baking soda is mixed with vinegar, bubbles are formed with the evolution of a gas. Name the
gas evolved. What happens when this gas is passed through lime water?
Answer:
When baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid) are mixed, then a chemical
change takes place between sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid to form three new substances.
The change in the test tube is as follows:
Carbon dioxide gas produced in the reaction passing through freshly prepared lime water as shown in
the figure.

Lime water is a calcium hydroxide solution. When carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water,
then calcium hydroxide combines with carbon dioxide to form a white solid substance, calcium
carbonate which makes lime water milky. This chemical change can be written in the form of a word
equation as follows:

The reaction between lime water and carbon dioxide gas is a chemical change because a new
substance calcium carbonate is formed during this change. The turning of lime water into milk is a
standard test of carbon dioxide.

When baking soda (NaHC03) reacts with vinegar which contains acetic acid carbon dioxide comes
out, which turns lime water milky, therefore it is a chemical change. In all these activities, we saw that
in each change, one or more new substances are formed. When magnesium ribbon was burnt, the ash
was the new substance formed.

The reaction of copper sulphate with iron produced two new substances, i.e. iron sulphate and copper.
Vinegar and baking soda together produced carbon dioxide which turned lime water milky. So, all
those changes in which one or more new substances formed, are called chemical changes. These are
permanent changes which can usually not be reversed to form the original substance.

Question 5.
If you leave a piece of iron in the open for a few days, it acquires a film of brownish substance, called
rust.
(a) Do you think rust is different from iron?
(b) Can you change rust back into iron by some simple method?
(c) Do you think the formation of rust on iron is a chemical change?
(d) Give two other examples of a similar type of change. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) Yes, rust is iron oxide (Fe2O3). Thus, rust and iron are not the same substance.
(b) No, the rusting of iron is a chemical change because, in this reaction, a new substance, rust (iron
oxide) is formed. It cannot be reversed by any method.
(c) Yes, rusting of iron is a chemical change. During the rusting of iron, it combines with the oxygen
in the presence of water (moisture) to form a new compound ‘iron oxide’. This iron oxide is a rust.

It is a permanent change which cannot be reversed back.

So, the rusting of iron is a chemical change.

(d) Two other examples are

 Setting of curd from milk.

 Burning of magnesium ribbon to form magnesium oxide.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following is a physical change?
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Combustion of magnesium ribbon
(c) Burning of candle
(d) Melting of wax

Question 2.
Which one of the following is a chemical change?
(a) Twinkling of stars
(b) Cooking of vegetables
(c) Cutting of fruits
(d) Boiling of water

Question 3.
A chemical change may involve
(a) change in colour only
(b) change in temperature only
(c) evolution of gas only
(d) All of the above
Question 4.
Which of the following are true when milk changes into curd?
(i) Its state is changed from liquid to semi-solid.
(ii) It changes colour.
(iii) It changes taste.
(iv) The change cannot be reversed.
Choose the correct option.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) to (iv)

Question 5.
A man painted his main gate made up of iron, to [NCERT Exemplar]
(i) prevent it from rusting.
(ii) protect it from the sun.
(iii) make it look beautiful.
(iv) Make it dust-free.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (ii)
(d) (i) and (iii)

Question 6.
Iron Pillar near the Qutub Minar in Delhi is famous for the following facts. Which of these facts is
responsible for its long stability?
(a) It is more than 7 m high
(b) It weighs about 6000 kg
(c) It was built more than 1600 years ago
(d) It has not rusted after such a long period

Question 7.
Galvanisation is a process used to prevent the rusting of which of the following?
(a) Iron
(b) Zinc
(c) Aluminium
(d) Copper

Question 8.
Paheli’s mother made a concentrated sugar syrup by dissolving sugar in hot water. On cooling,
crystals of sugar got separated.
This indicates a [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) physical change that can be reversed
(b) chemical change that can be reversed
(c) physical change that cannot be reversed
(d) chemical change that cannot be reversed
Question 9.
Which of the following statements is incorrect for a chemical reaction?
(a) Heat may be given out but never absorbed
(b) Sound may be produced
(c) A colour change may take place
(d) A gas may be evolved

Question 10.
Two drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to 1 g of copper sulphate powder and then a small
amount of hot water was added to dissolve it (Step I). On cooling, beautiful blue-coloured crystals got
separated (Step II). Step I and Step II are
(a) physical and chemical changes respectively
(b) chemical and physical changes respectively
(c) both physical change
(d) both chemical change

Fill in the Blanks

1. Making sugar solution is a physical change.
2. A physical change is generally reversible
3. Grinding of wheat grain changes its size. It is a physical change.
4. Iron benches kept in lawns and gardens get rusted. It is a chemical change because a new substance
is formed.
5. Some substances can be obtained in a pure state from their solution by crystallisation
6. Energy is evolved in the formation of curd from milk.
7. The presence of salt in seawater makes the process of rust formation on ships faster.
8. Souring of milk is a chemical change.
9. Melting of wax is a physical change but burning of wax is a chemical change.
10. The process of depositing a thin layer of zinc on an iron object is called galvanisation.